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	GOKTURKS
		Founded in 552 AD by Bumin Kagan, the Gokturks engaged in widespread diplomatic activity.
		Although the Gokturks were forced to become subjects of China in the 7th century, they regained their independence in 632, led by a hero named Kutluk.
		In the year 716 kutluk's son Bilge kagan became the ruler, and ensured a period of peace and prosperity with the aid of his brother Kultegin and his father's elderly vezir, Tonyukuk.
	members.tripod.com /Bezgo003/gokturk.html (92 words)

	Gokturks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The great difference between the Gokturk Khanate and its Hunnish predecessor was that the Gokturks' temporary Khans (lords) were subordinate to a sovereign authority that was left in the hands of a council of tribal chiefs.
		The Gokturks were the first turkic people to write their language in a runic script.
		Baz Khan (chief of the Oghuz, self-proclaimed Gokturk) -682
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gokturks (1200 words)

	Gokturks - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Gokturks or Kokturks (Gök-Turks or Kök-Turks, with the meaning Celestial Turks), known as Tujue (突厥 tu2 jue2) in medieval Chinese sources, established the first known Turkic state around 552 under the leadership of Bumin/Tuman Khan/Khaghan (died 552) and his sons, and expanded rapidly to rule wide territories in Central Asia.
		The Gokturks, who originated from the Ashina tribe who were natives of today's Xiang Uygur, were the first Turkic tribe to use the name "Turk" as a political name.
		With the collapse of Hunnish power in Asia, leadership of the Turks was taken over by the Gokturks, who inherited their traditions and administrative experience.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Gokturks (698 words)

	Gokturks - China-related Topics GM-GP - China-Related Topics
		The Gokturks or Kokturks (G?k-Turks or K?k-Turks, with the meaning Celestial Turks), known as Tujue (突厥 tu2 jue2) in medieval ChinaChinese sources, established the first known Turkic peoplesTurkic state around 552 under the leadership of Bumin KhanBumin/Tuman Khan/Khaghan (died 552) and his sons, and expanded rapidly to rule wide territories in Central Asia.
		The Gokturks, who originated from the Ashina tribe who were natives of today's Xiang Uygur, were the first Turkic tribe to use the name "Turk" as a political name.
		Baz Khan (chief of the Oghuz, self-proclaimed Gokturk) -682
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Gokturks (691 words)

	Turkic people
		The world's Turkic peoples, numbering perhaps 130 million people in all, are the diverse descendants of large groups of tribespeople thought to have originated in central Asia.
		The precise date of their intitial expansion from their early homeland is unkown, but the first known Turkic state, that of the Gokturks (or Kokturks) is dated to the 6th century AD.
		Huns, whose origins go back to 1200 B.C., are also considered as one of the first Turkic tribes by some scholars.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/tu/Turkic_peoples.html (410 words)

	Gokturks: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Gokturks, who originated from the Ashina (Ashina: ashina (or asena), the ruling dynasty of the ancient turks and mongols....
		With the collapse of Hun (Hun: A member of a nomadic people who invaded Europe in the 4th century) nish power in Asia, leadership of the Turks (Turks: A native or inhabitant of Turkey) was taken over by the Gokturks, who inherited their traditions and administrative experience.
		The Gokturks wrote their language (their language: more facts about this subject) in a runic (runic: more facts about this subject) script.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/gokturks (1448 words)

	Uyghur
		Historically the term "Uyghur" (meaning "united" or "allied") was applied to a group of Turkic-speaking tribes that lived in what is now Mongolia.
		Gokturks), the Uyghurs were one of the largest and most enduring Turkic peoples living in Central Asia.
		They existed as a tribal federation ruled by the Juan Juan from 460–545, and then by the Hephthalites from 541–565 before being taken over by the Gokturk empire (Khaganate).
	www.ufaqs.com /wiki/en/uy/Uyghur.htm (932 words)

	[Gokturks] \| [All the best Gokturks resources at hunter-douglas.myniche.be] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The first known mention of the term "Turk" applied to a Turkic group, was in reference to the Gokturks in the 6th century.
		Gokturks : Gokturks,534552553563572573580580s,581; Le Gentil (crater) : Le Gentil (crater),Template:Lunar crater,Bailly (crater),Depth,Diameter,Drygalski (crater),Earth,Eponym,Guillaume Le Gentil,Impact crater...
		Their frequent intervention and invasions had profoundly affected neighboring countries although its power was broken by a newer alliance of Gokturks, the Chinese Northern Qi and Northern Zhou dynasties and tribes in Central Asia in...
	hunter-douglas.myniche.be /Tang_Dynasty/Gokturks (370 words)

	The Brief History of Turks
		The rule of the Gokturks was brought to an end in the year 745 by the Uygur, who were of the same ethnic stock as themselves.
		It is because of the Uygurs that the agricultural basin became known as Turkistan.
		The Oguzs had first formed the Gokturk Empire in the 6th century; after the expansion of Islam among the Turks, the Oguz came to be called the Turkmens among the other Turks.
	www.ottomansouvenir.com /General/the_brief_history.htm (2695 words)

	Battles Described In the Orkhun Monuments - History Forum
		The Gokturk soldiers, who lacked fine horses and supplies this time, began to rout after a charge of the "brave warriors" of the rebel Türgish; but Qül Tigin reached the battlefield with a small amount of well-trained warriors.
		After Iltirish was declared as the qaghan, the Gokturks began fighting with the Chinese to the South, Qitany to the East and Oghuz to the East.
		However, the Gokturk soldiers were not afraid, and defeated the Türgish horde "with the favor of the Tengri".
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=212 (3849 words)

	The Uygurs, History of Turks-Adiyamanli.org
		The rule of the Gokturks was brought to an end in the year 745 by the Uygurs, who were of the same ethnic stock.
		All the Turks who had converged under the banner of the Gokturks were dispersed to that of the Uygurs and other tribes.
		In the year 1229, the Mongols put an end to Uygur sovereignty; the Uygurs however, became their cultural and political mentors.
	www.adiyamanli.org /in_uygur.htm (78 words)

	History of Turkmenistan Summary
		The region's written history begins with the region's conquest by the Achaemenid Empire of ancient Persia, as the region was divided between the satrapys of Margiana, Chorasmia and Parthia.
		During the establishment of the Gokturk state, Oghuz tribes inhabited the Altay mountain region and also lived along the Tula River.
		After the fall of Gokturk kingdom, Oghuz tribes migrated to the area of Transoxiana, in western Turkestan, in modern Kazakhstan and Kirghizstan.
	www.bookrags.com /History_of_Turkmenistan (4308 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		During the period of disintegration of the Sabir State in the east of Europe, a new Turkish state called the Khazars came into existence.
		The Khazars, who were considered to be the continuation of the Western Gokturks, took over their military and civilian organizations.
		The Pechenegs, an Oghuz tribe, whose initial settlement around Balkhash Lake moved on to the nearby Aral Sea during the fight between the Gokturks and Uigurs.
	www.byegm.gov.tr /YAYINLARIMIZ/kitaplar/isteturkiye/english/history110.htm (716 words)

	Asia Times Online Community and News Discussion - Deadly mistake in Colin Mackerras's book review.
		The Gokturks were the first known Turkic state in 552AD.
		The word "Turk" was first used in a letter sent by a Chinese Emperor/King during the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Gokturk khan named Isbara in 585AD, describing him "the Greate Turk Khan".
		The Uighurs tribes existed as a federation ruled by the Juan Juan, the Hephthalites and the Gokturks, before they formed their own Khaganate in 745AD.
	forum.atimes.com /topic.asp?ARCHIVE=true&TOPIC_ID=29 (2918 words)

	Tendencies of Centralisation and De-Centralisation in Central Asia II
		For example, Persian style of administration was more centralised before came of Gokturks to the west in 6th or 7th centuries.
		Under the domination of West Gokturks, there were multi-centred and de-centralised administrations.
		There was a bark for the soul of Gokturks about them thought the members of sacred family, but no information where they buried.
	www.turkleronline.com /turkler/soylesiler/ortaasyada_merkeziyetci_veademi2ing.htm (3270 words)

	Gokturks: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The great difference between the Gokturkish empire and its Hunnish predecessor was that the Gokturks' temporary Khans (lords) were subordinate to a sovereign (A nation's ruler or head of state usually by hereditary right)
		The Gokturks wrote their language[for more facts and a summary of this subject, click this link] in a runic[for more facts and a summary of this subject, click this link] script, Exception Handler: No article summary found.
		Orkhon script (The orkhon script is an alphabet developed by the gokturks, a turkic tribespeople, to write the uighur language...)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /ref/gokturks (2838 words)

	Uyghur - Unipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Gokturks), the Uyghurs were one of the largest and most enduring Turkic-speaking peoples living in Central Asia.
		They existed as a tribal federation ruled by the Juan Juan from 460—545, and then by the Hephthalites from 541—565 before being taken over by the Gokturk Khaganate.
		Known as Huihe (回紇 huíhé) and Huihu in Chinese sources, they established a khanate in the 8th century when they displaced the Gokturks.
	www.unipedia.info /Uighurs.html (893 words)

	Chinese travelers and central Asia in their books of travels
		Because either Hun or Gokturks attacked especially Ordos region of Yellow River that was the main region China from above.
		One Gokturk resource defined the attitude of Chinese towards Turks in that way: We didn’t assimilate Turks in our society, because these nomadic people didn’t get use to live in that way.
		Because when we examine Gokturks that was formed after Huns, we also see many tribes existed in Huns in Gokturks.
	www.turkleronline.com /turkler/soylesiler/cinli_seyyahlar1ing.htm (3514 words)

	Azerbaijanis - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Others believe they are the descendants of various bodies of Turks, in particular the Oghuz Turks, but also, Huns, Gokturks, Khazars, Barsils, Kurtugurs, Saragurs, Kipchaks and others.
		Kalankatly also states that in the year 629, the army of the Gokturks as well as a series Khazar Turkic tribes entered Azerbaijan and declared the land to be "eternal possession" of Turks.
		Byzantine sources of the mid-6th century refer to the "settlement of Khazar Turks" in the left bank of the Kura river, and Moisey Khaghankatli, a historian from pre-Islamic Azerbaijan, referred to a "Hun state" on the left bank of the Kura River in the 7th century.
	www.tvwiki.tv /wiki/Azeri (746 words)

	macro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The first and the most important examples of the verbal tradition are legends such as the Alp Er Tunga Legend,which tells the story of how Alp Er Tunga, the Saka Khan who is thought to have lived in the seventh century, prevailed against the Iranian armies.
		The Bozkurt (Grey Wolf) Legend which recites the myth of the creation of the Gokturks from a female wolf, and the Ergenekon Legend according to which the Gokturks came out of Ergenekon by melting an iron mountain.
		The first known written examples of Turkish literature are the Orhun Inscriptions, which were written in the Gokturk alphabet in the sixth and seventh centuries.
	www.byegm.gov.tr /YAYINLARIMIZ/kitaplar/isteturkiye/english/cultural424.htm (374 words)

	Xuanzang - Wikinfo
		The Tang Dynasty and Eastern Gokturks were waging war at the time therefore Emperor Tang Taizong of China prohibited foreign travel.
		Further west he passed Aksu before turning northwest to cross the Tian Shan's Bedal Pass in to modern Kyrgyzstan.
		He skirted Issyk Kul before visiting Tokmak on its northwest, and met the great Khan of the Western Gokturks, whose relationship to the Tang emperor was friendly at the time.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Xuanzang (4987 words)

	Ottoman Time Information, ottoman house hotel, istanbul ottoman house, ottoman touristic information, hippodrome hotel ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is because of the Uygurs that the agricultural basin became known as Turkistan.
		The Oguz, who destroyed the Ghaznavid state, succeeded in putting Anatolia, Iraq, the southern part of the Caucasus, Azerbaijan and the north of Iran under Turkish rule.
		The Oguzs had first formed the Gokturk Empire in the 6th century; after the expansion of Islam among the Turks, the Oguz came to be called the Turkmens among the other Turks.
	www.hippodromehotel.com /guide/ottoman_time_hotel.html (2689 words)

	The Western Turks - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		The turkic name for Tujue is known as "Gokturks".
		Map of the Western (purple) and Eastern (blue) Gokturk khaganates at their height, c.
		The Western Turks (or Tujue, or Turkut, or Gokturks) were destroyed as a military power in 657, when a Tang army under Su Dingfang defeated and captured their Kaghan Shaboluo (Ashina Helu).
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=10212&st=0&p=4792897&#entry4792897 (1913 words)

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