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	Golgi apparatus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Golgi apparatus is present in most eukaryotic cells, but tends to be more prominent where there are a lot of substances, such as enzymes, being secreted.
		The transport mechanism itself is not yet clear; it could happen by cisternae progression (the movement of the apparatus itself, building new cisternae at the cis face and destroying them at the trans face) or by vesicular transport (small vesicles transport the proteins from one cisterna to the next, while the cisternae remain unchanged).
		An example of the Golgi complex's functioning is the modification of glycoproteins (used in cell membranes).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Golgi_apparatus (548 words)

	Golgi Readings 421
		It is involved in intracellular transport and modification of secretory proteins, membrane proteins, and proteins that remain membrane-bounded within the cell, in distinction to proteins such as hemoglobin and keratin that lie free in the cytoplasm.
		Biochemically, the Golgi apparatus is a transition cell component that functions as intermediaries between the endoplasmic reticulum and the cell surface.
		The Golgi apparatus of both cell types is engaged in the segregation, modification, and secretion of lipoproteins to the circulation (to the capillary space for liver and to the lymphatics for intestine).
	www.bio.utk.edu /kennedy/Golgireadings421.htm (2299 words)

	Life and Discoveries of Camillo Golgi
		Golgi graduated in 1865 and was, therefore, a student during the last years of the fights for the independence of Italy (Italy became united in 1870).
		Golgi established in the Institute of General Pathology a very active laboratory, with international contacts, and was especially gifted in stimulating his students and foreign guests, including the Norwegian histologist and explorer Fridtjof Nansen (1861-1930), Nobel Laureate in Peace 1922.
		Golgi's discovery of the fl reaction and his subsequent investigations provided a substantial contribution to the advancement of the knowledge on the structural organization of the nervous tissue.
	nobelprize.org /medicine/articles/golgi (1622 words)

	AllRefer.com - Camillo Golgi (Medicine, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Camillo Golgi [kAm E l´l O gOl´j E ] Pronunciation Key, 1844–1926, Italian physician, noted as a neurologist and histologist.
		He observed (1909) the Golgi apparatus, a part of the cytoplasm distinguishable by special staining and known as the Golgi bodies when in the form of separate particles.
		Golgi taught at the Univ. of Pavia from 1875.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/G/Golgi-Ca.html (215 words)

	Lab Manual Exercise # 1a
		Golgi Apparatus: A series (stack) of flattened, membrane-bound sacs (saccules) involved in the storage, modification and secretion of proteins (glycoproteins) and lipids destined to leave the cell (extracellular) and for use within the cell (intracellular).
		The Golgi apparatus is abundant in secretory cells, such as cells of the pancreas.
		Golgi vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and discharge their contents into the exterior of the cell through a process called exocytosis.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /lmexer1a.htm (2374 words)

	The Golgi Complex
		The inside of the vesicle becomes continuous with the inside of the Golgi cisternae, so that protein groups pointing towards the inside, could eventually be directed to face the outside of the cell.
		This model suggests that the new vesicles from the ER enter the cis Golgi network and retrograde vesicles (bearing COPI) coats move to merge with the cis region cisternae.
		These carry Golgi complex processing enzymes and their targeting to this region may be dependent on the low concentration of these processing enzymes.
	www.cytochemistry.net /Cell-biology/golgi.htm (1189 words)

	Golgi Apparatus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The vesicles that pinch off from the Golgi apparatus move to the cell membrane and the material in the vesicle is released to the outside of the cell.
		The Golgi from Golgi apparatus was an Italian physician and biologist who studied cell structures with a light microscope.
		Golgi received a Nobel prize in 1906, not for the discovery of Golgi apparatus, but for his work on the cellular structure of the nervous system.
	www.winterwren.com /apbio/cellorganelles/golgi.html (252 words)

	Plant Golgi Stacks in Cytokinesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		We have followed the redistribution of Golgi stacks during mitosis and cytokinesis in living tobacco BY-2 suspension culture cells by means of a green fluorescent protein-tagged soybean a-1,2 mannosidase, and correlated the findings to cytoskeletal rearrangements and to the redistribution of ER, mitochondria and plastids.
		Although the fusion protein is usually targeted to the cis-Golgi in interphase cells, distinct fluorescence in the ER in addition to the Golgi labeling is present in mitotic cells, indicating altered transport between ER and Golgi during cell division.
		The redistribution of Golgi stacks during mitosis and cytokinesis is consistent with the hypothesis that Golgi stacks are repositioned to ensure equal partitioning between daughter cells as well as rapid cell plate assembly.
	mcdb.colorado.edu /~nebenfue/cytokinesis (716 words)

	Plant Cells-The Golgi Apparatus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Golgi apparatus is located throughout the cell, especially near the nucleus.
		Before leaving the Golgi apparatus, they are attached to a carbohydrate or lipid, and coated with a special membrane so they do not affect the cell.
		The polysaccharides produced by the Golgi apparatus are used in the mucus of animal cells.
	sun.menloschool.org /~cweaver/cells/c/golgi (345 words)

	Life Science Safari - Golgi Bodies
		In cells, structures called Golgi Bodies are stacks of membrane-covered sacs that package and move proteins to the outside of the cell.
		Golgi bodies are the packaging and secreting organelles of the cell.
		The little dots or blerbs that pinch off the edges of the Golgi Bodies are called vesicles.
	vilenski.org /science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.html (88 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The golgi apparatus is a structure made up of 4-6 cisternae, or flattened sacs,which function to modify and transport molecules made in the ER.
		The Golgi is polarized, consisting of a cis face where the proteins enter, and a trans face where they exit the golgi.
		As proteins move from the cis, the mid, and eventually the trans golgi they are modified by the Golgi enzymes in successive order.
	www-class.unl.edu /bios201a/spring97/group6/golgi.html (197 words)

	Cell-Biology.com: Cellular Organelles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Golgi, a curved membrane stack resembling a stack of pancakes, finishes the post-transitional modifications, concentrates and packages proteins for export or storage.
		Proteins made within the rough ER bud off in vesicles and are transported to the Golgi where the vesicles fuse with the membrane and the components are further modified, concentrated and packaged by the time they bud off as vesicles on the opposite side of the Golgi.
		In fact, biochemical studies have shown that the enzymes present within the Golgi are different at different levels of the membrane stack.
	www.cell-biology.com /organ.html (2233 words)

	Golgi, Camillo
		The discovery of Golgi cells led the German anatomist Wilhelm von Waldeyer-Hartz to postulate, and Ramón y Cajal to establish, that the nerve cell is the basic structural unit of the nervous system, a critical point in the development of modern neurology.
		The Golgi complex is found in all cells except bacteria and plays an important role in the modification and transport of proteins within the cell.
		Turning to the study of malaria (1885-93), Golgi found that the two types of intermittent malarial fevers (tertian, occurring every other day, and quartan, occurring every third day) are caused by different species of the protozoan parasite Plasmodium and that the paroxysms of fever coincide with release of the parasite's spores from red blood cells.
	www.britannica.com /nobel/micro/239_30.html (311 words)

	Maintenance of Golgi structure and function depends on the integrity of ER export -- Ward et al. 155 (4): 557 -- The ...
		from the ER to the Golgi apparatus cause Golgi membrane dispersal.
		The Golgi complex (outlined area) was photobleached, and the recovery of fluorescence to the area was monitored.
		ER and the Golgi apparatus, was relocated to juxtanuclear membranes
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/155/4/557 (8456 words)

	The Golgi Apparatus
		The Golgi apparatus is a cell structure mainly devoted to processing the proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER).
		The Golgi consists of a stack of membrane-bounded cisternae located between the endoplasmic reticulum and the cell surface.
		There is some evidence that in addition to the pinching off and fusing of shuttle vesicles, the cisternae of the Golgi actually migrate themselves; that is, the cis Golgi gradually migrates up the stack becoming a medial and finally a trans Golgi (depicted in the top figure with red arrows).
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/G/Golgi.html (574 words)

	Golgi apparatus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Also the Golgi has a system of postal workers, called vesicles, that will pick up packages from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and take them to the edge of the cell membrane after the Golgi's work is done.
		The Golgi is most highly developed in cells which are specialised for secretion such as enzyme releasing cells of the digestive tract.
		The trans Golgi network (closest to the cell membrane) which performs proteolysis and sorts molecules for their destination.
	www.jdaross.mcmail.com /golgi.htm (375 words)

	golgi
		In plant cells the units of the Golgi Apparatus are termed dictyosomes.
		Each unit of the Golgi Apparatus is composed of a stack of cisternae or sacs which vary in number from 1-2 to perhaps 6-8 dependent on the secretory status of the cell.
		At the periphery of these cisternae 'tubular extensions' form, from which the secretory vesicles are budded off.
	www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk /home/Julian_Thorpe/golgi.htm (113 words)

	Myosin Motors and Not Actin Comets Are Mediators of the Actin-based Golgi-to-Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein Transport -- ...
		Note that the disassembly of the Golgi complex remained unaltered after treatment with the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27642, but was significantly delayed by ML7 treatment and practically blocked by BDM.
		Note that the kinetics of transport of VSV-G from the ER to the Golgi complex (stained to Man II) is the same in untreated (A, C, and E) and ML7-treated cells (G, I, and K).
		ER by inhibiting the release of coatomer from the Golgi complex.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/14/2/445 (7537 words)

	Cell Organelles: Golgi Apparatus
		The Golgi apparatus is a membrane-bound structure with a single membrane.
		It is actually a stack of membrane-bound vesicles that are important in packaging macromolecules for transport elsewhere in the cell.
		The enzymatic or hormonal contents of lysosomes, peroxisomes and secretory vesicles are packaged in membrane-bound vesicles at the periphery of the Golgi apparatus.
	www.cellsalive.com /cells/golgi.htm (69 words)

	Phish.Net FAQ: Golgi Apparatus
		"The golgi apparatus is a part (organelle) of non-bacterial (eukaryotic) cells that is the site of several cell functions, including synthesis of carbohydrates, secretion of proteins to the outside of the cell, and transport of cell wastes to the digestive mechanism of the cell.
		Lyrical meaning: The golgi apparatus (which is not a power structure in the mitochondrion, as errantly reported here earlier) sorts, processes, and ships proteins.
		The Golgi thus gives these enzymes a "ticket to ride" to their lysosomal destinations.
	www.phish.net /faq/golgi.html (340 words)

	Golgi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Of course bonding in the membrane lets it hold the cell together better than floating ping pong balls would, but being able to break apart and fuse together is important to the function of the Golgi complex.
		The packages are little pieces of the Golgi complex which break off and form "vesicles".
		Or the product assembled in the Golgi complex may be a new piece of the cell membrane itself.
	projects.edtech.sandi.net /miramesa/Organelles/golgi.html (303 words)

	Targeting of Active Sialyltransferase to the Plant Golgi Apparatus -- Wee et al. 10 (10): 1759 -- THE PLANT CELL
		The Golgi apparatus is a central organelle in the secretory
		is distinct from that of the mammalian Golgi.
		Yang, W., and Storrie, B. (1998) Scattered Golgi elements during microtubule disruption are initially enriched in trans -Golgi proteins.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/10/10/1759 (6092 words)

	Peri-Golgi vesicles contain retrograde but not anterograde proteins consistent with the cisternal progression model of ...
		Concentration of intracellular hepatic apolipoprotein E in Golgi apparatus saccular distensions and endosomes.
		Exclusion of Golgi residents from transport vesicles budding from Golgi cisternae in intact cells.
		The mammalian protein (rBet1) homologous to yeast Bet1p is primarily associated with the pre-Golgi intermediate compartment and is involved in vesicular transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/155/7/1213 (7526 words)

	The Golgi Cytoskeleton
		Beck, K.A., Buchanan, J.A. and Nelson, W.J. "Golgi membrane skeleton: identification, localization and oligomerization of a 195 kDA ankyrin isoform associated with the Golgi complex." J.Cell Sci.
		Beck, K.A. and Nelson, W.J. "A spectrin membrane skeleton of the Golgi complex." Biochem.Biophys.Acta.
		Godi, A. et al (1998) ADP ribosylation factor regulates spectrin binding to the Golgi complex.
	www.bms.ed.ac.uk /research/others/smaciver/Cyto-Topics/golgi_cytoskeleton.htm (560 words)

	Golgi Apparatus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The golgi body was discovered by the Italian microscopist Camillo Golgi in 1898.
		Within the golgi lamellae, the protein is stored, chemically modified (e.g., water may be removed, lipids may be emulsified, and, if oligosaccharides are attached to the protein, they may be modified), sorted, and "packaged" into vesicles which ultimately pinch off and either move to the cell membrane where secretion takes place by
		showing golgi apparati; at the right is a diagram which illustrates some aspects of golgi function.
	tidepool.st.usm.edu /crswr/golgifunct.html (156 words)

	Golgi Enzymes Are Enriched in Perforated Zones of Golgi Cisternae but Are Depleted in COPI Vesicles -- Kweon et al. 15 ...
		Golgi enzymes are excluded from buds and 50- to 60-nm vesicles and buds at steady state.
		Cosson, P., Amherdt, M., Rothman, J.E., and Orci, L. A resident Golgi protein is excluded from peri-Golgi vesicles in NRK cells.
		Structure of the Golgi and distribution of reporter molecules at 20 degrees C reveals the complexity of the exit compartments.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/15/10/4710 (8173 words)

	4e. The Golgi Apparatus [Beyond Books - Life Science: Part 1]
		The Golgi apparatus is analogous to the finishing and packing room in a factory.
		These vesicles are absorbed by the Golgi apparatus, and proteins are processed as they pass from one sac to the next.
		Proteins are received by the cis face of the Golgi and exit through the trans face after modification.
	www.beyondbooks.com /lif71/4e.asp (574 words)

	Activity of recycling Golgi mannosyltransferases in the yeast endoplasmic reticulum -- Karhinen and Makarow 117 (2): ...
		Activity of recycling Golgi mannosyltransferases in the yeast endoplasmic reticulum
		The untranslocated form (pre), ER form (p1), Golgi form (p2) and mature CPY (m) are indicated on the right.
		Franzusoff, A. and Schekman, R. Functional compartments of the yeast Golgi apparatus are defined by the sec7 mutation.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/117/2/351 (4523 words)

	The Virtual Cell Textbook - Cell Biology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The golgi body is responsible for packaging proteins for the cell.
		Once the proteins are produced by the rough E.R. they pass into the sack like cisternae that are the main part of the golgi body.
		These proteins are then squeezed off into the little blebs which drift off into the cytoplasm.
	personal.tmlp.com /Jimr57/textbook/chapter3/cyto1c.htm (70 words)

	Endoplasmic Reticulum
		The system then sends the proteins via small vesicles to the Golgi Complex, or, in the case of membrane proteins, it inserts them into the membrane.
		Define the regions of the Golgi complex What histochemical markers would you use?
		Distinguish the types of secretory pathways through the Golgi Complex.
	cellbio.utmb.edu /cellbio/rer1.htm (844 words)

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