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Topic: Gokturk runes

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	Gokturks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Gokturks or Kokturks (Gök-Turks or Kök-Turks, with the meaning Celestial Turks), known as Tujue (突厥 tu2 jue2) in medieval Chinese sources, established the first known Turkic state around 552 under the leadership of Bumin/Tuman Khan († 552) and his sons, and expanded rapidly to rule wide territories in Central Asia.
		With the collapse of Hunnish power in Asia, leadership of the Turks was taken over by the Gokturks, who inherited their traditions and administrative experience.
		Baz Khan (chief of the Oghuz, self-proclaimed Gokturk) -682
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/g/go/gokturks.html (532 words)

	Gokturks - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Gokturks or Kokturks (Gök-Turks or Kök-Turks, with the meaning Celestial Turks), known as Tujue (突厥 tu2 jue2) in medieval Chinese sources, established the first known Turkic state around 552 under the leadership of Bumin/Tuman Khan/Khaghan (died 552) and his sons, and expanded rapidly to rule wide territories in Central Asia.
		The Gokturks, who originated from the Ashina tribe who were natives of today's Xiang Uygur, were the first Turkic tribe to use the name "Turk" as a political name.
		The great difference between the Gokturkish empire and its Hunnish predecessor was that the Gokturks' temporary Khans (lords) were subordinate to a sovereign authority that was left in the hands of a dynasty of tribal chiefs.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Gokturk (592 words)

	Runes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Runes were used to write many languages including, Gothic, German, Frisian, English, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Lithuanian, Russian, Hebrew and other Semitic languages possibly due to trade relations with the Khazars, a Semitic tribe of traders of the Silk Road.
		Runes are said to have been passed on by the mythical Hyperborean, the fabled peoples of the Northernmost Isles.
		Runes were probably bought to Britain in the 5th century by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians (collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons), and were used until about the 11th century.
	www.runewebvitki.com /origins.html (3246 words)

	Gokturks -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Gokturks, who originated from the (additional info and facts about Ashina) Ashina tribe who were natives of today's (additional info and facts about Xiang Uygur) Xiang Uygur, were the first Turkic tribe to use the name "Turk" as a political name.
		With the collapse of (A member of a nomadic people who invaded Europe in the 4th century) Hunnish power in Asia, leadership of the (A native or inhabitant of Turkey) Turks was taken over by the Gokturks, who inherited their traditions and administrative experience.
		The Gokturks wrote (additional info and facts about their language) their language in a (additional info and facts about runic) runic script.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/G/Go/Gokturks.htm (1067 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Runes were a primary means of passing down information through the generations, and historical evidence indicates that initially they were a series of sounds and postures related to natural and divine forces, which later evolved into the letters and alphabet used by the earliest Germanic tribes of Northern Europe.
		The 24 runes of the Elder Futhark are divided into three equal groups of eight, called the aettir (families).
		Today, runes have been rediscovered as a symbolic system and have gained immense popularity as a means of divination.
	www.paganpaths.co.uk /runes.htm (578 words)

	Orkhon script - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It was developed by the Gokturks to write the Uighur language from about 715 to 800 CE, at which point it was replaced by the Uighur Alphabet.
		The Orkhon script goes by several names: the Kokturk, Kok Turki, Gokturk, Gök-Turk, and Kök-Turk Alphabet, and, because of its superficial "runiform" appearance, it is sometimes called Orkhon runes or Turkic runes.
		After the decline of the Kokturks, the Uyghurs introduced their own Sogdian-derived alphabet, and this was passed to the Mongols and the Manchus.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Turkic_runes (238 words)

	THE HISTORY OF THE RUNES
		The runes were used by the Goths, the Herulers, the Germans and the Frisisans in south and middle Europe and the Angles and Saxons in the west.
		The runes could be written in all kinds of directions and upon almost any kind of common material - as beautiful decorations or as a hidden, magic formula.
		When runes were carved in stone, the runes were created by carving many points close to each other, until the rune master had a complete line.
	www.arild-hauge.com /history.htm (803 words)

	Gokturk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Gokturks or Kokturks (Gök-Turks or Kök-Turks, with the meaningCelestial Turks), known as Tujue (突厥 tu2 jue2) in medieval Chinese sources, established the first known Turkic state around 552 under the leadership of Bumin/Tuman Khan († 552) and his sons, and expanded rapidly to rule wide territories in Central Asia.
		After Kutluk (Ko-lo) Khan 's militaryvictory in 744, the successors to the Gokturks became their more China-friendly juniorpartners, known as the Uighurs.
		Baz Khan (chief of the Oghuz, self-proclaimed Gokturk) - 682
	www.therfcc.org /gokturk-94017.html (521 words)

	Directory - Society: History: By Time Period: Middle Ages: Vikings: Runes
		Dalrunor · cached · Still in the early 1900 there were people in Dalarna that could read the runes.
		Runes · cached · Some Thoughts on the Origin of the Fuþark.
		Mystery of the Futhark Alphabet · cached · Site claiming that the futhark and the turkish gokturk alphabet have a common origin.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=427530 (273 words)

	Literary Language and Press
		As a matter of fact, some indicators that confirmed this situation could be observed in the resources.Before the Gokturk State, Ak-Hun people had their own literary language and this was just as the same as that of the Gokturk State.
		As a matter of fact, some of the examples of the Gokturk literary language and alphabet that pertained to the eras before Christ were indicated within a previous record written nearly 40 years before this last news.
		The alphabet that was similar to the Gokturk letters in respect of characters (runic) was the ancient German "runes".
	www.ozturkler.com /data_english/0001/0001_17_53.htm (951 words)

	COT RUNE CLASS - Group 2 Lesson 1 - Page 6 - MysticWicks Online Pagan Community and Pagan Forums
		With the Elder and A-S, I see names for the runes rather than just latin equivalents, which might suggest that the individual runes were important, such as in divination and as charms, rather than simply alphabetic, as might be the case with the later runes.
		And the runes and number of runes used reflect the language that they were being used with.
		Runes are used for a variety of things and I think it is time now to move on to Lesson 2 and get started on making our own Set of runes.
	www.mysticwicks.com /showthread.php?t=85915&page=6 (2494 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Futhark and Gokturk Runes
		Also, the germanic runes were used earlier than the Gök-turkic ones (the germanic peoples developed the runes inspired by greek and roman characters), so if there were any relation, it would be the nomads who got it from the germanics peoples andnot the other way around...
		Hungarian runes (Székely Rovásírás) are descended from the
		Although the text was unidentifiable using Scandinavian runes, it was strongly believed that it was a Viking relic left from an expedition of Eric the Red or his son, Leif Ericsson.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=3255 (1610 words)

	Mystery of the Futhark Alphabet Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		My claim is that the alphabets of these monuments found in both Europe and the Central Asia have stemmed from a common origin in a very remote past.
		Then, it was only a natural development for the Turkish, and the Germanic tribes that, although in locations so far away from each other, they could seperately carry on with this heritage of writing.
		The result submitted to your reading here is just a small part of a greater research that has been going on for the past several years (4).
	www.antalyaonline.net /futhark (226 words)

	futhark
		During this period, the 24-characters of the Primitive Norse runes became simplified and reduced to 16-rune series.The pages 25-30 and the rest of the book in Jansson's study are allocated to this subject.
		Besides this close resemblance, it is an exciting fact that the Primitive Norse runes declared to have ambiguous contexts can be rendered meaningfully when they are exposed to our novel method of read-ing ancient Turkish scripts.
		The Primitive Norse futhark or the rune alphabet have stemmed from a much older common origin as that of the Gokturks.
	www.geocities.com /TimesSquare/Chaos/4103/futhark.html (1483 words)

	Enlaces : Society : History : By_Time_Period : Middle_Ages : Vikings : Runes :: 100cia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Dalrunor - Still in the early 1900 there were people in Dalarna that could read the runes.
		The Elder Futhark with Sound - Pronunciations in Real Audio of the runes of the Elder FUÞARK: in original proto-germanic with two different versions; click rune stave pictures or names to hear the rune pronounced..
		Runes - Some Thoughts on the Origin of the Fuþark..
	www.100cia.com /recursos/enlaces/Society/History/By_Time_Period/Middle_Ages/Vikings/Runes (370 words)

	Encyclopedia: Gokturk Runes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Orkhon Script goes by many names: the Orkhon (Kokturk, Kok Turki, Gokturk, Gök-Turk or Kök-Turk) Alphabet, and because of its superficial resemblance to the Runic alphabets of the Germanic-speaking peoples of Europe, it is sometimes called Orkhon or Turkic Runes.
		A variant of this alphabet is the Yenisei Alphabet, also called Siberian Runes.
		The so-called Hungarian Runes were also derived from this alphabet.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Gokturk-Runes (239 words)

	Alphabet Of Celtic Rune Authority Source at New-Age-Advisor.com
		Runes are an alphabetic script used by the peoples of Northern Europe from the first century c.e.
		Celtic Runes meanings from the Runic alphabet of Northern Europe Derived from the Runic alphabet of Northern Europe the symbols are centred on the I (Is and the desirable qualities of the life it represents.
		Celtic Knotwork Jewellery:The Runes Handmade skulls, gargoyles, mirrors, candleholders, and assorted objects d'art, as well as a unique range of Celtic knotwork jewellery and rune stones Later a Rune alphabet developed, probably after trading contacts were established with the Greeks who already had use of.
	www.new-age-advisor.com /advice/alphabet-of-celtic-rune.html (697 words)

	Runes Society, Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Arild Hauges Runes Explanations on the different European Futharks, Norse art, religion and history.
		The Elder Futhark with Sound Pronunciations in Real Audio of the runes of the Elder FU+PARK: in original proto-germanic with two different versions; click rune stave pictures or names to hear the rune pronounced.
		Dalrunor Still in the early 1900 there were people in Dalarna that could read the runes.
	www.flashunion.org /ZmxzXzQyNzUzMA==.aspx (279 words)

	Turkish runestones in Sweden? - Stormfront White Nationalist Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		I haven't delved into the subject that much but it seems that the turks were using a Rune alphabet "Gokturk" which was very similar to the Scandinavian "Futhark".
		The turkish rune stones found in Sweden are from long before the Viking age (the oldest from ca 300 AD) and is, I believe, the oldest known writings found here.
		Probably people travelled on the East European rivers between Scandinavia and the Black Sea long before the Viking age and it is possible that the knowledge of Rune carving was brought here by turks (or by Scandinavians who learnt it from turks in their land).
	www.stormfront.org /forum/showthread.php?p=1735642#post1735642 (942 words)

	runes - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Runes : Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (1898) [home, info]
		RUNES : 1911 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica [home, info]
		Phrases that include runes: casting the runes, gok turk runes, gokturk runes, great runes, hungarian runes
	www.onelook.com /cgi-bin/cgiwrap/bware/dofind.cgi?word=runes (139 words)

	Orkhon script -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This odd disparity has to do with the principle of (additional info and facts about vowel harmony) vowel harmony, common in (A subfamily of Altaic languages) Turkic languages.
		The Orkhon script may have evolved from a non-cursive form of the (additional info and facts about Sogdian alphabet) Sogdian alphabet.
		The so-called (additional info and facts about Hungarian Runes) Hungarian Runes were also derived from this alphabet.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/o/or/orkhon_script.htm (200 words)

	RuneGame.com Forums - help me with this if you can (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Called "Gokturk" and are considered the oldest writing of a very obscure part of Turkey called "Orhun".
		The archeaologist does not claim Turkey being the origin of their use....only that nomads may have assimulated their use in languages and spread the writing during their travels.
		He surmises these "Gokturk" runes are far older.
	www.runegame.com /vbf/showthread.php?s=6fe68d54be3f616221e01d0dc86612bc&threadid=24945 (659 words)

	Runes - The Society and Culture Beat - SearchBeat.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Sunny's Runes Index Page - The runes of the Elder Futhark, their uses in writing, divination, magic.
		Wednesbury Rune Pages - A site dedicated to the study of the runes, the sacred symbols of the Germanic peoples including the Norse.
		Rune Fonts For Ya - Rune fonts in TrueType format.
	www.searchbeat.com /Society/History/ByTimePeriod/MiddleAges/Vikings/Runes (479 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Study of the Runes Elder Futhark and norse mythology.
		The Elder Futhark: runestave pictures, names, meanings, and audio pronunciation of the earliest known rune row of the runes.
		Little is known about the origins of the Runic alphabet, which is traditionally known as futhark after the first six letters.
	futhark.iqexpand.com (261 words)

	COT RUNE CLASS - Group 2 Lesson 1 - MysticWicks Online Pagan Community and Pagan Forums
		Stogoticistic Runes (revival of runic lore,based on gothic mythology of middle ages, Sweden was 'dominant' as the original gothic nation, and it was a whole patriotic culture fest.
		Especially with the Elder Futhark the runes were not only letters, but symbols to represent ideas dealing with animals and nature.
		Thre are more types of runes then what so far you all are listing to, but so far you are getting the main ones.
	www.mysticwicks.com /showthread.php?t=85915&page=6 (1250 words)

	Runes Vikings Middle Ages By Time Period History Society
		Runes Vikings Middle Ages By Time Period History Society
		Monsters and Critics.comInterview: Runes of Ragnan writer Ty Gorton on the Viking epicMonsters and Critics.com, UK - Oct 27, 2005...
		- Pronunciations in Real Audio of the runes of the Elder FUÞARK: in original proto-germanic with two different versions; click rune stave pictures or names to hear the rune pronounced.
	www.iaswww.com /ODP/Society/History/By_Time_Period/Middle_Ages/Vikings/Runes (299 words)

	The Rune School - Links: Useful WWW Links
		A paper examining rune stone inscriptions and seeking to demonstrate that the Norse Futhark is related to the Turkish Gokturk alphabet.
		Rune Net shares many of the same ideals as the Rune School.
		Following a large but fast-loading graphic you will find the individual rune names to be clicked on leading to detailed descriptions of their divinatory and magical meanings
	www.runeschool.org /links (1161 words)

	celts
		A brief explanation of runic alphabets along with tables of both the Germanic and Anglo/Saxon Futhark Runes.
		Explains the similarities of the Runic alphabet to the ancient Turkish alphabet known as the Gokturk.
		Background of the Germanic Runes with links to additional information on the Futhark and runic stones.
	www.tjlibrary.org /celts.html (1264 words)

	Open Directory - Society: History: By Time Period: Middle Ages: Vikings: Runes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Society: Religion and Spirituality: Pagan: Asatru: Runes (6)
		24 Rune Poems by Óðindís - 24 original 24-line rune poems in old lore meter, using germanic ("Saxon") English words.
		Your Name in Runes - Write your name and learn your name in old viking runes.
	dmoz.org /Society/History/By_Time_Period/Middle_Ages/Vikings/Runes (329 words)

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