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Topic: Golden Age of the Dutch Republic

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	Dutch Golden Age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dutch lawyers were famous for their knowledge of international law of the sea and commercial law.
		The most famous Dutch scientist in the area of optics is certainly Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who invented or greatly improved the microscope (opinions differ) and was the first to methodically study microscopic life, thus laying the foundations for the field of cell biology.
		Dutch architecture was taken to a new height in the Golden Age.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age (2555 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: Dutch Economy in the "Golden Age" (16th-17th Centuries)
		That the Dutch referred to the Baltic trade as their "mother trade" is not surprising given the importance Baltic markets continued to hold for Dutch commerce throughout the Golden Age.
		Dutch merchants involved in the Guinea trade ignored the slave trade that was firmly in the hands of the Portuguese in favor of the rich trade in gold, ivory, and sugar from São Tomé.
		Dutch shippers in the Americas soon found raiding (directed at the Spanish and Portuguese) to be their most profitable activity until the Company was able to establish forts in Brazil again in the 1630s and begin sugar cultivation.
	www.eh.net /encyclopedia/article/Harreld.Dutch (4405 words)

	Dutch Republic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/Provinciën; also Dutch Republic or United Provinces in short) was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, which is now known as the Netherlands.
		The Republic of the United Provinces was officially recognized in the Peace of Westphalia (1648), and lasted until French revolutionary forces invaded in 1795 and set up a new republic, called the Batavian Republic, which would be replaced by the French-controlled Kingdom of Holland.
		The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so called Generality Lands.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dutch_Republic (931 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Netherlands - The Dutch Revolt, 1572-1609
		By 1600 the Dutch had cleared the area north of the Rhine from the Spanish; the military situation was a stalemate, Spain controlling the southern Netherlands, the Dutch the North.
		As commander of the Dutch army, Maurice took a number of Spanish-held fortresses by siege : Nijmegen and Zutphen, 1591; Steenwijk and Coevorden, 1592; Groningen, 1594; Oldenzaal, Enschede and Grol, 1597, thus clearing the stretch to the north of the Rhine from Spanish troops.
		Chronology of the Dutch Revolt, from Ons Verleden (in Dutch)
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/lowcountries/dutchrevolt.html (1676 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Netherlands : Golden Age, 1609-1650
		The Dutch Republic was a federation of 7 provinces - Holland, Zeeland, Friesland, Groningen, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel.
		The princes of the House of Orange, because of their personal contribution to the struggle of independence and their large property in the Dutch Republic, were regarded the only eligible candidates for the position of STADHOLDER.
		This is one of the causes for the frequent confusion of Holland and the (northern) Netherlands.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/lowcountries/goldenage.html (1403 words)

	Dutch Republic
		Dutch housewives believed that the dirt of the world should never be allowed to cross the threshold of the home.
		Throughout the republic, bad harvests and periodic bouts of inflation could bring some districts to the brink of famine, and an economy heavily dependent on foreign trade was vulnerable to any trouble in the outside world.
		By the beginning of the 1700's, the golden age of the Dutch Republic seemed to be drawing to a close.
	www.schoolofabraham.com /dutchrepublic.htm (4568 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		(1584–1647), prince of Orange and stadtholder (chief executive and military commander) of the Dutch Republic (1625– 47), son of William I, The Silent, born in Delft.
		Frederick Henry reigned during the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic.
		The republic was at the height of its powers and suffered little political or religious conflict.
	www.historychannel.com /thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=209767 (229 words)

	Dutch Drawings of the Golden Age (Getty Exhibitions)
		During the period known as the Golden Age of Dutch Art, a tremendous increase in artistic activity coincided with momentous changes in Dutch political and economic life.
		This exhibition shows Dutch artists looking at their own landscape and people for inspiration in a period in which their drawings were increasingly valued as independent works of art.
		This Dutch landscape was executed on Japanese paper, demonstrating how artists benefited from the foreign goods that were imported to Holland with the expansion of Dutch trading routes and colonial ambitions.
	www.getty.edu /art/exhibitions/dutch_drawings.html (444 words)

	Antiques and the Arts Online
		One of the foremost Dutch painters and draftsmen of the Seventeenth Century, Cuyp was a prolific artist whose career spanned the years between the late 1630s and the mid-1660s, the golden age of the Dutch Republic.
		"A Farm with Cottages and Animals" (circa 1642-1643), with its sun-drenched pasture populated by herds of cattle and sheep, is one of Cuyp's early depictions of the Dutch countryside.
		Although he was not the first Dutch artist to portray a herd of cows, Cuyp imbued his cattle with a sense of idealized grace and nobility that is lacking in the work of his predecessors.
	www.antiquesandthearts.com /GH0-08-28-2001-07-35-02 (1265 words)

	The Golden Age - Dutch Prints and Drawings - SCMA
		The Golden Age, which roughly spanned the seventeenth century, was a time when Dutch trade, science, and art were acclaimed throughout the world.
		During this period the Dutch Republic was establishing new colonies and opening trade routes that turned Amsterdam into an opulent city with an upwardly-mobile merchant class.
		The Golden Age was co-curated by Aprile Gallant, curator of prints, drawings, and photographs, and Henriette Kets de Vries, curatorial assistant for special projects.
	www.smith.edu /artmuseum/exhibitions/goldenage (483 words)

	Amazon.com: The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Golden Age: Books: Maarten Prak,Diane Webb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Maarten Prak charts the political, social, economic and cultural history of the Golden Age through chapters that range from the introduction of the tulip to the experience of immigrants and Jews in Dutch society, the paintings of Vermeer and Rembrandt, and the ideas of Spinoza.
		He sets the Dutch experience within a European context and examines the extent to which the Golden Age was a product of its own past or the harbinger of the more modern, industrialized and enlightened society of the future.
		In The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century, Maarten Prak explores the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521604605?v=glance (1194 words)

	The CODART List - Enchanting the eye: Dutch paintings of the Golden Age - Museums with Dutch art and Flemish art
		Paintings of the Golden Age reflected both the confidence and social tensions of the predominantly Protestant Dutch republic, one of the richest and most powerful nations in 17th-century Europe.
		This confidence is powerfully expressed in the portraits by Frans Hals, Jan Molenaer and Hendrick ter Bruggen, where the character of the sitter is momentarily frozen in a fleeting gesture and captured in virtuoso brushwork.
		The importance of the sea as 'the single most powerful motivating force in Dutch life' is reflected in the number of marine artists active during the 17th century.
	www.codart.nl /exhibitions/details/866 (794 words)

	Calvinism and Religious Toleration in the Dutch Golden Age - Cambridge University Press
		Dutch society has enjoyed a reputation, or notoriety, for permissiveness from the sixteenth century to present times.
		The Dutch Republic in the Golden Age was the only society that tolerated religious dissenters of all persuasions in early modern Europe, despite being committed to a strictly Calvinist public Church.
		The politics of intolerance: citizenship and religion in the Dutch Republic (17th-18th centuries) Maarten Prak.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521806828 (447 words)

	Aanbiedingen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Dutch East India Company, or VOC (1602-1799) bases its reputation on its success as a commercial venture.
		The shiploads op spices that sailed into Amsterdam harbour laid the foundation for the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic and a huge overseas trading network.
		Dutch Enterprise and the VOC provides an insight into this diversity.
	www.walburgpers.nl /voc.asp?details=115 (155 words)

	Top20Netherlands.com - Your Top20 Guide to Netherlands!
		The Netherlands (Dutch: Nederland; IPA pronunciation: /"ne:dÉrlant/) is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands that is formed by the Netherlands, the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba.(Dutch: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden).
		The 17th century, when the Dutch republic was prosperous, was the age of the "Dutch Masters" such as Rembrandt van Rijn, Johannes Vermeer, Jan Steen and many others.
		Dutch policies on recreational drugs, prostitution, same-sex marriage and euthanasia are among the most liberal in the world.
	www.top20netherlands.com (3957 words)

	Articles - Dutch Golden Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In 1602 the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: ´´Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie´´ or ´´VOC´´) was founded.
		The outcome of the Dutch Revolt against Spain, better known as the Eighty Years´ War (1568-1648), that had been fought over religious freedom and economical and political independence, and ended in total independence of the reformist northern provinces (see also Dutch Republic), almost certainly would have boosted national morale.
		Also the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in France in 1685 made a lot of French Huguenots and Jews emigrate to the Dutch Republic, many of whom were scientists.
	www.foreverc.com /articles/Dutch_Golden_Age (2493 words)

	MA Dutch Golden Age, UCL
		The Dutch call the 17th century their country's "Golden Age," and with good reason: the Dutch Republic was then among the most important countries in Europe.
		Politically it was an anomaly, a republic surrounded by absolutist regimes.
		The MA in the Dutch Golden Age is designed to give students a thorough understanding of the history and culture of the Netherlands in the early modern period, focusing on the Dutch Republic during its seventeenth-century efflorescence.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /history/admissions/maadmiss/dutch.htm (378 words)

	HIST 125D LEC 1: History of Low Countries
		According to Sir William Temple, in 1673, the Dutch were ‘the envy of some, the fear of others, and the wonder of all their neighbours’.
		The seventeenth century was the Dutch Republic’s Golden Age.
		Since the Golden Age is such a specific period in Dutch history, we will first have a short guided tour through Dutch history from prehistory to the present day, in which we will get acquainted with the geography of the Netherlands.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /06S/hist125d-1 (2842 words)

	MA in the History and Culture of the Dutch Golden Age:
		The MA in the History and Culture of the Dutch Golden Age is an interdisciplinary programme designed to give students a thorough understanding of the political, economic and social fabric of the seventeenth-century Dutch Republic, its intellectual atmosphere, and its varied artistic and literary products and conventions.
		It includes such topics as the emergence of the Dutch Republic as a major European power, the Dutch expansion overseas, the country's political, philosophical and religious controversies, its constitutional structure and economic primacy.
		The distinctive character of Dutch Renaissance writing, the historical embedding of literary texts and the relation between literature and the visual arts receive particular attention.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /dutch/pages/histcul.html (405 words)

	17th century - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Its success contributes to the Dutch Golden Age.
		Christiaan Huygens, Dutch mathematician, physicist and astronomer (1629 - 1695)
		Abel Janszoon Tasman (1603 - 1659), was a Dutch seafarer and explorer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/17th_century (1167 words)

	New Netherland Project Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Dutch New York and New Jersey in the Age of Revivals.
		Dutch Explorers, Traders and Settlers in the Delaware Valley, 1609-1664.
		Hageman, Howard G. "The Dutch Battle for Higher Education in the Middle Colonies." Education in New Netherland and the Middle Colonies: Papers of the 7th Rensselaerswyck Seminar of the New Netherland Project.
	www.nnp.org /project/bibliography.html (6018 words)

	Untitled Document
		By the end of the 16th century, the English and the Dutch were reaping the same rewards by using the Cape as a stop-over for their scurvy-ridden crews.
		The 17th century was the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic.
		Its merchants were the most successful businessmen in Europe; their Dutch East India Company was the world's greatest trading corporation and had soveriegn rights in the East and the Cape.
	www.macalester.edu /courses/geog61/mark/history.html (1052 words)

	Recent Publications by NIST Authors
		This achievement was the consequence of the felicitous collaboration of two Dutch physicists, Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837-1923) at the University of Amsterdam, and Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853-1926) at the University of Leiden.
		This period of flourishing science in the Netherlands was coined “the Second Golden Age’ by Willink (1998).
		He named it in reference to the glorious 17th century Golden Age of the Dutch republic, when Holland became a dominant power at sea, and could boast not only of its unsurpassed school of painters, but also of scientists such as Anthony van Leeuwenhoek and Christiaan Huygens.
	ois.nist.gov /nistpubs/technipubs/recent/search.cfm?dbibid=11691 (711 words)

	17th Century Dutch Painting - Big Painting Guide
		The 17th century was the great age of Dutch painting.
		Dutch Artists from the 15th to the 17th Century :: Term Papers...
		Dutch artists During the 17th century, the newly-independent...
	www.bigpaintingguide.com /17th-century-dutch-painting.html (662 words)

	NWAnews.com :: Northwest Arkansas' News Source
		In 1573, it was the first Dutch city liberated from the Spanish, an event that set the Netherlands on the road to the golden age of the Dutch Republic.
		The Dutch are top-notch at street markets, and on Nieuwesloot there’s a bustling one, where vendors hawk bargainprice items ranging from fish to underwear to CDs.
		She plainly did this, I hasten to add, not out of rudeness but out of provincial insecurity ; anyone who finds this incident off-putting rather than delightfully atmospheric should rest assured that the last thing to worry about in the Netherlands is finding someone who can speak English.
	www.nwanews.com /adg/Travel/138586/print (1148 words)

	NFX - Netherlands Financial Sector Development Exchange - A concise financial history of the Netherlands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic began at the end of the sixteenth century.
		In 1795 French troops occupied the Dutch Republic and the bank had to suspend payments, terminating Amsterdam’s Golden Age.
		So as to keep pace with the international economy and with the internationalisation of Dutch business, the banks then set up substantial operations abroad through establishing their own branches and through participating in international consortia.
	www.nfx.nl /dfh/index.html (1492 words)

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