
	Where results make sense

Topic: Golden Bull of 1356

Related Topics

Golden Bull

List of Reichstag participants (1792)

Diet of Nuremberg

Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor

Holy Roman Empire

List of German Kings and Emperors

Rulers of Saxony

Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick III, Elector of Saxony

King of the Romans

Reichstag (institution)

Metz, France

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Archbishopric of Mainz

	Golden Bull of 1356 (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Golden Bull of 1356 was a decree issued by a Reichstag in Nuremberg headed by Emperor Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (see Diet of Nuremberg) that fixed, for a period of more than four hundred years, an important aspect of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire.
		The Golden Bull explicitly named the seven Kurfürsten (Electors) who were to choose the King of the Germans, who would then usually be crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope later.
		Secondly, the Bull prescribed that four votes would always suffice to elect the new King; as a result, three Electors could no longer block the election, and the principle of majority voting was explicitly stated for the first time in the Empire.
	publicliterature.org.cob-web.org:8888 /en/wikipedia/g/go/golden_bull_of_1356.html (311 words)

	AllRefer.com - Golden Bull (German History) - Encyclopedia
		Golden Bull, term translated from the Latin bulla aurea and generally referring to a bull (edict) with a golden seal.
		Golden bulls were promulgated by medieval Byzantine rulers and by Western European monarchs, for example, by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (Golden Bull of 1213) and by King Andrew II of Hungary (Golden Bull of 1222).
		The Golden Bull sanctioned a long-developing trend against a centralized empire and gave the electors a constitutional basis on which to consolidate their holdings into sovereign states.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/G/GoldenBu.html (378 words)

	Golden Bull - LoveToKnow 1911 (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		At first the golden seal was formed after the type of a solid coin, but at a later date, while the golden surface presented to the eye was greatly increased, the seal was really composed of two thin metal plates filled in with wax.
		In its first form the bull was promulgated at the diet of Nuremberg on the 10th of January 1356, but it was not accepted by the princes until some modifications had been introduced, and in its final form it was issued at the diet of Metz on the 25th of December following.
		The Golden Bull was thus a great victory for the electors, but it weakened the position of the German king and was a distinct humiliation for the other princes and for the cities.
	www.1911ency.org.cob-web.org:8888 /G/GO/GOLDEN_BULL.htm (1873 words)

	Golden Bull - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Golden Bull or chrysobull was a golden ornament representing a seal (a bulla aurea or "golden seal" in Latin), attached to a decree issued by monarchs in Europe and the Byzantine Empire during the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
		The Golden Bull of 1214, issued by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor ceding all German territories north of the rivers Elbe and Elde to King Valdemar the Victorious of Denmark.
		The Golden Bull of 1348, issued by King Karel I of Bohemia, later Holy Roman Emperor as Charles IV, to establish Charles University in Prague, one of the oldest universities in the world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Golden_Bull (653 words)

	Holy Roman Empire
		This collegiate was formally established by a 1356 decree known as the Golden Bull.
		The difficulties in electing the king eventually led to the emergence of a fixed collegiate of electors, the Kurfürsten, whose composition and procedures were fixed in the Golden Bull of 1356.
		Although some procedures and institutions had been fixed, for example by the Golden Bull of 1356, the rules of how the king, the electors, and the other dukes should cooperate in the Empire much depended on the personality of the respective king.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/fi/First_Reich.html (4102 words)

	Golden Bull of 1356 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Consequently, the Bull speaks of the rex in imperatorem promovendus, the "king to be promoted emperor" — although the distinction between the two titles would become increasingly irrelevant (and virtually nonexistent after 1508).
		Even though the practice of election had existed earlier and most of the dukes named in the Golden Bull were involved in the election, and although the practice had mostly been written down in an earlier document, the declaration at Rhense from 1338, the Golden Bull was more precise in several ways.
		Thus the Golden Bull also strengthened the nobility in general to the detriment of the cities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1356 (580 words)

	The Avalon Project : The Golden Bull of the Emperor Charles IV 1356 A.D.
		The Golden Bull of 1356, was issued for the purpose of determining the form for the election and coronation of the emperor, and also of regulating the duties, rights and privileges of the elector princes.
		The Golden Bull was oppressive to the lesser nobility as well as to the cities.
		Thus the Golden Bull served to further a process of disintegration which was to lead almost to anarchy and to deaden all feeling of loyalty for the empire.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/medieval/golden.htm (5228 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Bulla Aurea (Golden Bull)
		The law was signed by the Emperor Charles IV, January, 1356, during the Diet of Nuremberg, and was revised at the Diet of Metz in November of the same year.
		The Bull also defined the powers given by the imperial constitution to the electors, taken as a body, and to certain individual electors separately, both during a vacancy of the throne and during an imperial reign.
		The Bull also provided for the preservation of peace in the empire and enacted measures for holding in check the increasing political importance of the rising free cities.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03048a.htm (400 words)

	Charles IV - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		At the same time, Charles's Golden Bull of 1356 ended papal interference in the Holy Roman Empire by eliminating the need for papal approval and confirmation of emperors.
		By the Golden Bull, which strengthened the electors at the expense of the emperor, he confirmed Bohemia's internal autonomy.
		As Holy Roman emperor, his reputation rests mainly on the Golden Bull, which, although it confirmed the weakness of the imperial power, provided a stable constitutional foundation for its exercise.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-charles4hre.html (623 words)

	Golden Bull — FactMonster.com
		Golden bulls were promulgated by medieval Byzantine rulers and by Western European monarchs, for example, by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (Golden Bull of 1213) and by King
		Andrew II of Hungary (Golden Bull of 1222).
		Golden Bull - Golden Bull An edict by the Emperor Charles IV., issued at the Diet of Nuremberg in 1356, for the...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0821161.html (352 words)

	Golden Bull of 1356 (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Golden Bull explicitly named the seven Kurfürsten (Electors) who were to choose the King of the Romans, who would then usually be crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope later.
		Consequently, the Bull speaks of the rex in imperatorem promovendus, the "king to be promoted emperor"—although the distinction between the two titles would become increasingly irrelevant (and virtually nonexistent after 1508).
		The bull regulated the whole election process in great detail, listing explicitly where, when, and under which circumstances what should be done by whom, not only for the prince-electors but also e.g.
	golden-bull-of-1356.kiwiki.homeip.net.cob-web.org:8888 (526 words)

	The Almanach de Holy Roman Empire , The History and Structure of The Holy Roman Empire of The German Nation .
		The Golden Bull of 1356 issued by Emperor Charles IV reaffirmed this and regulated the election procedure.
		The Golden Bull of 1356 conceded the Princes’ dominance over the monarchy.The Emperors maintained some authority against the nobles with the support of the towns and of the great Ecclesiastical Princes (e.g., the archbishop-electors of Cologne, Mainz, and Trier), who were Imperial appointees.
		(3): THE GOLDEN BULL OF 1356, on the electors :
	www.almanachdeholyromanempire.com (17591 words)

	Hanseatic League - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Saxon towns, during the following century, were joining to protect their common interests, and indeed at this period town confederacies in Germany, both North and South, were so considerable as to call for the declaration against them in the Golden Bull of 1356.
		The decline of the imperial power and the growing opposition between the towns and the territorial princes justified these defensive town alliances, which in South Germany took on a peculiarly political character.
		The assertion of Hanseatic influence in the two decades, 1356 to 1377, marks the zenith of the League's power and the completion of the long process of unification.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Hanseatic_League (3343 words)

	Holy Roman Empire - Search View - MSN Encarta
		In the Golden Bull of 1356, Charles specified the seven electors as the archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne; the count palatine of the Rhine; the duke of Saxony; the margrave of Brandenburg; and the king of Bohemia.
		The bull also made the seven electors’ lands indivisible, granted them monopolies on mining and tolls, and secured gifts from all imperial candidates.
		The Golden Bull signaled a new focus for imperial ambitions.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761558731__1/Holy_Roman_Empire.html (6127 words)

	East Germany - Early Habsburg Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The post-interregnum period was an age of decline during which emperors and territorial lords sought primarily to increase their personal possessions and prestige.
		The Golden Bull of 1356, promulgated by the Luxemburg emperor Charles IV (1355-78), provided the basic constitution of the Holy Roman Empire up to its dissolution.
		This edict, which established the principle of elective monarchy and confirmed the right of seven princeelectors to choose the emperor, paved the way for the political consolidation of the principalities.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-5034.html (166 words)

	Medieval Germany -- The Empire Under the Early Habsburgs: German History
		These families alternated on the imperial throne until the crown returned in the mid-fifteenth century to the Habsburgs, who retained it with only one short break until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.
		The Golden Bull of 1356, an edict promulgated by Emperor Charles IV (r.
		The Golden Bull ended the long-standing attempt of various emperors to unite Germany under a hereditary monarchy.
	www.germanculture.com.ua /library/history/bl_habsburgs.htm (828 words)

	Palatinate
		The Palatinate arose as the County Palatine of the Rhine, a large feudal state lying on both banks of the Rhine, which seems to have come into existence in the 10th century.
		In the Golden Bull of 1356, the Palatinate was made one of the secular electorates, and given the hereditary offices of Archsteward of the Empire and Imperial Vicar of the western half of Germany.
		From this time forth, the Count Palatine of the Rhine was usually known as the Elector Palatine.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pa/Palatinate.html (668 words)

	Holy Roman Empire. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Golden Bull of 1356 issued by Charles IV reaffirmed this and regulated the election procedure.
		The effect of continued warfare and weak monarchs increased the power of the German princes, particularly the dukes of the great duchies of Bavaria, Saxony, Swabia, Franconia, Thuringia, and Upper and Lower Lorraine.
		The Golden Bull of 1356 conceded the princes’ dominance over the monarchy.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ho/HolyRoma.html (1820 words)

	Golden Bull of 1356 at AllExperts (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Golden Bull explicitly named the seven KurfÃ¼rsten or prince-electors who were to choose the King of the Romans, who would then usually be crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope later.
		Consequently, the Bull speaks of the, the "king to be promoted emperor" â" although the distinction between the two titles would become increasingly irrelevant (and virtually nonexistent after 1508).
		* Selections from the Golden Bull from the Internet MediÃ¦val Sourcebook at the Fordham University Centre for MediÃ¦val Studies.
	experts.about.com.cob-web.org:8888 /e/g/go/Golden_Bull_of_1356.htm (526 words)

	the Holy Roman Empire
		Although the various princes and lords of the Empire were all his vassals and subjects, they possessed a number of privileges that brought them close to de facto sovereignty; in particular, the emperor could not intervene in their particular affairs as long as they ruled according to the law.
		Karl IV of Bohemia in 1356: divina favente clementia Romanorum imperator semper augustus et Boemie rex (from the Golden Bull)
		The number of electors was set at 7 in 1356, changed to 8 in 1648, 9 in 1708, 8 in 1777, 6 in 1801 and 10 in 1803.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/national/hre.htm (11305 words)

	Golden Bull — Infoplease.com
		Bulls say the fundamentals of gold are shifting in auspicious ways, and predict prices above $6,000.
		War rally not a ride on a golden bull.
		A Copper Rule versus the Golden Rule: a Daoist-Confucian proposal for global ethics.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0821161.html (429 words)

	End of Europe's Middle Ages - Holy Roman Empire
		In 1356, he issued the "Golden Bull" which was a key step towards standardising electoral procedures.
		The Bull clearly set out the seven officials who were in the college of electors.
		The seven electors included three princes of the Church - the archbishops of Mainz, Triers, and Cologne - and four lay princes - the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine of Rhine, the Margrave of Brandenburg, and the Duke of Saxony.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/holy.html (901 words)

	Barbarian West, A History of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the Golden Bull of 1356, he specified the seven electors as the archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne, the count palatine of the Rhine, the duke of Saxony, the margrave of Brandenburg, and the king of Bohemia.
		Because the bull made their lands indivisible, granted them monopolies on mining and tolls, and secured monetary gifts from all imperial candidates, these seven rulers were now the strongest of all German princes.
		Pope Leo X issued a papal bull, an official statement giving Luther until the end of 1520 to recant or face excommunication; the reformer replied by publicly burning the bull and all the books of canon (church) law.
	history-world.org /franks1.htm (8134 words)

	GOLDEN BULL (Lat. Bull... - Online Information article about GOLDEN BULL (Lat. Bull... (via CobWeb/3.1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		But perhaps the best known example is that of Frankfort-on-Main, which was procured from the imperial chancery in 1366, and is adorned with a golden seal like the original.
		Friedberg, and even to the emperor himself, but there is no valid authority for giving it to any one of the three in preference to the others.
		January 1356, but it was not accepted by the princes until some modifications had been introduced, and in its final form it was issued at the diet of See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org.cob-web.org:8888 /GOA_GRA/GOLDEN_BULL_Lat_Bulla_Aurea_.html (3287 words)

	Thomas's Glassware Tour --- Nürnberg (D)
		The city was ruled by a burgrave until 1427, when Burgrave Friedrich VI (Friedrich I as Elector of Brandenburg since 1415/1417, temporarily Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Brandenburg-Kulmbach) sold his title to the city council.
		Nuremberg was repeatedly visited by Emperor Ludwig IV ('the Bavarian'), and also by Karl IV who issued the Golden Bull of 1356 here.
		The Imperial regalia of the Holy Roman Empire were brought to Nuremberg in 1423 by Emperor Sigismund of the Luxembourg dynasty.
	www.thomasgraz.net /glass/gl-808.htm (1112 words)

	Glossary: Holy Roman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Prior to 1356, the rules governing the election of Holy Roman Emperors had not been clearly defined.
		The Golden Bull, issued by Charles IV in 1356, stated that henceforth only seven electors were to choose the emperor: the archbishops of Cologne, Trier and Mainz, the king of Bohemia, the duke of Saxony, the margrave of Brandenburg and the count Palatine of the Rhine.
		The Bull did not increase the existing independence of the electoral princes, but merely recognized it.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/glossary/holygloss.html (536 words)

	DOM Frankfurt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Museum gives the visitor an insight into the history of the Cathedral, recording, for instance, its designation as the venue for the election of German kings and emperors through the Golden Bull of 1356, and their coronation here as from 1562.
		The grave relics can be seen in the the Museum's first showcase: a number ofsmall pots, jars, fragments and other objects, but also a gold chain, golden ear-rings, a golden disc clasp or fibula and three gold rings.
		Most of the Museum's exhibits come from the Cathedral's rieh treasure house and consist of liturgical vestments used in the Services of the Catholic Church, together with gold and silver altar Utensils and reliquaries from the 14th to the 20th centuries.
	www.dom-frankfurt.de /pages/museum_e.php (241 words)

	exhibit
		In the year 1356 a set of laws, called the Golden Bull, had determined Frankfurt as the place where the German King and Emperor were to be chosen.
		In the exhibit "The Emperor Maker's" you will learn exactly how the election and coronation of Charles VII and his wife Maria Amalia in the year 1742 was prepared and celebrated.
		Was there ever an Empress?You will find the answer to these and other questions in four different exhibitions: At the Institute for the History of Frankfurt (Insitut für Stadtgeschichte) you can see the original Golden Bull, which will be 650 years old this year.
	www.kindermuseum.frankfurt.de /english/exhibit.htm (358 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)