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Topic: Golden rice

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	Bestselling author Michael Fumento reports: "Golden Rice — A Golden Chance for the Underdeveloped World."
		Rice is a staple food for people in over a hundred countries but provides virtually no vitamin A. So scientists transferred into it two genes from the daffodil (thus giving the rice a gold color), plus one from a bacterium.
		The golden rice that will finally be given out to the public will be effective on 300 grams of rice in the diet per day.
		Potrykus: The total cost for golden rice development was $2.6 million, spent over ten years in the lab of Peter Beyer and myself.
	www.fumento.com /goldenrice.html (1342 words)

	Golden rice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Golden rice is a variety of rice (Oryza sativa) produced through genetic modification to biosynthesize the precursors of beta-carotene (pro-vitamin A) in the edible parts of rice.
		Golden rice was developed as a fortified food to be used in areas where there is a shortage of dietary vitamin A.
		Golden rice was created by Ingo Potrykus of the Institute of Plant Sciences at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, working with Peter Beyer of the University of Freiburg.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Golden_rice (1621 words)

	SingaporeMoms - Parenting Encyclopedia - Golden rice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The rice plant can produce beta-carotene, it is a carotenoid that occurs in the leaves and is involoved in photosynthesis, however the plant does not normally produce the pigment in the endosperm.
		Golden rice has been bred with local rice cultivars in the Philippines, Taiwan and with the American rice variety Cocodrie, the first field trials of these golden rice cultivars were conducted by Louisiana State University AgCenter in 2004
		Golden Rice and Vitamin A Deficiency from Friends of the Earth "A pre-school child’s daily requirement of vitamin A can be met with just two tablespoons of yellow sweet potatoes, half a cup of dark green leafy vegetables, or two-thirds of a medium-sized mango.
	www.singaporemoms.com /parenting/Golden_rice (1125 words)

	Transgenic Crops: An Introduction and Resource Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Golden rice is the result of an effort to develop rice varieties that produce provitamin-A (beta-carotene) as a means of alleviating vitamin A (retinol) deficiencies in the diets of poor and disadvantaged people in developing countries.
		A statement from the organization Greenpeace "Genetically Engineered 'Golden Rice' is Fool's Gold", calculated that an adult would have to eat 3.7 kilos (8 pounds) of dry weight golden rice, approximately 9 kilos (20 pounds) of cooked rice, to meet the daily need of vitamin A from golden rice.
		As of March 2001, golden rice consisted of a series of provitamin-A producing laboratory lines whose traits must be transferred to locally adapted varieties in rice-growing countries.
	cls.casa.colostate.edu /TransgenicCrops/hotrice.html (1380 words)

	The Golden Rice - An Exercise in How Not to Do Science
		There is nothing in ‘golden rice’ to distinguish it from standard first generation GM plants with all the well-known defects and hazards.
		In conclusion, the ‘golden rice’ project was a useless application, a drain on public finance and a threat to health and biodiversity.
		The ‘golden rice’ possesses all the usual defects of first generation transgenic plants plus multiple copies of the CaMV promoter which we have strongly recommended withdrawing from use on the basis of scientific evidence indicating this promoter to be especially unsafe.
	www.i-sis.org.uk /rice.php (3555 words)

	Golden Rice - I. Potrykus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Rice is rich in carbohydrates (energy), but low in protein, vitamins and minerals, and a typical daily diet of 300 g provides only 10 percent of the requirement of essential amino acids.
		Biochemical analysis of the polished rice kernels confirmed that the “golden” colour of the endosperm was due to varying amounts of provitamin A and further terpenoids of dietary interest (such as lutein and zeaxanthin).
		The Golden Rice Humanitarian Board is determined to carry out the humanitarian project at the highest regulatory levels, but the question nevertheless remains: is it justified to delay the use of a technology for years because of unconfirmed risks, if the consequence is thousands of deaths and severe health problems (e.g.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/006/Y4751E/y4751e06.htm (1740 words)

	Golden Rice
		In addition to vitamin A, the golden rice team has been exploring expression of genes to raise iron levels, vitamin E and whether they can produce a high-quality protein rice with enhanced levels of 10 amino acids.
		He is working with regulatory agencies of the Asian countries who want to distribute golden rice to try and co-ordinate a harmonised regulatory approach to the approval process.
		European attitudes had meant that Thailand had decided not to be part of the golden rice project because they had been warned by European importers that growing GM rice could affect their ability to export other varieties of rice.
	www.igreens.org.uk /golden_rice.htm (600 words)

	NetFuture #108
		Golden rice will do them no good if they can't afford it -- and if they can afford it, then it is not clear what the new rice offers that would not be offered better by a more traditional and diverse diet.
		Golden rice can be seen in part as a one-dimensional attempt to "fix" a problem created by the Green Revolution -- namely the problem of diminished crop and dietary diversity.
		He was a stickler for excellence and ceremony at the table and insisted on the pure whiteness of rice in sheer, elegant porcelain bowls as a background for light emerald-green vegetables picked at their succulent zenith, golden brown stir-fried morsel of duck, pork or fish, and deep red jujube dates.
	www.netfuture.org /2000/Jul0600_108.html (5358 words)

	The science behind Golden Rice
		Notwithstanding the fact that rice plants synthesise β-carotene in vegetative tissues but not in the grain, all but two steps of the biosynthetic pathway are present in the grain.
		PSY, PDS, and ZDS expression in rice endosperm installed the poly-cis pathway of carotene desaturation, but the beta-carotene formed was predominantly in the all-trans form, accompanied by the typical pattern of cis-isomers, the 9-cis form being the most abundant.
		Thus, Golden Rice is yellow because of the activity of intrinsic rice cyclases.
	www.goldenrice.org /Content2-How/how1_sci.html (3241 words)

	Genetic Engineering Golden Rice Facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Golden rice introducing the carotene biosynthesis pathway into rice endosperm by genetic engineering to defeat arrangements for disseminating golden rice to research institutes.
		Renewed golden rice hype is propaganda for genetic engineering industry march 2005 the first steps in reboosting the golden rice hype were taken when ingo potrykus, the inventor.
		Golden rice represents a genetic engineering concept for the development of in a sustainable manner and genetic engineering has the potential to substantially.
	student-loans-scholarships.com /genetic-engineering-golden-rice.html (1188 words)

	World Wide Words: Golden rice
		The rice is this colour as a side effect of genetic modifications that add beta-carotene to the seeds, a substance that human beings can turn into Vitamin A. Millions of malnourished people worldwide don’t get enough of this vitamin in their diet; lack of it leads to blindness and greater susceptibility to disease.
		It is hoped that the level of beta-carotene can be made high enough to provide the average person eating 300g of rice a day with all the Vitamin A he or she needs.
		The result is “golden rice” — yellow grains that contain enough beta-carotene to supply all of a person’s vitamin A needs.
	www.worldwidewords.org /turnsofphrase/tp-gol2.htm (273 words)

	'Golden Rice' and Vitamin A Deficiency
		Golden rice is produced by splicing three foreign genes — two from the daffodil and one from a bacterium — into japonica rice, a variety adapted for temperate climates.
		Even if golden rice is successfully introduced, it will likely do little to ameliorate VAD because it produces so little beta-carotene — just 1.6 micrograms per gram rice (µg/g) at present, with a goal of 2.0 µg/g.
		Even if golden rice is successfully developed, many question whether it is an efficient use of scarce public funds.
	www.foe.org /safefood/rice.html (998 words)

	ngin : feel good rice - or not (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It referred to golden rice, a newly market-ready variety of genetically engineered grain that contains extra beta-carotene, a property that helps the body produce vitamin A. All over Asia, millions of malnourished children suffer from vitamin A deficiency, which can lead to blindness and death.
		To get their supposed miracle cure off the ground, AstraZeneca, the company that owns marketing rights for golden rice, has offered to donate the grains to poor farmers in countries such as India, where, perhaps not coincidentally, genetically engineered crops have met fierce resistance.
		Golden rice has all the feel-good ingredients of a strong brand.
	members.tripod.com /~ngin/feelgoodrice.htm (1143 words)

	Golden Rice
		Golden Rice is a transgenic variety of rice, with genes for the synthesis of b-carotene taken from the temperate garden favourite Narcissus pseudonarcissus (daffodil) and inserted into the genome of a temperate strain of rice, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens as the vector, to effect the transfer.
		Golden Rice is now only a research product and it takes a lot of time and effort to make it available across the counter, particularly in the developing countries, which essentially require it.
		Golden Rice signifies a shift in the target of GM crops, from the farmer to the consumer.
	www.fbae.org /Channels/agri_biotech/rice/golden_rice.htm (2529 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - New 'golden rice' carries far more vitamin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Compared with the original golden rice unveiled in 2000, "Golden rice 2" contains up to 23 times more provitamin A, the substance converted in the body into vitamin A. This vitamin is vital for preventing childhood blindness, which affects 500,000 children worldwide each year.
		Critics of the original golden rice said that its levels of provitamin A - 1.6 micrograms per gram of rice - were too low to make the rice a practical proposition.
		But Jorge Mayer, golden rice project manager in Freiburg, is even more upbeat, saying the rice might now contain enough to supply the entire recommended daily intake.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn7196 (558 words)

	Golden Rice Case Study
		Many people regard golden rice as an example of how biotechnology can be used to help developing nations, while others consider it a smokescreen to divert attention away from biotechnology companies' attempts to dominate the food supply.
		Your assignment is to write a letter to the Rockefeller Foundation either supporting or opposing their funding of golden rice research.
		You will argue that golden rice research should continue to be funded because it promises significant humanitarian benefits.
	www.biotech.iastate.edu /publications/case_studies/golden_rice/default.html (520 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Yellow rice gives dietary boost
		This is the substance all mammals, including humans, must take into their bodies to make vitamin A. Beta-carotene, or provitamin A as it is known, gives the new rice a golden colour.
		Professor Ingo Potrykus, one of the rice researchers, told the BBC many scientists did not believe it would be possible when work began on the project eight years ago.
		The technology is being given to a number of rice institutes around the world, where traditional breeding methods will be used to integrate the beta-carotene genes into local varieties.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/602112.stm (564 words)

	Unpromising Future for GM 'Golden Rice'
		National magazines promote golden rice as a means to prevent the more than one million annual deaths and cases of blindness that occur among children in developing countries as a result of vitamin A deficiency.
		The creation of golden rice appears to confirm the belief that biotechnology is the key to solving world food and nutrition problems.
		Golden Rice won't be ready for widespread use in developing countries for another five or six years, rice breeder Khush said.
	www.poptel.org.uk /panap/latest/gernews.htm (4376 words)

	Articles: Teachers and Students
		Golden rice is rice fortified with betacarotene, which stimulates the production of vitamin A in the human body.
		That will enable golden rice to flourish in tropical areas such as Southeast Asia, for example, where 70 percent of children under the age of five are affected by vitamin A deficiency.
		Golden rice — like all biotech products in the pipeline — must undergo government and peer review to ensure it’s safe to grow and safe to eat before it’s released to farmers.
	www.whybiotech.com /index.asp?id=2094 (939 words)

	Monsanto Pushes 'Golden Rice' - CBS News
		Golden rice, which is enriched with vitamin A that could save malnourished children from blindness or death, was developed by scientists in Switzerland and Germany.
		The modified rice is expected to provide nutritional benefits to those suffering from vitamin A deficiency-related diseases, including irreversible blindness found each year in hundreds of thousands of children.
		Rice is a relatively poor source of many essential nutrients, including vitamin A, but is the staple for half the world.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2000/08/04/world/main221973.shtml (795 words)

	AlterNet: 'Golden' Rice Is Tarnished
		This gene produces beta-carotene in the rice, a nutrient humans can convert into vitamin A. Because vitamin A deficiency contributes to blindness and infectious diseases among the poor in developing countries, golden rice was aggressively advertised as a miracle grain to end suffering for millions around the world.
		More importantly, golden rice was the first of several foods the biotech industry said would make it possible to eradicate world hunger.
		In other words, if golden rice were simply substituted for a daily diet of conventional white rice, a child or adult would receive only 8 percent of their daily vitamin A requirement.
	www.alternet.org /story.html?StoryID=16478 (867 words)

	Week 3: Genomics: Recent Advances in Technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		One proposed solution is to genetically engineer rice to contain carotenoid, the precursor of Vitamin A. This genetically engineered rice is referred to as "golden rice" because of its yellowish color.
		Because rice is already a staple in developing countries, golden rice would allow people in such areas to obtain sufficient amounts of Vitamin A to prevent night blindness.
		Additionally, farmers in these countries will be provided with golden rice to grow in their own fields, which might encourage a movement toward a self-sustaining, carotenoid-rich food crop.
	www.amnh.org /learn/pd/genetics/scenarios/scenario_goldenrice.html (225 words)

	Reason magazine
		Golden rice is nowhere near the poor children who need it.
		Some international agencies estimate that as many as 2 billion people in the developing world, especially those living in countries in which rice is the dominant grain, suffer from vitamin A deficiency; about 500,000 children a year go blind from vitamin A deficiency.
		Mae Wan Ho, director of the U.K. activist organization, the Institute of Science in Society, asserts that "the golden rice project is a useless application" and demands that it "be terminated immediately before further damage is done." Greenpeace is leading a global campaign against biotech crops, asserting that they are unhealthy and environmentally unsafe.
	reason.com /rb/rb120600.shtml (665 words)

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