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	Golden Bull - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Golden Bull or chrysobull was a golden ornament representing a seal (a bulla aurea or "golden seal" in Latin), attached to a decree issued by monarchs in Europe and the Byzantine Empire during the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
		The Golden Bull of 1214, issued by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor ceding all German territories north of the rivers Elbe and Elde to King Valdemar the Victorious of Denmark.
		The Golden Bull of 1348, issued by King Karel I of Bohemia, later Holy Roman Emperor as Charles IV, to establish Charles University in Prague, one of the oldest universities in the world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Golden_Bull (543 words)

	wiki/Golden Bull Definition / wiki/Golden Bull Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		A Golden Bull or chrysobull was a golden ornament representing a seal (a bulla aurea or "golden seal" in LatinLatin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium.
		The Golden Bull of 1222The Golden Bull of 1222 was a golden bull, or edict, issued by King Andrew II of Hungary.
		The Golden Bull of 1348, issued by King Karel I of Bohemia, later Holy Roman EmperorThe Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806....
	www.elresearch.com /wiki/Golden_Bull (1073 words)

	Bull
		The lead or bull is impressed on one side with the heads of St. Peter and St. Paul; on the other with the name of the Pope and the year of his pontificate.
		The Golden Bull, so called from its golden seal, is an edict or imperial constitution, made by the Emperor Charles V., containing the fundamental law of the German Empire.
		Leaden Bulls were sent by the Emperors of Constantinople to patriarchs and princes; and by the grandees of the Empire of France, Sicily, &c., and by patriarchs and bishops.
	dictionary.crossmap.com /definition/bull.htm (274 words)

	THE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS ORDER OF THE GOLDEN FLEECE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Golden Fleece came to be an élite society or companionage of sovereigns, princes and great nobles whose statutory duties became largely nominal by the middle of the sixteenth century.
		The allegation that the Sovereignty of the Golden Fleece was attached to possession of the Netherlands was entirely without merit, although after the First World War it led some Belgian officials to claim the Sovereignty on behalf of their King.
		The Sovereignty of the Golden Fleece was attached to the titular duchy of Burgundy and neither to the Headship of the House of Habsburg nor to Sovereignty of the Netherlands.
	www.chivalricorders.org /orders/other/goldflee.htm (4315 words)

	Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		He was also King of Sicily, from 1198 to 1250, where he was raised and lived most of his life (his mother, Constance of Sicily, was the daughter of Roger II of Sicily).
		In 1226, by means of the Golden Bull of Rimini he confirmed the legitimacy of rule by the Teutonic Knights under their headmaster Hermann von Salza over the Prussian lands east of the Vistula, the Chelmno Land.
		Frederick's illegitimate son Manfred, King of Sicily, was born in 1231 of Bianca, the daughter of Count Bonifacio Lancia.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Emperor_Frederick_II (3561 words)

	eLibrary Project : Golden Bull (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Such decrees were known as golden bulls in western Europe and ''chrysobullos logos'', or chrysobulls, in the Byzantine Empire (''chryso'' being Greek language,Greek for gold).
		The Golden Bull of 1348, issued by List of rulers of Bohemia,King Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor,Karel I of Bohemia, later Holy Roman Emperor as Charles IV, to establish Charles University of Prague,Charles University in Prague, List of oldest universities in continuous operation,one of the oldest universities in the world.
		The Golden Bull of 1356 is probably the most famous golden bull, being a decree issued by the Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor,Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV.
	elibraryproject.com /info/Golden/Bull.html (617 words)

	Premysl I Ottokar. Who is Premysl I Ottokar? What is Premysl I Ottokar? Where is Premysl I Ottokar? Definition of ...
		Ottakar, having been compelled to pay a fine, again ranged himself among Philip's partisans and still later was among the supporters of the young king, Frederick II.
		In April 1222 Frederick granted the Golden Bull of Sicily to Bohemia.
		Otakar then planned for the same daughter to marry Henry III of England, but this was vetoed by the Emperor who knew Henry to be an opponent of the Hohenstaufen dynasty.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Premysl_I_Ottokar (430 words)

	Frazer, Sir James George. 1922. The Golden Bough
		Probably he was identical with the Minotaur, and stripped of his mythical features was nothing but a bronze image of the sun represented as a man with a bull’s head.
		In the tradition of Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum, and his brazen bull we may have an echo of similar rites in Sicily, where the Carthaginian power struck deep roots.
		In the province of Lagos, the Ijebu tribe of the Yoruba race is divided into two branches, which are known respectively as the Ijebu Ode and the Ijebu Remon.
	www.bartleby.com /196/pages/page281.html (539 words)

	Greek Mythology and Ancient Greece - Heracles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In the Island of Erytheia, in the middle of the Stream of Ocean, lived the monster, his herd guarded by the two-headed hound Orthus--that hound was the brother of Cerberus, the threeheaded hound that kept guard in the Underworld.
		Heracles, leaving the bull of Minos in the cup, went upon the island; he made a club for himself out of a tree and he went toward the cattle.
		Then he rounded up the red cattle, the bulls and the cows, and he drove them down to the shore and into the golden cup of Helios where the bull of Minos stayed.
	www.greekhistoryandmythology.com /Greek_Mythology/Heroes_of_Greek_Mythology/Heracles/9 (594 words)

	Frazer, Sir James George. 1922. The Golden Bough
		Processions, for rain in Sicily, 74; with bears from house to house, 512; with sacred animals, 535; to the Midsummer bonfires, 628, 630; of giants (effigies) at popular festivals, 654
		Propitiation, essential to religion, 50; of the souls of the slain, 212; of the spirits of slain animals, 217, 220; of the spirits of plants, 487; of wild animals by hunters, 518–532; of vermin by farmers, 530
		Provence, priests thought to possess the power of averting storms in, 53; Maytrees in, 124; mock execution of Caramantran on Ash Wednesday in, 304; Midsummer fires in, 630; the Yule log in, 637
	www.bartleby.com /196/s25.html (591 words)

	MythsZodiac
		The ram with the golden fleece is believed to have been born of the union of Poseidon and Theophane, the daughter of Bialius.
		However, Taurus is the bull commemorates the abduction of Europa by Zeus, goaded on by the gadfly, who took her from her home in Phoenicia over to the waters to Crete.
		Others maintain that the bull is Zeus, yes, but that it is his relationship with Io that is recalled by its major stars, the Hyades (the sisters of Hyas) and the Pleiades, the seven weeping sisters.
	www.winshop.com.au /annew/MythsZodiac.html (8557 words)

	Labyrinth Work - Article Crete
		Found on the walls of the Palace of Knossos were golden double axes, wall paintings of the bull fight/dance, emblems of the goddess, all of which give credence to the historical origins of the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur.
		The painting is of a charging bull with one female figure grasping one of the bull's horns while another stands behind the animal ready for action.
		There is mention of extensive catacombs on the side of the ridge overlooking Knossos as well as a cave that opens on the side of Mount Ida that were explored by G. Tournefort, a French botanist, on July 1, l700.
	www.labyrinthwork.com /article_CRETE.htm (1206 words)

	Teutonic Order (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This subordination was confirmed in the Bull Dilecti filii of Pope Gregory IX of January 12, 1240 addressed to the "fratres hospitalis S. Mariae Theutonicorum in Accon".
		Sicily had been ruled by Saracens until the arrival of the Norman conquerors under the Hauteville family but the collapse of this dynasty led to their replacement by the German Hohenstaufens.
		By the Bull Pia sodalitia of July 14, 1871, Pope Pius IX confirmed the ancient statutes and regulations, along with the new reforms.
	www.chivalricorders.org /vatican/teutonic.htm (9042 words)

	Notes: Book Second. Palgrave, Francis T., ed. 1875. The Golden Treasury
		213.—Osiris, the Egyptian god of agriculture (here, perhaps by confusion with Apis, figured as a bull), was torn to pieces by Typho, and embalmed after death in a sacred chest.
		This myth, reproduced in Syria and Greece in the legends of Thammuz, Adonis, and perhaps Absyrtus, represents the annual death of the Sun or the Year under the influences of the winter darkness.
		Strict pastoral poetry was first written or perfected by the Dorian Greeks settled in Sicily; but the conventional use of it, exhibited more magnificently in "Lycidas" than in any other pastoral, is apparently of Roman origin.
	www.bartleby.com /106/2002.html (1687 words)

	Argonauts
		The Golden Fleece was placed upon and nailed to the branch of tree in a grove.
		Aeëtes told Jason that Golden Fleece was nailed to a tree, within a sacred grove of the Ares, but the never-sleeping dragon or serpent guarded the Golden Fleece.
		The voyage of the Argonauts in the Black Sea was uneventful, and it is at this point, Diodorus speaks of the origin of the Golden Fleece and the family of Aeëtes.
	www.timelessmyths.com /classical/argonauts.html (7537 words)

	Jason and the Golden Fleece - The Gold Scales
		But he did not heed the hold of his father's hand, for "The Golden Fleece, the Golden Fleece!" rang in his ears, and before his eyes were the faces of those who were all eager for the sight of the wonder that King Æetes kept guard over.
		These two brothers had on their ankles wings that gleamed with golden scales; their fl hair was thick on their shoulders, and it was always being shaken by the wind.
		Wonderful indeed was this Golden Maid, and as she came nearer the charm that was on her lips and in her eyes came to the Earth-born One, and he smiled with more and more delight.
	oaks.nvg.org /re1ra16.html (23199 words)

	The Golden Fleece Part III
		Medea beheld handsome Jason, his long golden curls cascading down his broad back, and a sudden warmth overwhelmed her.
		Next he must use these bulls to seed the earth with the teeth of a dragon, whereupon an army of fierce warriors would sprout, doing their best to kill their creator.
		It didn't take long for the King to find out that his men were dead and the precious Golden Fleece was gone, and it was especially painful when he heard the particulars of his beloved daughter's part in the deception.
	www.thanasis.com /moct99.htm (4263 words)

	The Order of Saint Stephen of Tuscany (Ordine di Santo Stefano di Toscana) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The decision to found the Military Order of Saint Stephen, Pope and Martyr, [1] was announced on 15 March 1561, by Cosimo de Medici, Duke of Florence, to commemorate his victory over the French led by Marshal Strozzi at the battle of Marciano, on Saint Stephen's day, 2 August 1554.
		Its statutes were confirmed by Pope Pius V in a further Bull of the following year, in which Cosimo and his successors were declared Grand Masters of the Order in perpetuity, and the seat of the Order established at Pisa, where Cosimo established two Conventual Houses for the knights.
		Leopold was a popular and enlightened monarch, well-known to his subjects as he was accustomed to walk freely among them and, like King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, was a supporter of scientific advances and new industrial technology.
	www.chivalricorders.org /royalty/habsburg/tuscany/stephen.htm (4230 words)

	The Golden Legend, vol. 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Then virgins came from all parts, and men came for to see this great company, and many bishops came for to go with them in their pilgrimage, among whom was Pantulus, bishop of Basle, which went with them to Rome, and returned from thence with them and received martyrdom.
		Gerasine, queen of Sicily, which had made of her husband that was a cruel tyrant a meek lamb, and was sister of Maurice the bishop, and of Daria, mother of S. Ursula, to whom the father of S. Ursula had signified by secret letters.
		And by the counsel of this queen the virgins were gathered together from divers realms, and she was leader of them, and at the last she suffered martyrdom with them.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/voragine/goldleg6.htm (18966 words)

	Icarus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		It was built for the Minotaur, a creature half man half bull, which lived at the center of the labyrinth and consumed human beings.
		Each year seven young boys and girl who lived in the cities ruled over by the king of Crete, were sacrificed to satisfy the hunger of the Minotaur.
		He killed an eagle with a simple bow and using the feathers and wax, constructed a set of wings which he and his son used to fly away from the labyrinth at the first light.
	home.globaleyes.net /plmarsh/freshman/icarus.htm (451 words)

	LUPERCUS & HERCULES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		At Rhegium, a bull got loose and jumped into the sea and swam to Sicily and then made its way to the neighboring country.
		The native word for bull was "italus," and so the country came to be named after the bull, and was called Italy.
		Lupercus had to purify the hide of a Bull, and Hercules chased a Bull to the land that was from then-on known as 'Italus' or Italy.
	www.fabrisia.com /lupercus.htm (980 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH Book 5 Chapter 05
		It marks the golden age of the mediaeval papacy and one of the most important eras in the history of the Catholic Church.
		The bull was published at Soissons by Langton and the exiled bishops.
		Frederick calls himself in it, "King of the Romans and of Sicily." He promised to defend Sicily for the Roman Church as a "devoted son and Catholic prince," devotus filius et Catholicus princeps.
	www.godrules.net /library/history/history5ch05.htm (8053 words)

	History of Germany
		The Golden Bull of 1356, an edict promulgated by Emperor Charles IV (r.
		It formalized the practice of having seven electors--the archbishops of the cities of Trier, Cologne, and Mainz, and the rulers of the Palatinate, Saxony, Brandenburg, and Bohemia--choose the emperor, and it represented a further political consolidation of the principalities.
		The Golden Bull ended the long-standing attempt of various emperors to unite Germany under a hereditary monarchy.
	home.carolina.rr.com /wormold/germany (4663 words)

	Beyond the Myth of The Inquisition
		The Spanish church was wealthy and powerful because the people were intensely religious and because it was largely a national institution in which no foreigner might hold office and in which the crown was supreme (papal power having been reduced almost to the vanishing point).
		We can only regret that the “inquisitors notable for their virtue and learning” were not as often found to do the work as was originally intended by pope and king.
		With the publication of Henry Charles Lea’s A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages in 1887, “the golden age” of inquisition history was barely opened.
	catholiceducation.org /articles/history/world/wh0027.html (6511 words)

	St. Francis of Paula
		From the bull of his canonization, and the memoirs relating to it, with the notes of Papebroke t.
		Pope Sixtus IV confirmed it by a bull, dated the 23rd of May, in 1474, and established Francis superior-general.
		In the year 1479, being invited into Sicily, he was received there as an; angel from heaven, wrought miracles, and built several monasteries in that island, where he continued a whole year.
	www.ewtn.com /library/MARY/FRAPAULA.htm (2917 words)

	Chronology of the Middle Ages in Europe
		At Palermo, Henry VI, son of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, was crowned King of Sicily and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
		~~~ By signing the Golden Bull at Eger, Frederick II renounced the prerogative to exert influence at the elections of bishops.
		King Andrew II of Hungary issued the "Golden Bull" recognizing the rights and privileges of the nobility and the Church.
	www.studybuddy.nl /english/contenteur1.html (6477 words)

	Bohemian History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In 1212, Premysl Otakar I (1198-1230) received The Golden Bull of Sicily, a decree proclaiming Bohemia a kingdom, and Bohemian princes hereditary kings.
		In 1356 he issued a Golden Bull defining and systematizing the process of election to the imperial throne and making the Czech king foremost among the seven electors.
		The Bohemian Kingdom ceased to be a fief of the emperor.
	pages.zdnet.com /wassman/id14.html (7024 words)

	The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire - Chapter I
		The golden eagle, which glittered in the front of the legion, was the object of their fondest devotion; nor was it esteemed less impious than it was ignominious, to abandon that sacred ensign in the hour of danger.
		Their arms were uniform, and admirably adapted to the nature of their service: an open helmet, with a lofty crest; a breast-plate, or coat of mail; greaves on their legs, and an ample buckler on their left arm.
		The buckler was of an oblong and concave figure, four feet in length, and two and an half in breadth, framed of a light wood, covered with a bull's hide, and strongly guarded with plates of brass.
	www.ccel.org /g/gibbon/decline/volume1/chap1.htm (8036 words)

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