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Topic: Golgi Apparatus budding

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Golgi apparatus

Lysosome

Mitochondrion

	Lab Manual Exercise # 1a (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Golgi Apparatus: A series (stack) of flattened, membrane-bound sacs (saccules) involved in the storage, modification and secretion of proteins (glycoproteins) and lipids destined to leave the cell (extracellular) and for use within the cell (intracellular).
		The Golgi apparatus is abundant in secretory cells, such as cells of the pancreas.
		Golgi vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and discharge their contents into the exterior of the cell through a process called exocytosis.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /lmexer1a.htm (2375 words)

	Golgi apparatus
		The Golgi apparatus is present in all cells but tends to be more prominent where there are a lot of substances, such as enzymes, being secreted.
		The transport mechanism itself is not yet clear; it could happen by cisternae progression[?] (the movement of the apparatus itself, building new cisternae at the cis face and destroying them at the trans face) or by budding (small vesicles transport the proteins from one cisterna to the next, while the cisternae remain unchanged).
		(11) Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus.(12) Secretory vesicle.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/go/Golgi_apparatus.html (370 words)

	Golgi apparatus
		The Golgi apparatus is present in most eukaryotic cellss, but tends to be more prominent where there are a lot of substances, such as enzymes, being secreted.
		The transport mechanism itself is not yet clear; it could happen by cisternae progression (the movement of the apparatus itself, building new cisternae at the cis face and destroying them at the trans face) or by budding (small vesicles transport the proteins from one cisterna to the next, while the cisternae remain unchanged).
		(11) Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus.(12) Secretory vesicle.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/g/go/golgi_apparatus.html (415 words)

	Golgi apparatus - Human pathology
		The subcompartmentalized structure of the Golgi apparatus contributes to efficient glycosylation in the secretory pathway.
		The precision of this vesicle transport is dependent on the interplay between the key factors that mediate vesicle budding and fusion—the coat proteins and the SNARE fusion machinery.
		The Golgi apparatus is a stack of compartments that serves as a central junction for membrane traffic, with carriers moving through the stack as well as arriving from, and departing toward, many other destinations in the cell.
	www.humpath.com /spip.php?article253 (413 words)

	Fragmentation and Re-assembly of the Golgi Apparatus in Vitro. A REQUIREMENT FOR PHOSPHATIDIC ACID AND ...
		Fragmentation and Re-assembly of the Golgi Apparatus in Vitro.
		Golgi apparatus and redistribution of molecules to the ER (45).
		the fragmentation and reassembly of the Golgi apparatus in response
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/277/4/3030 (6450 words)

	The British Society for Cell Biology - Golgi Apparatus
		Golgi apparatus (or complex, or body, or 'the 'Golgi') is found in all plant and animal cells and is the term given to groups of flattened disc-like structures located close to the endoplasmic reticulum.
		Golgi apparatus is present in eucaryotic cells as one or more groups of flattened, membrane-bounded compartments or sacs.
		The Golgi apparatus is a critical member of the biochemical manufacturing and supply chain inside a cell.
	www.kcl.ac.uk /kis/schools/life_sciences/biomed/bscb/softcell/golgi.html (1494 words)

	ER, Golgi, Lysosomes
		The Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi and lysosomes are a series of sacs, tubules and vesicles, which are structurally interconnected, either directly or by way of vesicles, which bud off one membrane and then fuse with a different membrane.
		The Golgi is primarily composed of membranes, which lack ribosomes; in fact, ribosomes are even lacking from the cytoplasm around the Golgi.
		As the glycoproteins are passed through the Golgi, from the cis to the trans face, the oligosaccharide moiety is altered by enzymes, which are arranged in the Golgi according to the order they are used.
	courses.nnu.edu /bi346bf/er,.htm (2124 words)

	A Dynamin-Like Protein Associates with the Golgi Apparatus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Because similar membrane-budding events occur at the Golgi apparatus and multiple dynamin isoforms exist, we have studied the distribution of dynamins in mammalian cells.
		Upon enriching for Golgi membranes, as determined by the increased immunoreactivity for alpha-mannosidase II, beta-COP, rab 6, and the 105 kD form of the polymeric IgA receptor (IgA rec, lower band), there is a concomitant increase in dynamin immunoreactivity, with the greatest enrichment in the stacked Golgi fraction.
		Golgi fractions (Golgi) were isolated from liver using two different established methods, and consisted of either a stacked Golgi fraction (Prep I), or a mixture of Golgi heavy and Golgi light membrane fractions (Prep II; see Materials and Methods).
	mayoresearch.mayo.edu /mayo/research/mcniven_lab/gogli_dynamin.cfm (965 words)

	Lysosome
		They are generally incorporated into the Golgi apparatus and other larger organelles, that have digestive enzymes called acid hydrolases which are used to digest macromolecules.
		Lysosomes are produced by the Golgi apparatus via budding.
		Enzymes used by lysosomes are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum, and transported to the Golgi apparatus to be distributed to lysosomes.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Lysosome (239 words)

	Coming to Grips With The Golgi -- Featherstone 282 (5397): 2172 -- Science
		The main problem was that Golgi could see what he called an "internal reticular apparatus" only in cells stained with a heavy metal, and this staining "was difficult and capricious," writes Eric Berger of the University of Zurich, Switzerland, editor of a book that marks the centenary of Golgi's discovery.
		Golgi wasn't proved right until a half-century later, when cell biologists first began using the electron microscope (EM) to examine intracellular structures and saw the intricate stacks of cisternae, surrounded by small vesicles, in many different cell types.
		The Golgi apparatus consists of a stack of flattened membranous sacs.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/282/5397/2172 (3003 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| TMF is a golgin that binds Rab6 and influences Golgi morphology
		Golgins are coiled-coil proteins associated with the Golgi apparatus, that are believed to be involved in the tethering of vesicles and the stacking of cisternae, as well as other functions such as cytoskeletal association.
		Moreover, Sgm1 is recruited to Golgi membranes in vivo by Ypt6 [8].
		In contrast, a compact Golgi was observed in only 8% of cells with reduced TMF, estimated from the relative ratio of TMF to TGN38 or GOS28 – that is, cells that appear green in Figure 4C.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2121/5/18 (3817 words)

	Developmental Induction of Golgi Structure and Function in the Primitive Eukaryote Giardia lamblia -- Luján et al. ...
		The Golgi complex plays a central role in the transport, processing, and sorting of proteins and usually consists of a series of flattened stacks of cisternae that are enriched in glycoprotein processing enzymes(8, 9, 10, 11, 12).
		Golgi biogenesis within these cells appears to coincide with the induction of Golgi-resident enzymes needed for the synthesis of carbohydrate-rich cyst wall components during encystation, indicating an intimate relationship between Golgi function and structure as discussed previously(9, 23, 57, 58, 59, 60, 65, 67).
		An Ancestral Secretory Apparatus in the Protozoan Parasite Giardia intestinalis
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/270/9/4612 (5362 words)

	Wang Lab at the University of Michigan
		The Golgi complex is a membrane-bound organelle that serves as a central conduit for the processing of membrane and secretory proteins in all eukaryotic cells.
		At the onset of mitosis, the Golgi apparatus undergoes continuous fragmentation and is broken down to vesicles, which are partitioned equally between the two daughter cells where they subsequently fuse to form a new Golgi apparatus.
		Two processes occur during Golgi disassembly: unstacking of the Golgi cisternae mediated by phosphorylation of the Golgi stacking proteins by mitotic kinases; and fragmentation of the Golgi cisternae by COPI vesicle budding.
	www.biology.lsa.umich.edu /research/labs/yzwang/research.php (1043 words)

	CYTOLOGY
		The stack of saccules of the Golgi has two faces: (1) the forming or cis face, which is usually convex and (2) the mature or trans face, which is generally concave (Golgi 2).
		The protein emptied into the Golgi travels through the cisternae where it is modified by enzymes which add carbohydrate, phosphate, etc to the peptide chain.
		Once modification is complete, the protein is packed into vesicles which bud off the mature face of the Golgi and travel to the cell surface for secretion (Golgi 3).
	lifesci.rutgers.edu /~babiarz/cytol.htm (1857 words)

	Randy Schekman
		This sorting and budding process is highly evolutionarily conserved; mammalian equivalents of the yeast Sec proteins have been isolated and are known to operate in the same location within the cell.
		Fission of the bud from the membrane separates transported from resident proteins.
		Membrane bending in preparation for the formation of a bud appears to be initiated by the insertion of an amino-terminal amphipathic helical peptide of Sar1p into the bilayer.
	www.hhmi.org /research/investigators/schekman.html (1248 words)

	Unit on GTPase Regulation of Membrane Traffic
		The ER spreads throughout cells, and gives rise to multiple Golgi elements that in mammalian cells are transported via microtubules to a region adjacent to the nucleus, thus forming the Golgi apparatus.
		A major function of the Golgi apparatus is the post-translational modification of proteins traveling through it, and sorting of these proteins to their correct destination in the cell.
		We have identified a number of interesting partners of the Arf GEFs in both budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and in mammalian cells, and are currently characterizing these novel partners and their roles in protein trafficking and membrane dynamics.
	eclipse.nichd.nih.gov /nichd/cbmb/ugrm/ugrm.html (604 words)

	Virology
		During the transport of the virus through the golgi apparatus, sugar moieties are modified and in some, but not all, coronaviruses the S protein is cleaved into S1 and S2 domains.
		The nucleocapsid interacts with M protein that is exposed on the cytoplasmic surfaces of intracellular membranes (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi Body and especially a budding compartment that is between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi Body, perhaps the cis-Golgi network).
		In addition, E protein is required for budding of the nucleocapsid into the membrane where it may alter membrane curvature as part of the budding process.
	www.biosci.ohiou.edu /virology/SARS/Virology.htm (1938 words)

	Golgi Processing, Lysosomes, and Endocytosis
		The vesicles fuses with the part of the Golgi apparatus that is closest to the center of the cell, called the cis face of the Golgi apparatus.
		Moreover, the Golgi enzymes are not randomly distributed throughout the Golgi but are usually restricted to one of the three regions--cis, medial, and trans--Golgi.
		However, there are also alternative pathways by which particular components of the Golgi apparatus are pulled out of the default pathway and sent to other destinations in the cell, including lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum.
	www.lclark.edu /~reiness/cellbio/lectures/lect17.htm (2760 words)

	Randy Schekman
		Biochemical requirements for vesicle budding from the ER have been elucidated by fractionation of cytosolic and peripheral membrane associated Sec proteins.
		Budding requires four proteins: a small GTP-binding protein called Sar1p, a complex (Sec23/Sec24) that is required to stimulate GTP hydrolysis by Sar1p, an integral membrane protein (Sec12p) that facilitates nucleotide exchange by Sar1p, and another complex (Sec13/Sec31).
		CSIII transport between the early endosome and the trans Golgi depends on the coat protein clathrin and the adaptor complex, AP-1.
	mcb.berkeley.edu /faculty/CDB/schekmanr.html (581 words)

	The Golgi Complex
		Tier I shows budding from ER that is arranged facing a central zone at one end of the Golgi complex.
		The inside of the vesicle becomes continuous with the inside of the Golgi cisternae, so that protein groups pointing towards the inside, could eventually be directed to face the outside of the cell.
		These carry Golgi complex processing enzymes and their targeting to this region may be dependent on the low concentration of these processing enzymes.
	cellbio.utmb.edu /cellbio/GOLGI.HTM (1209 words)

	[No title]
		It therefore may be useful to consider a broader definition of the Golgi complex involving one that includes the set of membranes and cytosolic factors involved in early transport, sorting, and processing events of molecules leaving the ER.
		Thus, upon induction of Golgi enzymes and substrates in Giardia, or after perturbation of late secretory transport steps as in budding yeast(51, 66), Golgi structure and morphology might become evident, presumably due to the accumulation of substrates and Golgi enzymes within these membranes.
		In contrast, the activities of the Golgi specific enzymes GalT and GalNAcT (50) were readily detected in encysting trophozoites and sedimented with densities between 1.1 and 1.15 g/ml.
	lycos.cs.cmu.edu /info/giardia--results.html (527 words)

	details
		Under confocal laser scanning microscopy after immunofluorescence labeling, the distribution of the alpha-actinin-like protein appeared punctated in the cytoplasm of the pollen and pollen tubes.
		After BFA was removed, the protein was reversibly recovered on the Golgi apparatus.
		These results suggest that the novel alpha-actinin-like protein is a BFA-sensitive protein on the membranes of Golgi-associated vesicles, and may participate in Golgi-associated vesicles budding and/or sorting, together with actin microfilaments.
	cmbi.bjmu.edu.cn /ChinaPaper/details.asp?PubMedID=11824789 (220 words)

	Dynamics of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus during Early Sea Urchin Development -- Terasaki 11 (3): 897 ...
		The Golgi that were located farther away from the focal plane gave rise to a progressively more hazy image, and sometimes it was difficult to determine whether an image corresponded to one or two separate Golgi.
		This sequence shows that the decrease in the number of Golgi in one optical section seen in Figure 5 corresponds to a decrease in the number of Golgi throughout the cell rather than a redistribution of the Golgi out of the plane of the optical section.
		Thyberg, J., and Moskalewski, S. Reorganization of the Golgi complex in association with mitosis: redistribution of mannosidase II to the endoplasmic reticulum and effects of brefeldin A. Submicrosc.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/11/3/897 (8956 words)

	Cell Secretion
		Next vesicles containing the protein bud from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and move too nearby the nearby Golgi apparatus.
		In turn, small vesicles bud from this structure and transfer the protein to the next layer of the stack.
		Notice how the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum moves through the Golgi apparatus and to the plasma membrane during the secretion process.
	courses.washington.edu /physeng/cell/secretion.htm (558 words)

	Vivek Malhotra, Professor of Biology, UCSD
		We have reconstituted the fragmentation of the pericentriolar Golgi stacks in permeabilized Normal rat Kidney (NRK) cells by mitotic cytosol prepared from NRK cells that are arrested in mitosis.
		The Golgi membranes are found in the form of small tubulo-reticular elements dispersed throughout the cytoplasm under these conditions.
		The fragmentation of the Golgi membranes reconstituted in our permeabilized cells is equivalent to the state of the Golgi membranes in the pre-metaphase/metaphase stage of the mitotic cycle in mammalian cells.
	biology.ucsd.edu /faculty/malhotra.html (984 words)

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