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Topic: Gomphothere

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Pliocene epoch

Mastodont

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	Gomphothere - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Gomphotheres are a diverse group of extinct elephant-like animals (proboscideans) that were widespread in North America during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, 12-1.6 million years ago.
		Gomphotheres differed from elephants in their tooth structure, particularly the chewing surfaces on the molar teeth.
		Gomphothere: An Elephant Ancestor, an article from the Dallas Museum of Natural History
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gomphothere (159 words)

	LATE_MIOCENE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The kinds of proboscideans present in Florida in the late Miocene were the gomphotheres.
		Gomphotheres are extinct, but were the most widespread and diverse group of proboscideans.
		Portions of gomphothere teeth, tusks, and bones have been found at the rhino site, including two lower jaws and a partial skull in 2002.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /natsci/vertpaleo/LATE_MIOCENE.htm (1035 words)

	Natural History Museum gomphothere exhibit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		A gomphothere is a four-tusked relative of mastodons which are in turn distantly related to modern elephants.
		This specimen was found on a Sierra College field trip in west central Nevada in 1987.
		Horses, camels, beaver, sabertooth cats, dog-bears and rhinoceros shared the ecosystem with the gomphothere.
	www.sierra.cc.ca.us /museum/gomphothere.html (93 words)

	Amebelodon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Amebelodon is a member of a diverse group of primitive proboscideans called gomphotheres, a group that also gave rise to the modern elephants and their close relative the mammoth.
		Like other typical gomphotheres, Amebelodon possessed two sets of tusks, two upper tusks and two lowers that extended from the lower jaws.
		Because of the superficial resemblance of the lower tusks to shovels, Amebelodon is commonly referred to as a "shovel-tusked" gomphothere (this same term is also applied to other gomphotheres with flattened lower tusks, specifically Platybelodon, Serbelodon, and Torynobelodon).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amebelodon (466 words)

	Home - Gomphothere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Museum, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China]] The Gomphotheres are a diverse group of extinct elephant-like animals, (proboscideans).
		In North America, rodents, large mastodonts and gomphotheres, and opossums continued successfully, while hoofed animals (ungulates) declined, with camel, deer and horse all seeing populations recede.
		Elephants, gomphotheres and stegodonts were successful in Asia, and hyraxes migrated north from Africa.
	walterhill.tn.en.infoax.org /en/Gomphothere (6777 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Science -- Badlands, good finds
		Paul Remeika points to the 3.5-million-year-old footprint of an extinct, elephantlike gomphothere.
		Smack in the middle of all of this, obliterating the trail of the small predators, is a single print of a much larger animal –; easy to overlook because it is so unfamiliar.
		Gomphotheres were elephantlike ancestors of mammoths, according to George Jefferson, head paleontologist for the Colorado Desert District of California State Parks.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/science/20051116-9999-lz1c16anza.html (1432 words)

	Miocene Vertebrate Fossils
		He determined this fossil, USNM 16644, to be the remains of a gomphothere, an early ancestor of the elephant, named Gompotherium obscurum.
		Judging form the age of strata in which it has been found elsewhere, this gomphothere lived sometime between 15 to 5.2 million years ago.
		The fossils recovered from rained-washed exposures of clay include a horse jaw, three horse teeth, a camel jaw, a fragments of a gomphothere tooth and skull, and fragments of a jaw from a deer-size artiodactyl called _Prosynthetoceras francisi_.
	www.intersurf.com /~chalcedony/Miofos.html (746 words)

	Journal of Paleontology: New Cuvieronius finds from the Pleistocene of Central Mexico on LookSmart Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The postcranial elements are attributed to a gomphothere because in general they are shorter and more massive than the same elements of a mammoth.
		On the ulna, the anconeal process is not pronounced and the posterior tip of the olecranon process overhangs the shaft as typical in American mastodons (Olsen, 1972).
		Molars with single trefoils, the possession of three lophids in the ml and rn, and the absence of accesory conules in the valleys also suggest that the material is a gomphothere.
	www.looksmartscience.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200205/ai_n9070827/pg_3?pi=zoe (719 words)

	Ramage: April 2006
		As naturalist Connie Barlow writes in her book The Ghosts of Evolution (New York: Basic Books, 2000), certain species of plant - such as the humble but delicious avocado - have been discovered to be anachronisms, adapted to thrive in the symbiotic presence of another species that has since vanished from the earth.
		The avocado, with its rich flesh and gigantic seeds, is haunted by the ghosts of the giant sloth, gomphothere, and toxodon: Pleistocene mega fauna capable of swallowing the fruit whole and dispersing the pits.
		In the absence of such creatures, the future of the wild avocado is uncertain - it has lost its context, and must either evolve, find new partners, or perish.
	ramage.typepad.com /ramage/2006/04 (901 words)

	Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
		Georges Pearson, STRI's visiting scientist and former fellow from the University of Kansas, gave in custody a collection of 18 fossils, to the Veraguas Regional Museum, this past week.
		The fossils belong to six giant ground sloths (Eremotherium sp.) and four Gomphothere mastodon (Cuvieronius tropicus) found in La Trinidaita dated at 45,000 14CBP, and eight giant ground sloths from Llano Hato, dated at 47,000 14C BP.
		The Gomphothere mastodon is also a giant mammal of the Ice Age, a sort of elephant.
	www.stri.org /english/about_stri/headline_news/news/article.php?id=106 (277 words)

	abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		At Mae Soi 50km south west of Chiang Mai, a primitive amebelodontid gomphothere, Archaeobelodon, and equids were collected.
		The Sop Mae Tham mammal fauna consists of tetralophodont gomphotheres, rhinocerotid, hipparionin equids, Listriodon and suinae, tragulids, Boselaphini and primitive bovids.
		The Middle Miocene mammalian fauna consists of amebelodontid gomphothere and Prodeinotherium.
	www.saga-jp.org /sympo/Saga5/lastest/abstract/poster6/hideo.html (282 words)

	The confusion of elephant and mammoth classification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		One type of gomphothere has two broad lower tusks that are shovel-shaped.
		Mazo, A.V., Gomphotheres and mammutids from the Iberian Peninsula; in: The Proboscidea—Evolution and palaeoecology of elephants and their relatives, J. Shoshani and P. Tassy (Eds.), Oxford University Press, New York, p.
		Dudley, J.P., Mammoths, gomphotheres, and the great American faunal interchange; in: The Proboscidea—Evolution and palaeoecology of elephants and their relatives, J. Shoshani and P. Tassy (Eds.), Oxford University Press, New York, p.
	www.answersingenesis.org /home/area/fit/appendix1.asp (2558 words)

	EVIDENCE OF A FOREST REFUGIUM AT A NEOGENE FOSSIL SITE, GRAY, TN
		C values decline with increasing canopy density, the ancient temperate forests from the Gray site were relatively dense.
		C values ranging from -0.7 to 0.3 from a gomphothere tusk support a diet consisting of dominant C
		The analysis of trace elements and/or strontium isotopes of the gomphothere tusk may assist in determining if an alternate origin is responsible for the isotopic differences.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2006SE/finalprogram/abstract_102006.htm (397 words)

	Whole Earth: Bring Back The Elephants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		In North America we need a "Mammoth Extinction Day" and in South and Central America a "Gomphothere Extinction Day." This might take place sometime around the summer solstice.
		Any of the numerous fossil localities known to yield bones of Proboscidea, such as Rancho La Brea with its magnificent Page Museum in Hancock Park, Los Angeles, would be suitable.
		Undoubtedly the extinct mammoths, mastodons, and gomphotheres did the same.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0GER/is_2000_Spring/ai_61426229/pg_5 (418 words)

	Desert Diary, 19 December 2003, Proboscideans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Through the first half or so of the last ice age, three different families of proboscideans lived in the northern Chihuahuan Desert: gomphotheres, mastodons, and mammoths.
		The huge, complex teeth of mammoths are ideal for withstanding the rapid wear caused by grazing on grasses.
		Mastodons have relatively small, simple teeth great for crushing soft leaves, while gomphothere teeth are just a little more complex for slightly harsher foods.
	museum.utep.edu /archive/fossils/DDproboscideans.htm (305 words)

	Paleontology and Geology Glossary: Tr
		Trilophodon (meaning "three crested tooth") was an ancient mammal that lived during the Miocene - it is sometimes called Tetrabelodon.
		This large Gomphothere was an ancestor of mastodons.
		Classification: Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Mammalia (mammals), Order Proboscidea, Suborder Elephantiodea (elephants, mastodonts, mammoths), Family Gomphotheriidae, Genus Gomphothere.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/dinosaurs/glossary/indextr.shtml (1074 words)

	Fossil Room (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Mammalia (Mammals), Order Proboscidea, Suborder Elephantoidea, Family Gomphothere or Gomphotheriidae (closely related to Platybelodon), Genus: Gomphotherium
		1 Amebelodon was the most common late Miocene gomphothere found in Florida.
		There, it had a pair of long, flattened, scoop-like lower tusks in addition to a pair of large upper tusks.
	www.ethicalatheist.com /img/fossils/105-0522_img.htm (292 words)

	Meg Palevich mep5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		We uncovered gomphothere, glyptodon, horse, artiodactyls, and crocodile just in the space of a few meters and days.
		We were helped by the local village kids, who spoke less than no English, but this did not bother Mary or me, as we spoke a smattering of Spanish and that helped us immeasurably.
		The author at Terapa, Mexico, holding the toe bone of a gomphothere.
	dana.ucc.nau.edu /~mep5 (827 words)

	Evolution 101: Not Everything is an Adaptation!
		It might be an adaptation for a past environment and not the current one.
		For example, scientists have hypothesized that the large, hard-shelled fruit of the calabash tree is actually an adaptation for seed distribution by large mammals such as the gomphothere
		Some biologists can get quite passionate about how much genetic variation is adaptive and is maintained by natural selection and how much is neutral and is maintained by genetic drift.
	evolution.berkeley.edu /evosite/evo101/IIIE5aNotadaptation.shtml (310 words)

	QCTimes.com - The Quad-City Times Newspaper Features (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Photos by Louis Brems/Quad-City Times Lexi Schoonmaker, 11, Moline, takes a look at a Gomphothere found in a ravine in Nebraska.
		The Gomphothere is in the elephant family and is on display in the new elephant exhibit at the Putnam Museum opening this weekend.
		From their skin (that feels like an ancient, cracking leatherbound book jacket) to their sounds (trumpets, roars, rumbles and barks) and even their poop (about the size of a football, if you must know), the Putnam Museum has packed just about everything about pachyderms into "Elephants!" its new exhibit opening this weekend.
	www.qctimes.net /articles/2005/08/20/features/weekend/doc4306c9db6933c002712980.txt (543 words)

	The Natural History Museum Los Angeles
		Upper: An upper tusk of a gomphothere elephant, Serbelodon burnhami, from the Dove Spring Formation of Red Rock Canyon.
		This ancestral elephant still has both upper and lower tusks (below).
		Lower: A reconstruction of a gomphothere (adopted from illustration in the website of Museums of Cape Town).
	www.nhm.org /expeditions/rrc/geopaleo_elephants.html (103 words)

	Fossil Finders International FOSSIL STORE
		This is a very rare find because of the delicate manner of Fossilized Ivory.
		It's the tip of the upper tusk of a Florida Mammoth, Gomphothere, that was found in the Peace River, DeSoto County Florida.
		It measures 5" long X 2.15" X 1.87" and is in GREAT condition.
	www.efn.org /~gemini/gtp/fossilfindersinternational/fossil_store.html (166 words)

	Ancient Cape
		The extremely rich fossil sediments fairly recently discovered, prove a past where there must have been a far higher precipitation, lush vegetation and a great diversity of animal life.
		Fascinating carnivores such as the Agriotherium africanum bear, a short necked Sivatheres giraffe and '4 tusked' elephant like Gomphothere
		Sedimintation in the Great Karoo for example, dates back 251 million years to the period of mass extinction succeeding the Permian period into the early Jurassic.
	www.africasafari.co.za /South_Africa/ancient_cape.htm (380 words)

	Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument: The Fossil Record
		Discovery of a complete mastodon skeleton would justify "a major dig," and could provide new scientific insights.
		This fossil may be a Gomphothere that's been found in Arizona, Nevada, and Southern California, but never in Idaho.
		Finding a complete Gomphothere skeleton would give scientists new insights on their range and appearance.
	www.nps.gov /hafo/record.htm (1800 words)

	Online Fossil Trade Show - Henskens Fossil Trading
		Full set of teeth including some incisors.No restorationSize 28 cm / 11.2 inch
		Florida, U.S.A. Nice Gomphothere (four tusked Elepahnt) tooth.No restoration.Size 10 cm / 4 inch
		Unusual big specimen, absolute quality fossil.Size 12 cm / 4.8 inch
	www.gtlsys.com /TradeShow/Booth/183/Desk.html (183 words)

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