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Topic: Gnathifera

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	An introduction to loricifera, cycliophora, and micrognathozoa Integrative and Comparative Biology - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		They show strong affinities with both Rotifers and Gnathostomulida (within the taxon Gnathifera), especially in the fine structure of the pharyngeal apparatus, where the jaw elements have cuticular rods with osmiophilic cores.
		Therefore, they are postulated to be placed basally in the Gnathifera, either as a sister-- group to Gnathostomulida or as a sister-group to Rotifers + Acanthocephala.
		Cycliophorans have been considered to be a sister-group to Entoprocta and Ectoprocta (Funch and Kristensen, 1995; Funch, 1996), a view mainly based on ultrastructural investigation, or alternatively as a sister-group to the clade Rotifera-Acanthocephala (Winnepenninckx et al., 1998), a conclusion arrived at on the basis of molecular evidence.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4054/is_200206/ai_n9119147?... (925 words)

	Limnognathia
		Gnathifera also contains a fourth phylum, the Acanthocephala.
		Acanthocephala are highly modified parasites that live in the intestine of vertebrates, thus their feeding biology is so different that their alimentary system, including pharynx and jaws, is totally reduced.
		Both Gnathostomulida and Rotifera-Acanthocephala have earlier been difficult to place in the Animal Kingdom, so the gathering of the gnathiferan animals in one group has shed new light on the most basal splits in the Animal Kingdom.
	www.zmuc.dk /InverWeb/Dyr/Limnognathia/phylogeny/phylogeny_UK.htm (460 words)

	Institute of Anthropology - Research Interests
		The monophylum Gnathifera comprises several worm-like taxa, including the free-living aquatic Gnathostomulida and Eurotatoria, the epizoical genus Seison and the endoparasitic Acanthocephala ("thorny-headed worms"; for an example see figure: male of Paratenuisentis ambiguus).
		The juvenile stages of the latter mature in the body cavities of insects, myriapods and crustaceans (intermediate host), while the adults reproduce in the intestinal tract of vertebrates (definitive host).
		The different life cycles within the Gnathifera pose the question of how the acanthocephalan endoparasitism evolved from free-living ancestors.
	www.uni-mainz.de /FB/Biologie/Anthropologie/348_ENG_HTML.php (259 words)

	SICB - 2004 meeting - Abstract Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Micrognathozoans were first discovered in 1994 by Reinhardt Kristensen and Peter Funch after an analysis of the meiofauna of a cold freshwater spring on Disko Island, Greenland.
		The only described micrognathozoan species, Limnognathia maerski, is a small, soft-bodied animal with scleroterized jaws similar to those found in members of Gnathifera (= Rotifera and Gnathostomulida).
		Some studies have suggested that Micrognathozoa is the sister group to Rotifera, whereas others have implied stronger affinities with Gnathostomulida.
	www.sicb.org /meetings/2004/schedule/abstractdetails.php3?id=873 (236 words)

	Limnognathia
		The tree is a combination of some of the most recent phylogenetic analyses, but to simplify it several groups have been left out and others have been united in very large superphyla.
		The next group to branch off is the Trochozoa, which contain well-known groups like the annelids and the mollusks.
		The three remaining groups are together referred to as the Platyzoa, and we see that inside Platyzoa, Gnathifera is sister group to Gastrotricha and Platyhelminthes (the flatworms).
	www.zmuc.dk /InverWeb/Dyr/Limnognathia/phylogeny/animal_kingdom_UK.htm (206 words)

	Platyzoa - Palaeos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		These groups share characteristics such as the complex structure of their jaws and pharynx, although these have been secondarily lost in the parasitic Acanthocephala.
		Because of this, they are called the Gnathifera ("jaw bearers"), and constitute a subclade of the Platyzoa.
		The Platyzoa are either considered close relatives of the Lophotrochozoa, or more commonly now actually included in that group.
	www.palaeos.org /Platyzoa (238 words)

	Symbion Summary
		The phylogenetic position of Symbion remains unclear: originally the phyla Ectoprocta and Entoprocta were considered possible relatives of Symbion, based on structural similarities.
		However, genetic studies suggest that Symbion may be more closely related to Gnathifera.
		Symbion pandora has a bilateral, sac-like body with no coelom.
	www.bookrags.com /Symbion (431 words)

	Eutrochozoa
		Cestodaria (yes, the true tapeworms are no longer a separate class, but some kind of infra-order)
		The next four phyla are now believed to form a monophyletic group above phylum level - Gnathifera - based on the similar, elaborate structure of their chitinous jaws [except for the greatly simplified, entirely parasitic Acanthocephala].
		Rotifera and Acanthocephala have been proposed for combination in a new phylum, Syndermata, based on synapomorphies of the lorica.
	www.cals.ncsu.edu /course/zo402/spiralia.html (291 words)

	Two Dimensions of Biodiversity Research Exemplified by Nematomorpha and Gastrotricha -- Schmidt-Rhaesa 42 (3): 633 -- ...
		(Platyhelminthes + Gnathifera) clade, it would be most parsimonious
		In A, no decision can be made for the ancestors of Spiralia (Euspiralia + Platyhelminthes + Gnathifera) and Nemathelminthes (Gastrotricha + Cycloneuralia) and therefore also not for Protostomia (Spiralia + Nemathelminthes).
		In B, both conditions (dioecious or hermaphroditic) are possible for the ancestor of Spiralia (Euspiralia + Platyhelminthes + Gnathifera + Gastrotricha), but according to a dioecious ancestor of Cycloneuralia a dioecious protostome ancestor is the most parsimonious hypothesis
	icb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/42/3/633 (3249 words)

	Limnognathia maerski (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Micrognathozoa: A new class with complicated jaws like those of Rotifera and Gnathostomulida.
		Sorensen, M. Further structures in the jaw apparatus of Limnognathia maerski (Micrognathozoa), with notes on the phylogeny of the gnathifera.
		Micrognathozoa – a new microscopic animal group from Greenland.
	tolweb.org.cob-web.org:8888 /Limnognathia_maerski/2482 (168 words)

	Jordi Paps
		Aquest grup va ser definit fonamentalment en base a dades moleculars (18S i els gens Hox) i comprèn al voltant de la meitat de grups animals, com els Platyhelminthes, els Eutrochozoa (Nemertea, Mollusca, Annelida i grups propers), els Lophophorata i els Gnathifera (Gnathostomulida, Rotifera i relatius).
		This group was defined mainly on molecular data (18S and Hox genes) and take account of around the half of animal groups, such as Platyhelminthes, Eutrochozoa (Nemertea, Mollusca, Annelida and their kin), Lophophorata and Gnathifera (Gnathostomulida, Rotifera and relatives).
		The search for new genetic characters has been undertaken to answer some unsolved questions about Metazoa evolution.
	www.ub.es /geisan/JORDIP.HTML (313 words)

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