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Topic: Golden Horde

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Kipchak Khanate

Khanate of the Crimea

Big Horde

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Chagatai Khanate

Blue Horde

Khanate of Kazan

Mongol invasion of Russia

Mongol Empire

Volga Bulgaria

Genghis Khan

Crimean Khanate

Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria

Il Khanate

Astrakhan Khanate

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Golden Horde (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		On the south the Horde's lands bordered on the Black Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, and the territories of the Mongol dynasty known as the Il-Khans.
		In most contemporary sources, the Golden Horde was referred to as the Khanate of the Qipchaq as the Qipchaq Turks comprised the majority of the nomadic population in the region (the Ulus Jochid).
		GOLDEN HORDE, the name of a body of Tatars who in the middle of the 13th century overran a great portion of eastern Europe and founded in Russia the Tatar empire of khanate known as the Empire of the Golden Horde or Western Kipchaks.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Golden-Horde (907 words)

	Khanate of the Golden Horde
		Despite an intense rivalry with Güyük Khan, Ogodei's son, Batu established the Golden Horde as a semi-independent part of the Mongol Empire.
		In addition, the Golden Horde increasingly dominated trade and was the most powerful state in Europe, often exerting its influence with threats of invasion into Poland and Hungary, or through its vassal, Bulgaria.
		Between 1313 and 1341 during the rule of Uzbek Khan, the Golden Horde reached its pinnacle in terms of wealth, trade, influence, and military might.
	www.accd.edu /sac/history/keller/Mongols/states3.html (1075 words)

	Golden Horde - LoveToKnow 1911
		GOLDEN HORDE, the name of a body of Tatars who in the middle of the 13th century overran a great portion of eastern Europe and founded in Russia the Tatar empire of khanate known as the Empire of the Golden Horde or Western Kipchaks.
		The new settlement was known as Sir Orda (" Golden Camp," whence "Golden Horde").
		For a short time the glory of the Golden Horde was renewed, until it was finally crushed by Timur in 1395.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Golden_Horde (299 words)

	Golden Horde
		The Golden Horde (also Kipchak Khanate) was a Mongol state established by Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, when the Mongols invaded Russia.
		In 1242 Batu established the Golden Horde at Sarai[?].
		The Horde's Russian policy was one of constantly switching alliances in an attempt to keep Russia weak and divided.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/go/Golden_Horde.html (507 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Although collections of contiguous hordes or bands had long been lumped together under some sort of tribal rubric by investigators, the question of what a tribe of foragers might or might not be has been the last to be addressed critically by anthropologists.
		The concepts of horde and band, especially, tended to be reified as "things" that shared the defining characteristic of being fixed and solidary in personnel and in owned, circumscribed, and defended territory.
		It was on the Aborigines of Australia that the term-concept horde became focused in the ethnographic literature.
	www.lycos.com /info/horde.html (570 words)

	Welcome to tatarworld.com !
		The Golden Horde did not remain as a nomadic empire, soon after it was founded it developed a complex bureaucracy to rule over settled societies.
		The Golden Horde approach to rule was pragmatic: They did not seek to impose their view of the world over their subjects, interfere in their religions and cultural life, and preferred indirect rule through local dynasties where possible.
		The Tatars of the Golden Horde had got a firm footing in the northern and central parts of the peninsula as early as the 13th century, and at the end of the century established their authority over the Genoese.
	www.tatarworld.com /history.htm (1466 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Golden
		Golden Telecom Reports the Results for the Third Quarter and Revises Its Financial Guidance for 2004.
		Golden Telecom Announces 62% Increase in Revenues for 2004.
		Golf: Golden age for the Golden Bear, Nicklaus is still swinging at 60 `Greatest player ever' prepares to wrestle with the majors one last time before winding up a glorious career
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Golden (377 words)

	Iranica.com - GOLDEN HORDE
		Possession of the wealthy and cosmopolitan region of K¨úa@razm brought the Golden Horde khans and their nomadic subjects, who were mainly Qep±aqs (Qep±a@q), increasingly under Muslim cultural influences.
		For purpose of this article, the most important aspect of the history of the Golden Horde is its wars from about 1261 onwards against the Il-khans.
		Hülegü was thereby able to appropriate lands south of the Caucasus (Arra@n, Azerbaijan, and Hamada@n), which the Golden Horde claimed on the grounds of Ùengiz Khan's division of territory among his sons (¿Omari, p.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v11f1/v11f1061.html (749 words)

	Mongols (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Presently this covers: the Golden Horde, the Jadirat, the Keraits, the Khalka, the Merkits, Mongolia, the Naimans, the Nogai, the Ordos, the Qaidu, Qara Khitai, the Sechen, Sibir (the White Horde), the Tatar, the Tumed, T'umen', and the Tushtietu.
		The Golden Horde was the Western division of the Mongol Empire, subject to the Great Khans at Karakorum, and ruling most of Russia.
		During the 1300's and 1400's the Nogai Horde lost cohesion and became wanderers in the Pontic steppe region.
	www.hostkingdom.net /mongols.html (1736 words)

	The State Hermitage Museum: Exhibitions
		Exhibition dedicated to the artistic heritage of the Golden Horde is held for the first time.
		Silver articles of the Late Horde period (from the middle or the last third of the 14th to the first half of the 15th centuries) originate from the tumuli of the Northern Caucasus and from hoards of the Volga River and Azov Sea basins and from the Crimea.
		The last subject matter of the exhibition is connected with the art of the most refined filigree, the new style of the filigree art that manifested itself in the articles of the nomadic camps of the Golden Horde since the mid-13th century.
	www.hermitagemuseum.org /html_En/04/b2003/hm4_1_p.html (656 words)

	1483 Online. Golden Horde
		The Horde's military clout peaked during the reign of Uzbeg (1312-41), whose army exceeded 300,000 warriors.
		A fatal blow to the Horde was dealt by Tamerlane, who annihilated Tokhtamysh's army, destroyed his capital, looted the Crimean trade centers, and deported the most skillful craftsmen to his own capital in Samarkand.
		By 1483 the once great Golden Horde has been reduced to the size of a small nation and not even the largest of the Khanates that broke away in the civil war.
	www.1483online.com /histories/goldenhorde.php (1026 words)

	The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Golden Horde)
		The word "horde" is derived from the Turkic-Mongol word, ordu, meaning "encampment." The Golden Horde became one of the most powerful of Genghis Khan's successor states.
		Berke was the first Muslim ruler of the Golden Horde, and although he was unable to establish Islam as the Khanate's official religion, his faith caused a serious rift to develop between him and his cousin, Hulegu, the Mongol ruler of the Il-Khanate in Persia.
		Still, the Golden Horde retained its isolation from the other Mongol Khanates, and the cultural, linguistic, and religious influence of its mostly Muslim Turkish population increasingly affected the Golden Horde's Mongol leaders.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/goldenHorde.html (969 words)

	Golden Horde, Empire of the. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Its ascendancy terminated the rise of Kievan Rus (Kiev was razed in 1240) and ultimately, although indirectly, contributed to the predominance of Muscovite Russia (see Moscow, grand duchy of).
		Under the Empire of the Golden Horde, the Russian principalities retained their own rulers and internal administration.
		Internecine warfare among the Tatar leaders and attempts by the Russian princes, such as Dmitri Donskoi, to end tributary payments contributed to the decline of the Empire of the Golden Horde in the late 14th cent.
	www.bartleby.com /65/go/GoldenHE.html (342 words)

	The Golden Horde, c.1225-1502: The Mongol Empire in Russia and Central Asia
		Eventually, the war between the Golden Horde and Timur the Lame – Tamberlaine or Themur the Khan, depending on who is asked – shook the civilized world and, had the former won, could have provided them with sufficient resources to have gone on to conquer large portions of Europe.
		The ruling elite of the Golden Horde maintained their traditional nomadic lifestyle as best they could, while ruling over farmers and townspeople whose goods they enjoyed and from whom taxes could be extracted (Genghis had learned this trick from the Chinese).
		In due course, the Golden Horde declined to a tiny stub of its further glory in fragments in the Crimea, Kazan and Astrakhan, from which it was eventually extinguished in 1502.
	asianhistory.suite101.com /article.cfm/the_golden_horde_c12251502 (590 words)

	Rug Notes Index - U Oriental rugs and carpets by Barry O'Connell,Spongobongo.com
		Mongol Golden Horde that conquered Russia in the thirteenth century.
		Jochi the eldest son was given the land furthest from the hearth, but since he had died his heirs led by Berke took from the Caucasus north into Russia and they were known as the Golden Horde.
		The Golden Horde or Kipchaks were led by Batu and Berke.
	www.spongobongo.com /rwu.htm (1190 words)

	The Mongol Khâns & the Oghullar of Rum
		Remnants of the Golden Horde passed in 1502 to the Crimea, which, as a vassal of the Ottoman Empire (as of 1475), held out the longest against Russian power.
		The Golden Horde itself, however, was ended by the unrelated Giray Khâns of the Crimea.
		The remnant domain of the Golden Horde was itself annexed by the Crimea in 1502.
	www.friesian.com /mongol.htm (4475 words)

	The State Hermitage Museum: Collection Highlights
		Covering the period from the 13th to the end of the15th centuries, the collection of artifacts and objects of everyday life from the Golden Horde Khanate contains items produced in all regions of this enormous state, which stretched from the Danube to the River Irtysh in Siberia.
		Coins and gold and silver objects from the second half of the 13th century were found at the settlements of Bulgar, Sarai-Berke (the first capital of the Golden Horde Khanate) and Solkhat.
		Most fully represented is the artistic culture of the Golden Horde Khanate of the second half of the 14th and the first half of the 15th centuries.
	www.hermitagemuseum.org /html_En/03/hm3_5_13.html (438 words)

	horde - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Golden Horde (Tatar āltūn ordū, “golden army”), name applied to a great body of Mongols and Tatars, who, under Mongol leader Batu Khan, grandson of...
		He saw an opportunity to expand his domain in southern Siberia, the khanate of the White Horde, which...
		By the end of the 15th century, the Kazakhs emerged as a distinctive group, created by the intermingling of Mongol and Turkic peoples.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /horde.html (124 words)

	The Umdet ul-ahbar and the Turkic Narrative Sources for the Golden Horde and the Later Golden Horde \| Central Asian ...
		Given the active relations between the various xanates of the Later Golden Horde (one only need recall the many figures that served as ruler in more than one xanate), it is likely they shared many of the same traditions regarding the period up to the foundation of the individual xanates.
		Thus, the Umdet ul-ahbar is indispensable for understanding the greater socio-political and cultural unity beginning with the Golden Horde itself and continuing through the time of the component states constituting the Later Golden Horde.
		The leaders of these four "ruling tribes" were collectively known as the four qaraci beys; their direct predecessors in the earlier Golden Horde were known as the ulus beys.
	vlib.iue.it /carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-2/cam5.html (2854 words)

	15th Century Islamic History
		1401: In the Golden Horde empire, Death of Timur Qutluq, the ruler, installed by Amir Timur.
		In Algeria, The Halsida of Tunisia occupy Algeria.
		In the Golden Horde empire, Death of Murtada, succession of Said Ahmad III." In the Ottoman Turks empire, The Turks defeated the Venetian fleet in the battle of Lepanto.
	www.islamfortoday.com /c15.htm (1189 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - View Single Post - - ARCHIVE - Court of the Golden Horde
		Golden Horde breakes all of it's alliances with all of the Russian states, except Ryazan, and will not interfere in a war of Pskov, Tver, and Suzdal against Novgorod and Moskva
		Golden Horde will create a vassal state of Khazan who will own the provinces of Kazan and Tambow.
		A truce will be signed between Golden Horde and Novgorod and Moskva for 5 years during which Novgorod and Moskva will not enter in any alliances targeted against the Golden Horde.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showpost.php?p=825982&postcount=53 (255 words)

	Golden Horde
		zh-cn:欽察汗国 The Golden Horde (also known as Kipchak Khanate) was a Mongol state established by Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, when the Mongols invaded Russia.
		In 1242 Batu established the Golden Horde at Sarai.
		The Horde's Russian policy was one of constantly switching alliances in an attempt to keep Russia weak and divided.
	www.fact-index.com /g/go/golden_horde.html (539 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Golden Horde, 1241-1390
		Late in the 13th century, dispute between the Khanate of the Golden Horde and the ILKHANATE of Persia arose, and contributed to the Empire's breakup under Kublai Khan..
		Capital of the Khanate of the Golden Horde was SARAI, located on the lower Volga.
		The Umdet ul=ahbar and the Turkic Narrative Sources for the Golden Horde and the Later Golden Horde, by Uli Schamiloglu (Central Asian Studies) a survey of literature from the Golden Horde
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/russia/goldenhorde.html (341 words)

	AllRefer.com - Mongolia - The Golden Horde \| Mongolian Information Resource
		In the mid-thirteenth century, the Golden Horde was administratively and militarily an integral part of the Mongol empire with its capital at Karakorum.
		The Golden Horde embraced Islam as its state religion and, with it, adopted new and more complex administrative forms to replace those of the old regime that had been devised for conquest.
		The Golden Horde allied itself with the Mamluks and negotiated with the Byzantines to combat the Ilkhans in a struggle to control Azerbaijan.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/mongolia/mongolia30.html (656 words)

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