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Topic: Gonadotrope

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	Gonadotrope Cytochemistry and Cytophysiology
		Small gonadotropes are prominent early in the cycle and express abundant mRNA during peak transcription periods.
		In medium-sized gonadotropes, rough endoplasmic reticulum is often in isolated sheets or dilated sacs scattered among the granules.
		In the early 1980's we discovered that large gonadotropes enriched a cell population that could be separated by centrifugal elutriation.
	www.cytochemistry.net /childs/Gon2.htm (1123 words)

	Dr. Christine Campion Quirk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary gland are cells that synthesize and secrete gonadotropins, which are essential for gonadal steroidogenesis and gametogenesis.
		To that end, we have compared the gene expression profiles of cell lines that represent different stages of gonadotrope development to identify factors that may be necessary for the vital transition from a precursor gonadotrope to one that expresses phenotypic hallmarks of a fully-differentiated gonadotrope.
		In the case of gonadotropes, p8 appears to be a stage-specific key component of the cellular proteome, playing a functional role in gonadotrope differentiation.
	medsci.indiana.edu /medsci/quirk.htm (795 words)

	SSR 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		While this suggests Foxl2 could have a role in gonadotrope development or function, its temporal and spatial expression is unchanged in Prop1 mutants.
		In an effort to identify factors critical to pituitary gonadotrope development and downstream targets of Prop1, we generated full-length cDNA libraries from pituitaries of normal and Prop1 deficient embryos [2].
		We are in the process of evaluating these as candidate genes for regulation of gonadotrope development and function.
	abstracts.co.allenpress.com /pweb/ssr2004/document/?ID=38166 (340 words)

	Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology \| Full text \| Differential regulation of follicle stimulating hormone by activin ...
		Gonadotropes and gonadotrope-depleted cells purified from younger mice were plated in triplicate at a density of 18,000 cells per well (first experiment) or 30,000 cells per well (second and third experiments).
		In order to examine receptor expression in murine gonadotropes, we purified this cell type from male mice, aged eight to ten weeks (young) or 1 year of age (old), using a recently described transgenic model [50].
		Although gonadotropes were purified to near homogeneity, it is possible that the inhibitory effects of TGFB1 were mediated indirectly through ligand action on contaminating cells in the cultures.
	www.rbej.com /content/3/1/73 (6138 words)

	Gonadotrope Cytochemistry and Cytophysiology
		Current studies in Gwen V. Childs, Ph.D.'s laboratory at the University of Texas Medical Branch have focus on the neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary gonadotropes and the division of labor in the population.
		The cells are characterized by profiles of dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous secretory granules scattered throughout the cell cytoplasm.
		Pituitary gonadotropes are one of the 6 major cell types in the anterior lobe.
	www.cytochemistry.net /Childs/gon1.htm (1364 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| A regulator of G Protein signaling, RGS3, inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone ...
		Quantitatively, gonadotrope responsiveness is more important than the level of GnRH secretion; for example, during the estrogen-stimulated preovulatory surge of LH secretion in the rat there is a 5-fold increase in GnRH secretion but a 50-fold increase in LH secretion [7].
		The mechanisms that alter gonadotrope responsiveness to GnRH are unknown but they do not appear to be due to GnRH receptor number or LH stores in the pituitary gland [5-8].
		However, the fraction of LH that is released by a maximal dose of GnRH does vary positively with gonadotrope responsiveness [7], and elucidation of the mechanisms altering the fraction of releasable LH is likely to illuminate mechanisms of gonadotrope responsiveness to GnRH [44].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2121/2/21 (5066 words)

	17. REFERENCES
		Bhowmick, R.M. and H. Chaudhuri, 1968 Preliminary observations on the use of trichloroacetic acid for extraction of gonadotropic hormones in induced spawning of carps.
		Kazanskii, B.N., 1949 The vy'un unit for measurement of the gonadotropic activity of preparations in the hypophysis of fish.
		Effects of ovine luteinizing hormone, carp gonadotropic hormone and 11-deoxycorticosteronacetate on ovarian fragments in short-term organ culture.
	www.fao.org /docrep/X5742E/x5742e0i.htm (11979 words)

	RESEARCH GRANTS
		Studies in females will specifically address whether gonadotrope sensitivity to galanin stimulation is upregulated within the context of the proestrous (i.e.
		Specific Aim #3 of this proposal is to investigate the effects of galanin on reproductive hormone gene expression in the anterior pituitary gland.
		Results from these studies will provide important information regarding the role of galanin in regulating LH synthesis and secretion from pituitary gonadotropes, events that are critically important for maintaining reproductive competence in both males and females.
	www.uwgb.edu /bauera/angiesweb/FUNDING.htm (708 words)

	MULTIPLE PITUITARY HORMONE DEFICIENCY (MPHD)
		Essential for the development of most cell types of the anterior pituitary, including the somatotrope, the thyrotrope, the lactotrope and the gonadotrope (but not the corticotrope).
		LHX3 is expressed in the developing Rathke's pouch and is required for the development of most anterior pituitary cell types, including the somatotrope, the thyrotrope, the lactotrope and the gonadotrope (but notably not the corticotrope).
		Lhx4 is necessary for cell survival and Lhx3 expression, with the pituitary hypoplasia seen in Lhx4 mutants actually results from increased cell death and reduced differentiation, directly attributable to loss of Lhx3; while Prop1 mutants exhibit normal cell proliferation and cell survival but show evidence of defective dorsal-ventral patterning(16).
	www.endotext.org /pediatrics/pediatrics1/ch01s05.html (1630 words)

	Modulation of Gonadotropin Levels by Peptides Acting at the Anterior Pituitary Gland -- Evans 20 (1): 46 -- Endocrine ...
		Five processes by which peptide can potentially modify LH secretion from gonadotropes, with selected examples of activities that are further discussed in the text.
		receptor to an LH-modulating peptide is not on gonadotropes,
		pituitary and is located primarily in the gonadotropes (247).
	edrv.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/20/1/46 (8161 words)

	Gonadotrope oestrogen receptor-{alpha} and -{beta} and progesterone receptor immunoreactivity after ovariectomy and ...
		LH immunoreactivity is homogeneous in the cytoplasm of round to polygonal cells (normal gonadotropes) in pro-oestrus, OVX+oil- and OVX+EB-treated rats (fl arrows; A, B and C).
		Normal gonadotropes with (fl arrow) and without (fl arrowhead) ER expression are present.
		A normal gonadotrope with ERß expression (fl arrow) as well as OVX cells with (green arrow) and without (green arrowhead) ERß expression are observed.
	joe.endocrinology-journals.org /cgi/content/full/184/1/59 (4569 words)

	SSR 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Serum concentration of LH and FSH, gonadotrope progesterone receptor (PR) expression, pituitary PR content, and gonadotrope morphology were analyzed by RIA, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and light and electron microscopy, respectively.
		Results showed that whereas PPT restored the negative feedback on gonadotropin release, induced PR expression, and reverted the effects of OVX on gonadotrope size and morphology of the membranous cytoplasm (RER, Golgi complex and secretory granules), DPN alone activated all secretory morphological aspects of the secretion of gonadotropins except exocytosis.
		Thus, the moderate effect of the cognate ligand (EB) on the gonadotrope synthesis apparatus seen in these experiments can be interpreted as a result of simultaneous activation of both ER isoforms.
	abstracts.co.allenpress.com /pweb/ssr2005/document/?ID=47327 (295 words)

	veterinary
		The gonads in both males and females are stimulated by two hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland: luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), termed gonadotropins.
		By chemically linking GnRH, a brain peptide that binds to receptors on the gonadotrope cells, to a protein inhibitor, it is possible to deliver the protein inhibitor specifically to gonadotrope cells that synthesize and secrete LH and FSH in the anterior pituitary gland.
		When the number of gonadotrope cells is adequately reduced, there will be inadequate levels of LH or FSH available to stimulate the gonads and the animal will be sterile.
	www.cedusinc.com /veterinary/index.htm (252 words)

	Cell Fate and Hormonal Regulation of the Pituitary Gonadotrope
		Reproduction is controlled by hypothalamic GnRH acting on the pituitary gonadotrope to regulate LH and FSH.
		We have created immortalized pituitary gonadotropes and a series of their progenitor cells that represent sequential stages of differentiation.
		Thus, the most differentiated gonadotrope cell line has allowed dissection of the molecular mechanisms of androgen, activin, and GnRH action and the interdependence of these key modulators of reproductive function.
	www.endocrine-abstracts.org /ea/0004/ea0004s13.htm (196 words)

	Regulation of c-fos Expression by EGF and GnRH in Specific Anterior Pituitary Cells from Proestrous Female Rats -- ...
		The expression of EGFR by LH and FSH antigen-bearing gonadotropes
		Armstrong J, Childs GV (1997b) Differential expression of c-fos in vitro by all anterior pituitary cell types during the estrous cycle: enhanced expression by luteinizing hormone but not follicle-stimulating hormone cells.
		Armstrong JL, Childs GV (1997c) Regulation of expression of epidermal growth factor receptors in gonadotropes by epidermal growth factor and estradiol: studies in cycling female rats.
	www.jhc.org /cgi/content/full/46/8/935 (4561 words)

	FEBS Abstract
		We thus attempted to correlate PKC-dependent phosphorylation of MARCKS with its subcellular relocalization, after GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) and phorbol ester stimulation, in gonadotrope cell lines (aT3-1, LbT2) having distinct state of differentiation and secretory capacity.
		In LbT2 secretory gonadotrope cell line, MARCKS seems to be predominantly regulated by calcium-calmodulin signals as well.
		Thus time dependent responses of gonadotrope cells may be regulated via GnRH-induced changes of the phosphorylation/activation state and cellular compartmentalization of selective PKC isoenzymes and calcium/calmodulin-dependent substrates.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /febsabstracts2004/abstract.asp?id=17524 (354 words)

	Interactive Fly, Drosophila
		This hypothalamic peptide interacts with its receptor (GnRHR) on the pituitary gonadotropes to trigger the secretion of gonadotropins, which, in turn, regulates the release of sex steroids from the gonads.
		Furthermore, it has been shown that the LH beta-subunit gene is regulated by the transcription factors steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) and early growth response protein 1 (Egr1) in vitro and in vivo.
		The present study investigated the roles played by Egr1 and SF-1 in regulating activity of the equine LH beta-subunit promoter in the gonadotrope cell line, alpha T3-1, and the importance of these factors and cis-acting elements in regulation of the promoter by GnRH.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/dbzhnsky/ftz-f2b.htm (3466 words)

	Embryonic Expression of the Luteinizing Hormone beta Gene Appears to Be Coupled to the Transient Appearance of p8, a ...
		expresses all phenotypic markers of a gonadotrope, including LH have yet to be identified.
		T2 cells illustrates the band (arrow) found to be up-regulated in cells representing the mature gonadotrope.
		Of the factors that appear to be essential for terminal differentiation of gonadotropes and expression of LH, p8 is unique
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/278/3/1680 (5044 words)

	Dynamic Changes in the Gonadotrope Cell Subpopulations During an Estradiol-Induced Surge in the Ewe -- ...
		Dynamic Changes in the Gonadotrope Cell Subpopulations During an Estradiol-Induced Surge in the Ewe -- Molter-Gérard et al.
		Gonadotrope function in ovariectomized ewes actively immunized against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
		Inhibin and estradiol alter gonadotropes differentially in ovine pituitary cultures: changing gonadotrope numbers and calcium responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/63/4/1084 (3688 words)

	NEJM -- Isolated gonadotrope failure in the polyglandular autoimmune syndrome
		NEJM -- Isolated gonadotrope failure in the polyglandular autoimmune syndrome
		Isolated gonadotrope failure in the polyglandular autoimmune syndrome
		In addition, they suggest that autoimmune hypophysitis may be an integral part of the polyglandular autoimmune syndrome and can be selective, involving only one type of pituitary cells.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/short/312/24/1535 (262 words)

	APStracts 2:0142A, 1995. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Chronic exercise training may alter the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis by affecting gonadotropin secretion and structural indices of the anterior pituitary gonadotropes.
		Immunofluorescence LH staining and cytoplasmic granularity were significantly lower within TA gonadotrope population compared to that of TP and UTP rats.
		Evidence of impaired basal LH secretion, reduced gonadotrope LH-specific fluorescein content and reduced gonadotrope cytoplasmic granularity in TA rats suggests, that concomitant with proposed changes in the central neural drive, there are important exercise training-induced alterations of the anterior pituitary gonadotrope that influence their estrous cycles and affect their reproductive status.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1995/jap/April/142a.html (297 words)

	Tissue-specific gene expression in the pituitary: the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene is regulated by a ...
		Jorgensen, J. S., Quirk, C. C., Nilson, J. Multiple and Overlapping Combinatorial Codes Orchestrate Hormonal Responsiveness and Dictate Cell-Specific Expression of the Genes Encoding Luteinizing Hormone.
		Sadie, H., Styger, G., Hapgood, J. Expression of the Mouse Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Gene in {alpha}T3-1 Gonadotrope Cells Is Stimulated by Cyclic 3',5'-Adenosine Monophosphate and Protein Kinase A, and Is Modulated by Steroidogenic Factor-1 and Nur77.
		Heckert, L. L., Schultz, K., Nilson, J. The cAMP Response Elements of the alpha Subunit Gene Bind Similar Proteins in Trophoblasts and Gonadotropes but Have Distinct Functional Sequence Requirements.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/12/5/2143 (1058 words)

	The neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor mediates NPY-induced inhibition of the gonadotrope axis under poor metabolic conditions ...
		The neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor mediates NPY-induced inhibition of the gonadotrope axis under poor metabolic conditions -- GONZALES et al.
		The neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor mediates NPY-induced inhibition of the gonadotrope axis under poor metabolic conditions
		Deletion of Y1 has no effect on gonadotrope axis activation in situations of normal leptin and low NPY expression (B1).
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/18/1/137 (1240 words)

	Estrogenic modulation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated secretory activity of the gonadotrope and ...
		Estrogenic modulation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated secretory activity of the gonadotrope and lactotrope in prepubertal females with Turner's syndrome -- Mauras et al.
		Estrogenic modulation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated secretory activity of the gonadotrope and lactotrope in prepubertal females with Turner's syndrome
		female prepubertal gonadotrope and lactotrope was studied in nine girls
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/73/6/1202 (493 words)

	H SAKURAI and T E ADAMS: Seasonal change in gonadotrope responsiveness (Journal of Endocrinology)
		-induced reduction in gonadotrope responsiveness differed between the breeding (November) and anoestrous (May) seasons in sheep.
		The interval between initiation of infusion and return of pretreatment concentrations of LH was taken as a measure of the duration of E
		-induced suppression of gonadotrope responsiveness is more extended during the anoestrous season.
	journals.endocrinology.org /joe/158/joe1580277.htm (355 words)

	Selective Expression of Estrogen Receptor {alpha} and {beta} Isoforms in Human Pituitary Tumors -- Shupnik et al. 83 ...
		and 14 of 24 ERß) and gonadotrope (13 of 21 ER and 18 of 21 ERß) tumors.
		Exon 2 variants are shown with the H1 and H3C primer pair, exon 4 variants with the HFC and HC5 primer pair, exon 5 variants with the H4/5 and H7/3 primer pair, and exon 7 variants with the H5/5 and HJ primer pair.
		in gonadotrope or null tumors, and that pituitary tumor expression
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/83/11/3965 (6201 words)

	Ion channel Literature - Electrophysiological properties of a cell line of the gonadotrope lineage. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The role of ion channels in the secretion of gonadotropins from anterior pituitary gonadotropes has been difficult to study at the single cell level because the cells are difficult to distinguish from other pituitary cell types.
		These cells have GnRH receptors, but not TRH receptors, and are, thus, specific to the gonadotrope lineage.
		We have used the patch clamp technique to investigate the types of ion channels expressed in alpha T3-1 cells and to test for electrophysiological responses to GnRH and a phorbol ester.
	www.ionchannels.org /showabstract.php?pmid=1317783 (391 words)

	Steroidogenic Factor-1 Interacts with a Gonadotrope-Specific Element within the First Exon of the Human ...
		For the gonadotropes, the role of steriodogenic factor-1 (SF-1)
		Windle JJ, Weiner RI, Mellon PL 1990 Cell lines of the pituitary gonadotrope lineage derived by targeted oncogenesis in transgenic mice.
		Expression of the Mouse Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Gene in {alpha}T3-1 Gonadotrope Cells Is Stimulated by Cyclic 3',5'-Adenosine Monophosphate and Protein Kinase A, and Is Modulated by Steroidogenic Factor-1 and Nur77
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/140/6/2452 (6619 words)

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