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	Gnassingbé Eyadéma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		General Gnassingbé Eyadéma, formerly Étienne Eyadéma (December 26, 1937 – February 5, 2005), was the President of Togo from 1967 until his death.
		As Eyadéma's son Faure Gnassingbé was 35, many observers assumed that he was opening the way for a dynastic succession should he die suddenly.
		His son Faure Gnassingbé then took power as his successor after a quick constitutional change, a move which was denounced as a military coup by the population and the international community.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gnassingbe_Eyadema (697 words)

	Telegraph \| News \| Gnassingbe Eyadema
		Gnassingbe Eyadema, the President of Togo, who has died aged 69, was not only Africa's longest serving leader, sustaining himself in power through tyranny; he also had the dubious distinction of pioneering that continent's first military coup d'etat, a trend that caught on swiftly and blighted the first 25 years of the post-colonial era.
		Eyadema was a 31-year-old army sergeant when he first seized power in January 1967 although, as self-appointed leader of a group of rebellious former French Foreign Legionnaires, he was widely held to have played a personal role in the assassination of Togo's first president, Sylvanus Olympio, four years earlier.
		Gnassingbe Eyadema was born at Pya in the semi-arid north of Togo, on December 26 1935, the son of poor peasant parents of the Kabye tribe, one of the largest of the country's 37.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&targetRule=10&xml=/news/2005/02/08/db0801.xml (1076 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Gnassingbe Eyadema, 69; President of Togo
		Gnassingbe Eyadema, 69, the president of Togo and Africa's longest-ruling leader, died Feb. 5 as he was being rushed to Europe for treatment after a heart attack.
		Eyadema, a former wrestling champion who liked to sport dark suits and rarely took off his sunglasses, was a young soldier when he staged one of the continent's first post-colonial coups in 1963.
		Eyadema's forces of killing hundreds of people during a 1998 presidential election, in which he was declared the winner after the vote count was abruptly stopped.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A1718-2005Feb5?language=printer (393 words)

	Togo (03/06)
		Eyadema was reelected to a third consecutive 7-year term in December 1986 with 99.5% of the vote in an uncontested election.
		The national forum, dominated by opponents of President Eyadema, opened in July 1991 and immediately declared itself to be a sovereign "National Conference." Although subjected to severe harassment from the government, the conference drafted an interim constitution calling for a 1-year transitional regime tasked with organizing free elections for a new government.
		The Interior Ministry declared Eyadema the winner with 52% of the vote in the 1998 election; however, serious irregularities in the government's conduct of the election strongly favored the incumbent and appear to have affected the outcome materially.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/5430.htm (4919 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Obituaries \| Gnassingbe Eyadema
		Eyadema was born, son of a man named Gnassingbe, in the village of Pya in the heartland of the Kabye people, an over-populated plateau in northern Togo.
		Eyadema's frustration, and discontent with the marginalisation of the poor north under Olympio's authoritarian regime, led to the events in the capital, Lomé, of the night of January 12-13, 1963.
		Eyadema seemed gauche and ungainly in the early years, and he fumbled over the speeches he had to read in French.
	www.guardian.co.uk /obituaries/story/0,3604,1407149,00.html (1152 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Gnassingbe is the new front man for Togo's long-ruling elite
		Eyadema's sudden death on 5 February left Gnassingbe as the best bet the extended family business had of clinging on to the perks of power, diplomats and analysts say.
		Within hours of Eyadema's death, the army swiftly catapulted the burly 39-year-old business graduate into his father's shoes, taking advantage of the fact that the dead president's rightful successor was out of the country.
		Eyadema, who seized power in a military coup when he was 31, reduced the minimum age for the president to 35.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/nta51046.htm (1430 words)

	ISN Security Watch - Togo and Africaâs constitutional crisis
		Eyadema gained instant notoriety after the coup by boasting that it was he who assassinated his immediate predecessor, President Sylvanus Olympio, in 1963.
		Eyadema became a full international pariah in 1998 when he agreed to have a free and fair presidential election.
		Eyadema then compounded his problem by making a public pledge to French President Jacques Chirac that he would not attempt to amend the constitution to enable him to run for a third mandate in 2003.
	www.isn.ethz.ch /news/sw/details.cfm?ID=10812 (1648 words)

	*Gilcrhist Olympio
		The president, General Gnassingbé Eyadéma, whose regime was seriously shaken by the wind of democratization, which blew on the African continent at the beginning of 1990s, following the fall of the Berlin Wall, is trying to stay in power by all means.
		Gnassingbé Eyadéma brutally interrupts the electoral process and proclaims that he is reelected.
		After meeting Gnassingbé Eyadéma, the French Head of State also made extraordinary promises: general elections would be held soon; Gnassingbé Eyadéma would not modify the constitution and would not compete for a third presidential mandate… one knows what has happened since then...
	www.african-geopolitics.org /show.aspx?ArticleId=3538 (3277 words)

	Gnassingbe quits as president but opposition protests continue
		Gnassingbe was declared head of state by the army on 5 February following the death of his father Gnassingbe Eyadema, who had ruled this small West African country with an iron hand for 38 years.
		Gnassingbe's decision to step down as interim president and hold early elections was welcomed by ECOWAS, which promptly lifted a series of diplomatic sanctions against Togo on Saturday.
		Although Gnassingbe announced that Bonfoh would succeed him as interim head of state, and although Bonfoh was hastily appointed President of the National Assembly at a late-night sitting of parliament, there was no immediate move to install him as interim head of state.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/news/2005/02/mil-050227-irin01.htm (981 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| Obituary: Gnassingbe Eyadema
		President Gnassingbe Eyadema of Togo, who has died aged 69, was one of the last of a generation of African leaders who held on to power for decades in their newly independent states.
		President Eyadema was, for his time, Africa's longest-serving ruler - a title he acquired after the death of King Hassan II of Morocco in 1999.
		Despite earlier pledges to step down at the end of his second elected term in 2003, Eyadema decided to "sacrifice himself once more", in the words of his prime minister, and the constitution was tweaked to let him run again.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/830774.stm (369 words)

	The Head Heeb: Gnassingbe Agonistes
		Gnassingbe's position was later sanctioned by parliament who made him the new speaker of parliament, and changed the constitution, which had stipulated elections should be held within 60 days.
		If Gnassingbe were serious about promoting democracy rather than warding off sanctions, the first thing he would do is repudiate the constitutional subterfuge that brought him to office.
		One of the unfortunate legacies of Eyadema's 38-year dictatorship is a lack of political consciousness and grass-roots organization among the Togolese, and the absence of an effective opposition combined with the military's evident willingness to use force have squelched any public protest.
	headheeb.blogmosis.com /archives/027604.html (388 words)

	www.businessinafrica.net \| news President Eyadema dies after 38 years in office
		Although Eyadema maintained cordial relations with a series of French presidents, and France has a military base in the capital Lome, his regime was shunned by most other western governments because of its poor record on democracy and human rights.
		But Eyadema would be remembered particularly for his transmutation from a military dictator to a civilian ruler, a practice that was to gain much currency with its undemocratic legacies to post-colonial Africa.
		Eyadema's re-election in 2003 was no less controversial amid allegations of fraud and his country has still to get international donors to resume development assistance they suspended over alleged rights violations under Eyadema's watch.
	www.businessinafrica.net /news/411274.htm (1583 words)

	Military suspend constitution, Eyadema?s son takes power
		Eyadema's death, after 38 years in power, was announced on state radio by Prime Minister Kofi Sama on Saturday night.
		Faure Gnassingbe's appointment as a minister two years ago was widely interpreted as a sign that he was being groomed to be his father's successor as president.
		Eyadema had several wives and was widely believed to have fathered more than 100 children, several of whom have become influential figures in national life.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/news/2005/02/mil-050205-irin02.htm (654 words)

	Togo President Gnassingbe Eyadema dies of heart attack; son named new leader
		Eyadema, who claimed sole control in 1967 after aiding in what was sub-Saharan Africa's first postcolonial coup four years earlier, suffered a heart attack in his southeastern hometown of Piya early Saturday, and died on the way to Europe for treatment, officials said.
		Eyadema was considered one of Africa's last "Big Men" _ rulers holding power through patronage, the loyalty of their ethnic and regional groups, and military force.
		Eyadema was believed to have heart problems, but the state of his health was not made public.
	www.freenewmexican.com /news/10184.html (1006 words)

	USA/Africa Dialogue, No 363: Togo: son to rule till 2008 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Mr Gnassingbe was unanimously voted head of the national assembly.
		Gnassingbe Eyadema was elected for a five-year term in June 2003, which means his son can now rule until June 2008.
		The streets of the capital, Lome, were earlier reported to be deserted, with some mourning the loss of President Eyadema after 38 years in power, and others quietly celebrating the end of his rule.
	www.utexas.edu /conferences/africa/ads/363.html (461 words)

	USATODAY.com - Togo's military-installed president says he will resign (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Gnassingbe had been under growing pressure from the United States, the United Nations and West African leaders to resign since he was installed Feb. 5 after the death of his father, Gnassingbe Eyadema, who ruled the country for 38 years and was Africa's longest-serving leader.
		Eyadema was the world's longest-ruling leader after Cuba's Fidel Castro, using troops and repressive rule to resist the wave of democracy that rolled across the rest of sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s.
		The appointment of Gnassingbe, and subsequent retroactive amendment of the constitution to make the move technically legal, sparked widespread outrage and deadly clashes between protesters and security forces.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2005-02-25-togo_x.htm?POE=NEWISVA (754 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Togo's Embattled President Tries to Avoid Sanctions
		The son of Gnassingbe Eyadema spent two hours meeting with Gabon's president, Omar Bongo, in Libreville Thursday, in an apparent attempt to stay in power.
		Eyadema organized his coup in 1967, is now Africa's longest ruling leader.
		Gnassingbe step down immediately, and allow new elections to be organized quickly.
	english.epochtimes.com /news/5-2-24/26646.html (335 words)

	USATODAY.com - Togo swears in 39-year-old president (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The military, within hours of the announcement of Gnassingbe Eyadema's death on Saturday, named his son president, contravening the country's constitution that called for the speaker of parliament to succeed the head of state until elections could be held in 60 days.
		Gnassingbe Eyadema, who ruled for 38 years — longer than any other leader except Cuba's Fidel Castro, suffered a heart attack Saturday and reportedly died as he was being rushed to Europe for treatment.
		The army move and the parliament's endorsement reflected the determination of Eyadema's minority Kabye ethnic group, which dominates the army, to hold onto power along with ruling party members who have benefited from decades of Eyadema's patronage.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2005-02-07-togo_x.htm (941 words)

	CNN.com - U.S. is 'watching Togo closely' - Feb 8, 2005
		Gnassingbe Eyadema, who had ruled Togo since 1967, died over the weekend en route to medical treatment overseas.
		Eyadema's son, 39-year-old Faure Gnassingbe, was named the country's president after his father's death.
		Eyadema, 69, was Africa's longest-serving head of state.
	www.cnn.com /2005/WORLD/africa/02/08/togo.us/index.html (481 words)

	WVA News: Togo President Gnassingbe Eyadema dies - - The Intelligencer/Wheeling News-Register
		President Gnassingbe Eyadema, 69, suffered a heart attack early Saturday in his hometown of Piya in southeastern Togo and died on his way to Europe for treatment, officials said.
		Faure Gnassingbe was the country's minister of mines and communication.
		Though last re-elected in a May 2003 vote, Eyadema was considered one of Africa's last "Big Men" _ rulers holding power through patronage, the loyalty of their ethnic and regional groups, and military force.
	www.oweb.com /inter/story/025202005_int03.asp (495 words)

	Predator - Gnassingbé Eyadéma (Togo)
		The oldest president on the African continent, general Gnassingbé Eyadéma, 63 years old, has been ruling over Togo with an iron hand for more than three decades.
		Born to a peasant family in Pya, in the north of the country, he joined the French army as soon as he reached adult age.
		In 1967, Gnassingbé Eyadéma officially became president of Togo.
	www.rsf.org /rsf/uk/Predateurs/html/eyadema.html (152 words)

	News: Togo, Togo: Hardline Gnassingbe loyalists and opposition defectors dominate new government
		Kodjo is a veteran politician and served as prime minister under Gnassingbe's late father, Gnassingbe Eyadema, in the mid-1990s.
		Kpatcha Gnassingbe was formerly head of the industrial free zone in Lome and is well known for his close links with the military.
		Gnassingbe was elected president in April in a controversial ballot that the opposition denounced as rigged.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/RMOI-6DL4VR?OpenDocument (1235 words)

	Welcome death of Togo's dictator Gnassingbe Eyadema\|19Feb05\|Socialist Worker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Gnassingbe Eyadema’s death brought to an end 38 years of his rule in Togo.
		Eyadema could count on backing from the Western powers throughout most of his years in power.
		Eyadema’s gross repression and lack of democracy had become an embarrassment and, more importantly, the US and France no longer needed an unstable dictator in power.
	www.socialistworker.co.uk /article.php?article_id=5869 (625 words)

	Thousands pay last respects to Togolese ruler - JAMAICAOBSERVER.COM
		Eyadema, who seized the reins of Togo in a coup in 1967 and had been Africa's longest-serving ruler, died while flying to France for medical treatment.
		Among the army guard at the airport was another of Eyadema's sons, Rock Gnassingbe, who held a portrait of his father as an artillery salute was fired.
		Although Eyadema's son Faure Gnassingbe was forced to resign as president, he remains the favourite to win in elections set for April 24.
	www.jamaicaobserver.com /news/html/20050313T190000-0500_76824_OBS_THOUSANDS_PAY_LAST_RESPECTS_TO_TOGOLESE_RULER.asp (514 words)

	African Leaders Condemn Togo's Transition to Gnassingbe Eyadema's Son (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Eyadema had died Saturday at the age of 69, the army said his son, 39-year-old Faure Eyadema would become Togo's new leader.
		Eyadema in a dark blue suit with Christian crosses in the background.
		Eyadema formally took power after a second coup in 1967, making him the world's second longest ruling leader at the time of his death, behind only Cuba's Fidel Castro.
	www.voanews.com /english/2005-02-06-voa14.cfm (474 words)

	CTV.ca \| Togo president Gnassingbe Eyadema dies at 69
		President Gnassingbe Eyadema, 69, suffered a heart attack early Saturday in his hometown of Piya in southeastern Togo and later died, said Barry Moussa Barkue, special adviser to the president.
		Eyadema has ruled the West African nation since the 1960s, when he came to power following Africa's first postcolonial coup.
		Eyadema was last re-elected in a May 2003 vote.
	www.ctv.ca /servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1107636245794_34?hub=World (256 words)

	Étienne (Gnassingbé) Eyadéma, Dictator of the Month month, 200x
		Étienne (Gnassingbé) Eyadéma was born on 26 December, 1937 in Pya in northern Togo; his parents were farmers.
		With his health failing, Eyadéma died of a heart attack en route to France on 05 February 2005 after being brought out of the country for emergency medical treatment.
		Upon his death his son Faure Gnassingbé took power but was forced out of power in less than three weeks.
	www.dictatorofthemonth.com /Eyadema/Aug2005EyademaEN.htm (685 words)

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