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Topic: Golden age of Islam

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	History of Islam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Islam arose in Arabia in the 7th century with the emergence of the prophet Muhammad.
		Despite this fragmentation of Islam as a political community, the empires of the Abbasid caliphs, the Mughals, and the Seljuk Turk Ottomans were among the largest and most powerful in the world.
		The emirates, still recognizing the theoretical leadership of the caliphs, drifted into independence, and a brief revival of control was ended with the establishment of two rival caliphates: the Fatimids in north Africa, and the Umayyad's Caliphate of Cordoba in Spain (the emirs there being descended from an escaped member of that family).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Islam (2977 words)

	IslamiCity.com - Education
		The Golden Age was a period of unrivaled intellectual activity in all fields: science, technology, and (as a result of intensive study of the Islamic faith) literature - particularly biography, history, and linguistics.
		The Golden Age also, little by little, transformed the diet of medieval Europe by introducing such plants as plums, artichokes, apricots, cauliflower, celery, fennel, squash, pumpkins, and eggplant, as well as rice, sorghum, new strains of wheat, the date palm, and sugarcane.
		Many of the advances in science, literature, and trade which took place during the Golden Age of the 'Abbasids and which would provide the impetus for the European Renaissance reached their flowering during the caliphate of al-Mamun, son of Harun al-Rashid and perhaps the greatest of all the 'Abbasids.
	www.islamicity.com /education/ihame?Destination=/education/ihame/7.asp (881 words)

	The saga of 'missing' Nobel prizes within nations of Islam Persian Journal Latest Iran News, news Tehran Iranian News ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-11)
		Customarily, Islam encouraged science and learning because nomads of the Arab peninsula as conquerors were not bogged down with dogma; their minds were like fresh slates, liberated from dogma of their systems, the conquered reared a new breed of thinkers; Al-Razi, poet Al-Ma'arri surfaced as new rationalists.
		The Arabic language was synonymous with learning and science for 500 hundred years, a golden age that can count among its credits the precursors to modern universities, algebra, and the names of the stars and even the notion of science as an empirical inquiry.
		Science flourished in the Golden Age of Islam because there was within Islam a strong rationalist tradition, carried on by a group of Muslim thinkers known as the Mutazilites.
	www.iranian.ws /iran_news/publish/printer_6893.shtml (3808 words)

	History of Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-11)
		Despite this fragmentation of Islam, the later empires of the Abbasid caliphs, the Indian Mughals, and the Seljuk Turk Ottomans were among the largest and most powerful in the world.
		This is the history of Islam from 570 to the present.
		This matter is still a matter of contention among Muslims; the largest sect of Islam, the Sunnis, and the various Shi'a sects, disagree radically as to the history and significance of Abu Bakr's succession to what was later called the caliphate.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/H/History-of-Islam.htm (1780 words)

	Islam's Golden Age
		What Muslims did during the Golden Age with glass was to make their holy mosques and shrines more decorative and beautiful to please their Caliphs and the nonexistent Allah.
		All the positive effects of Islam in its golden age were side-effects, not the planned outcome of a positively Islamic strategy.
		The Islamic golden age was a golden age of human culture.
	www.mwillett.org /atheism/islamicgoldenage.htm (1493 words)

	THE IRANIAN: Opinion, Islamic apathy, Iqbal Latif
		The fact is that the Golden Age of Islam in the first 400 years was an era, which practiced absolutely different values, the most important being tolerance and extension of rights to inhabitants of the conquered states.
		The founding legacy of the "Golden Age" was the astonishing achievement of Muslim scholars, scientists, craftsmen, and traders during the four hundred years from 750 to 1150 AD.
		Islam is not and was not a perpetrator of annihilation.
	www.iranian.com /Opinion/2001/August/Islam (4705 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: The Golden Age of Islam is a Myth by Serge Trifkovic
		The myth of an Islamic Golden Age is needed by Islam’s apologists to save it from being damned by its present squalid condition; to prove, as it were, that there is more to Islam than the terrorism of Bin Laden and the decadence of the oil sheiks.
		To be fair, the myth of the golden age of Islam does have a partially valid starting point: there were times in the past when Moslem societies attained higher levels of civilization and culture than they did at other times.
		This "golden" period in question largely coincides with the second dynasty of the Caliphate or Islamic Empire, that of the Abbasids, named after Muhammad’s uncle Abbas, who succeeded the Umayyads and ascended to the Caliphate in 750 AD.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=4626 (1362 words)

	ISLAM IN CHINA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-11)
		During the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644 CE), a period considered to be the golden age of Islam in China, Muslims fully integrated into Han society by adopting their name and some customs while retaining their Islamic mode of dress and dietary restrictions.
		Although the emperor of the time, Yung-Wei, found Islam to be a bit too restrictive for his taste, he respected its teachings and considered it to be compatible with the teachings of Confucius.
		Under the Ming Dynasty, generally considered to be the golden age of Islam in China, Muslims gradually became fully integrated into Han society.
	islamic-world.net /islamic-state/islam_in_china.htm (2402 words)

	Understanding Muslims
		Islam seeks to return man to his original, true nature in which is harmony with creation, inspired to do good, and confirming the Oneness of God.
		Islam is a religion OF this world for humans who are of the Best Form, and are to be established in our call to success to partake in the Complete Way of Life.
		Don't be intimidated by the Quran or the religious intensity of Islam.
	www.ldolphin.org /islamprimer.html (7712 words)

	Chicago Tribune \| From golden age to an embattled faith
		Islam is hardly unique as a religion that has been twisted to justify killing.
		But scholars who have studied Islam and terrorism say none of these factors would matter if the Islamic world were not still suffering from a centuries-old crisis of confidence, born of the loss of its place at the forefront of world civilization.
		Islam's current sense of itself as an embattled faith stands in stark contrast to its past.
	www.chicagotribune.com /chi-0402080264feb08,0,3783110.story?coll=chi-site-nav (923 words)

	The Golden Age of Islam is a Myth
		One thing to bear in mind about the "Golden Age" is that it occurred very shortly after the establishment of Islam, after Mohammed's military conquests and those of his immediate successors, but before many of the tenets of the religion had entirely jelled.
		Islam is a particularly anti-intellectual religion, and because its favored form of government is theocracy, it has the power to enforce its views.
		Islam can't encourage people to question or want to prove anything, what it promotes is exactly opposite of thinking, it promotes submission to the clerics and never questioning anything or you face the threat of death.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/789392/posts (3829 words)

	The Golden Age of Byzantium (from Byzantine Empire) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		The period from about 641 to 1025 is considered to be the golden age of the Byzantine Empire.
		The Golden Age can be subdivided into two major sections, the Ciceronian period (q.v.; 70–43 BC), dominated by Marcus Tullius Cicero, and the Augustan Age (q.v.; 43 BC–AD...
		The fairy tale The King of the Golden River; or, The Black Brothers, a Legend of Stiria, by British writer John Ruskin, was penned as an answer to a dare.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-198008?ct= (960 words)

	Islam :: From golden age to an embattled faith (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-11)
		The Alhambra fortress, which the Moorish rulers of southern Spain began to construct in 1238, recalls the splendor and achievements of the golden age of Islam, when the youngest of the three great monotheistic religions held sway from the Straits of Gibraltar in the west to the banks of the Indus River in the east.
		While Europe struggled to emerge from the chaos left by the collapse of the Roman Empire, Muslim scientists, engineers and architects were the most advanced in the world, and Muslim rulers nurtured a cosmopolitan culture that was often remarkably tolerant of the Jews and Christians who lived in its midst.
		The answer to Islam's woes, they say, is to reform the faith, purifying it of later accretions that prevent Muslims from achieving the perfect islam, or surrender to God, of Muhammad and his earliest followers.
	www.religionnewsblog.com /5998-.html (2752 words)

	Tamatar: March 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-11)
		Their stunning conclusion?: That the supposed "golden age" of Islam, punctuated by the rise and fall of mighty empires and the achievements of outstanding jurists, scientists and artists, amounts in the end to no more than a clear-cut "farce," imposed on the Muslim world by its longstanding nemeses in order to serve as a sedative.
		Most present had understandable trouble stomaching the thesis: namely, that the supposed "golden age" of Islam, endlessly cited by modernists and fundamentalists alike, is in fact a colonial concoction, which "unsurprisingly" soon slipped out from their -- that is, the colonizers' -- grasp, assuming an unintended and unpredictable life of its own.
		Khan and Shah aimed to explain the origins of the "golden age" myth, with respect to the reasons it was first created and then the intriguing manners in which it morphed out of its' creators' control, soon becoming a rallying-cry for resistance to the West, instead of the placative it was designed to be.
	avari.blogs.com /tamatar/2005/03 (2455 words)

	ipedia.com: Islamic Golden Age Article
		The Islamic Golden Age was a period of Islamic rule when the Islamic world was deemed to be more tolerant or learned than its neighbours, particularly Medie...
		The Islamic Golden Age was a period of Islamic rule when the Islamic world was deemed to be more tolerant or learned than its neighbours, particularly Medieval Europe.
		Other critics have claimed that an Islamic golden age was simply a way of saying that some Muslim societies attained higher levels of civilization and culture than they did at other times.
	www.ipedia.com /islamic_golden_age.html (540 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-11)
		The restoration of the message and spirit of the golden age of Islam represents the central and fundamental issue facing the Arab and Muslim worlds.
		After describing the Islamic golden age as the work of a group of enlightened Muslims in the 9th century, who ushered in an era of rationalism, liberal tradition and culture that brought about unprecedented excellence in science, medicine and philosophy,....
		The Hashemite leader has obviously understood criticism of today's Islam, and it is well taken by his intelligent progressive and educated mind, since he sees the need of change, since he addresses this openly in a world forum.
	goldwater.mideastreality.com /crown.html (993 words)

	Palestine during the "Golden Age of Islam"
		Gil and Bat Ye’or offer revealing assessments of “Golden Age” dhimmitude (i.e., the regulations imposed on the non-Muslim dhimmis vanquished by jihad “holy war”), and its adverse impact on these conquered, indigenous Jews and Christians.
		The clearest outward manifestations of this imposed inferiority and humiliation were the prohibitions regarding dhimmi dress "codes", and the demands that distinguishing signs be placed on the entrances of dhimmi houses.
		Specifically, during the Abbasid caliphates (i.e., the “Golden Age”) of Harun al-Rashid (786-809) and al-Mutawwakil (847-861), specifically, Jews and Christians were required to wear yellow (as patches attached to their garments, or hats).
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/Printable.asp?ID=4917 (743 words)

	Whistle Stopper Political Forums - THE MYTH OF AN ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE
		The task facing a narrow segment of urban intelligentsia in the Muslim world that seeks to reform Islam into a matter of personal choice separated from the State and distinct from the society is frankly impossible.
		The failure of the umma was understood as a consequence of the failure of the Muslim world to be “truly Islamic.” The revival of the model of early Islam in a modern form absolutely mandates the reaffirmation of uncompromising animosity to non-believers and the return to violence as a means of attaining political ends.
		I don't dispute that the Caliphate years were the golden years of Islam, and that for a few centuries they were the top dogs of civilization.
	www.whistlestopper.com /forum/showthread.php?t=5139 (4004 words)

	From golden age to an embattled faith--Ummah.comLearn about Islam
		Islam, the world's fastest-growing religion, preaches tolerance, non-violence and respect for human life.
		In a book he published in 2002, portions of which were translated by the Tribune, he writes that "the pinnacle of Islam" is jihad, which he defines as use of force for religious purposes.
		Islam is not just the dominant religion in Saudi Arabia; all others are banned.
	www.ummah.net /forum/showthread.php?t=31360 (13507 words)

	The Peace Encyclopedia: The Golden Age of Arab-Jewish Coexistence
		In fact, the years between 900 and 1200 in Spain and North Africa are known as the Hebrew "golden age," a sort of Jewish Renaissance that arose from the fusion of the Arab and Jewish intellectual worlds.
		While Jewish communities in Arab and Islamic countries fared better overall than those in Christian lands in Europe, Jews were no strangers to persecution and humiliation among the Arabs and Muslim.
		As Princeton University historian Bernard Lewis has written: "The Golden Age of equal rights was a myth, and belief in it was a result, more than a cause, of Jewish sympathy for Islam."
	www.yahoodi.com /peace/golden.html (1182 words)

	Jihad Watch: Bat Ye'or vs. Mustafa Akyol on Islam's "Golden Age"
		Akyol speaks of the necessity to re-interpret the fundamental teachings and scriptures of Islam, particularly the hadith and sira (the biography of the Prophet).
		Islam can not change, for if it does it is no longer Islam, and no longer has a claim on the believers.
		Islam is a product of the darkest recesses of the human mind as are all such totalitarian cults that worship manufactured deities and practice the sacrificial offering of humans to please those deities.
	www.jihadwatch.org /archives/003675.php (7573 words)

	Islam and terrorism
		From this, it is clear that the greatest mind of the Islamic golden age was not sympathetic towards Islam at all.
		Khayyam was an epicurean philosopher, scornful of religion and in particular of Islam.
		Obviously these great men upon whose shoulders rests the glory of the golden age of Islam were not Muslims and even were critical of it.
	www.faithfreedom.org /Articles/sina/freethinkersislam.htm (2290 words)

	Debating Islamâs âGolden Ageâ: Free Muslims Coalition
		Providing rich quotes from the Koran, sweeping historical accounts and stupefying intellectual statements, these authorities on Islam have argued for and against the case that Islam is a religion of the sword.
		Bat Yeâor states, âIt is inconceivable that Islamâ¦ should alone avoid a critical reflection on the mechanisms of its power and expansion.â Ibn Warraq notes, âIslamâ¦ is not moderate.
		Akyol replies to Bat Yeâorâs latter statement by insisting âthe struggle for the soul of Islam has become, especially after September 11, a global issue in which non-Muslims have a say.â âA fair assessment of Islamâ is just as importantly the responsibility of non-Muslims as it is the obligation of Muslims.
	www.freemuslims.org /news/article.php?article=248 (2992 words)

	MWU!: Wahhabism and the Illusion of a Golden Age
		Wahhabism and the Illusion of a Golden Age
		Yet such thinking is intrinisically flawed because, as Abou El Fadl notes, by emphasizing a presumed golden age in Islam, the adherents of Salafism (Wahhabism) effectively idealize the time of the Prophet and his companions, and ignore or demonize the balance of Islamic history.
		The golden age of Islam does not lie in the Prophet’s Medina, nor as some people have suggested Cordoba between the 8 to 14 century, or Baghdad during the reign of Harun Al-Rashid.
	www.muslimwakeup.com /main/archives/2004/09/002347print.php (3072 words)

	article2: p.4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-11)
		The only Islam they practice is an Islam of their own invention.
		During the golden age of Islam, the Muslim world was confident and had a secure identity and, thus, was able to make great strides in the arts, sciences and humanities.
		The struggle for the soul of Islam is being waged everyday in every Masjid, in every MSA and in every Islamic organization in the world.
	www.islamicedfoundation.com /magazine/page_241.htm (1094 words)

	War on Terror (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-11)
		I believe that the problem is that we have most of the world’s oil reserves in the hands of third-world countries whose populations whose median age is typically 15 and where the life expectancy is about 25.
		The Legend of the Golden Age of Islam
		The end result of these three forces is the belief among some that the Arabs must use their control of oil to destroy Western power and make the Arabs supreme once again, bringing back the Golden Age of Isalm of 1,000 years ago.
	home.comcast.net /~jameskbeard/War_on_Terror.htm (729 words)

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