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Topic: Gothic Runic Script

	Gothic alphabet
		Gothic was originally written with a Runic alphabet about which little is known.
		The Gothic alphabet was invented around middle the 4th century AD by Bishop Wulfila (311-383 AD), the religious leader of the Visigoths, to provide his people with a written language and a means of reading his translation of the Bible.
		Gothic, an extinct East Germanic language which was spoken in parts of the Crimea up until the 17th century.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/gothic.htm (199 words)

	Gothic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Blackletter typefaces for the Latin alphabet are sometimes referred to as "Gothic script".
		Representation of the Gothic alphabet surrounding its inventor Ulfilas.
		The Gothic alphabet is encoded in Unicode in the range U+10330–U+1034F.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gothic_alphabet (484 words)

	Gothic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The language was in decline by the mid-6th century, due in part to the military defeat of the Goths at the hands of the Franks, the elimination of the Goths in Italy, massive conversion to primarily Latin-speaking Roman Catholicism, and geographic isolation.
		Gothic is rich in fricative consonants (although many of them may have been approximants, it's hard to separate the two) derived by the processes described in Grimm's law and Verner's law and characteristic of Germanic languages.
		Gothic had nominative, accusative, genitive and dative cases, as well as vestiges of a vocative case that was sometimes identical to the nominative and sometimes to the accusative.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gothic_language (4997 words)

	Gothic alphabet: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		The Gothic alphabet was probably created by bishop Ulfilas...there are some Gothic letters of runic or Latin origin.
		It was probably Bishop Ulfilas who created the Gothic letters in order to produce a translation of the Bible into the Gothic language.
		Wimmer (1887), Gutenbrunner (1950), Mossé (1950) however all agree that the Gothic alphabet must be viewed as a synthesis of two traditions, namely the "latino-graeca" and the "runo-graeca" (ibid.) Most letters are seen as Greek by the majority of scholars, but the origin of some letters, e.g.
	www.encyclopedian.com /go/Gothic-alphabet.html (482 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: History of the alphabet
		The Aramaic alphabet, which evolved from the Phoenician in the 7th century BC as the official script of the Persian Empire, appears to be the ancestor of nearly all the modern alphabets of Asia: The Aramaic alphabet is an abjad alphabet designed for writing the Aramaic language.
		The Sogdian alphabet is derived from Syriac, the descendant script of Aramaic alphabet.
		The Osmanya alphabet is a script for the Somali language invented between 1920 and 1922 by the Sultan of Obbias brother, Cismaan Yuusuf Keenadiid.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-the-alphabet (7088 words)

	Gothic alphabet
		It was probably Bishop Ulfilas who created the Gothic letters in order to produce a translation of the Bible into the Gothic language.
		Kirchhoff (1854) claimed that the origins of all Gothic letters are Greek, and Zacher (1855) maintained that Ulfilas created all the letters with Latin counterparts in mind (Braune 15-16).
		Wimmer (1887), Gutenbrunner (1950), Mossé (1950) however all agree that the Gothic alphabet must be viewed as a synthesis of two traditions, namely the "latino-graeca" and the "runo-graeca" (ibid.) Most letters are seen as Greek by the majority of scholars, but the origin of some letters, e.g.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/go/Gothic_alphabet.html (301 words)

	BabelStone : Keyboard Layouts : Runic
		The Runic script was used in Northern Europe to write various Germanic languages from about the 3rd century A.D. up until the close of the Middle Ages.
		As the Runic script spread, it became adapted and modified for use with the particular Germanic language of its users, and so a number of distinct Runic traditions developed, with varying numbers of letters, as few as sixteen or as many as thirty-four.
		Runic inscriptions are commonly written Left-To-Right (LTR), but may be written Right-To-Left (RTL), or with a combination of LTR and RTL lines, as is the case on the Franks Casket.
	www.babelstone.co.uk /Keyboards/Runic.html (1942 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ugaritic alphabet
		Two similar but undeciphered scripts believed to be ancestral to all modern alphabets are attested from the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1500 BCE): the Proto-Sinaitic script discovered in the winter of 1904-1905 by William Flinders Petrie, and dated to 1500 BCE, and the Wadi el-Ä¦Ã´l (or Wadi...
		The Meroitic script is an alphabet of Egyptian (Hieroglyphic) origin used in Kingdom of Meroë.
		Cuneiform script The Cuneiform script is one of the earliest known forms of written expression.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ugaritic-alphabet (1706 words)

	Runic alphabet - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The most likely candidates for the origins of runic scripts are the 5th to 1st century BC Northern Italic alphabets, Lepontic, Rhaetic and Venetic, all closely related to each other and themselves descended from the Old Italic alphabet.
		No distinction is made in surviving runic inscriptions between long and short vowels, although such a distinction was certainly present phonologically in the spoken languages of the time.
		The letters of the Gothic alphabet, however, as given by the Alcuin manuscript (9th century), are obviously related to the names of the Futhark.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Rune (3168 words)

	Input Modes
		Script tokens provide a general indication the set of characters that is covered by an input mode.
		However, this neither means that an input mode has to allow input for all the characters in the script or block, nor that an input mode is limited to only characters from that specific script.
		As an example, a "latin" keyboard doesn't cover all the characters in the Latin script, and includes punctuation which is not assigned to the Latin script.
	www.w3.org /TR/xforms/sliceE.html (1162 words)

	Gothic alphabet at AllExperts
		Blackletter typefaces for the Latin alphabet are sometimes referred to as "Gothic script".
		Representation of the Gothic alphabet surrounding its inventor Ulfilas.
		The Gothic alphabet is an alphabetic writing system attributed by Philostorgius to Wulfila, used exclusively for writing the ancient Gothic language.
	en.allexperts.com /e/g/go/gothic_alphabet.htm (567 words)

	Gothic language - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		The Gothic language (*gutiska razda, 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺) is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths and specifically by the Visigoths.
		Gothic is unusual among Germanic languages in having a [z] phoneme which is not derived from an [r] through rhotacization.
		The properties of the Gothic accent can be seen primarily in the origin of some of its long vowels (like [ī], [ū] et [ē]) and through a study of syncopes (the loss of unstressed vowels).
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=11885 (4689 words)

	Gothic Alphabet
		This unique script was used in all manuscripts written in Gothic and found in Europe.
		However, even a brief look at the alphabet assures that its basic system was borrowed from the Greek script of the 4th century.
		Nevertheless, we should mention that the Gothic phonetics changed somehow from the time of Wulfila till the latest Gothic documents, and good connection between the language and the script was lost sometimes.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /project/script/gothi.html (262 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Runic alphabet
		No distinction is made in surviving runic inscriptions between long and short vowels, although such a distinction was certainly present phonologically in the spoken languages of the time.
		Theories of the existence of separate Gothic runes have been advanced, even identifying them as the original alphabet from which the Futhark were derived, but these have little support in actual findings (mainly the spearhead of Kovel, with its right-to-left inscription, its T-shaped tiwaz and its rectangular dagaz).
		One of the important figures in Germanic mysticism and runic revivalism in the late 19th and early 20th century was the Austrian occultist, mysticist and völkisch author Guido von List.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Runic_alphabet (3731 words)

	BabelStone : Keyboard Layouts : Gothic
		The Gothic script was devised by Bishop Wulfila (circa 311-383) in order to facilitate his translation of the Bible into the Gothic language spoken by the Visigoths in the area between the Danube and Dniester rivers west of the Black Sea.
		The script devised by Bishop Wulfila consists of a mixture of letters that are derived from the Greek, Latin and Runic scripts.
		Gothic Letter Names, Rune Names and corresponding Runes are based on R.W.V. Elliot's Runes Table V. Each Gothic letter may also be used to represent a number, as in "ð¾ð°ð· ð±ð°ð ð°ð¹ð½.ð».
	www.babelstone.co.uk /Keyboards/Gothic.html (674 words)

	Gothic jewellery gothic accessories gothic fashions at Gothic Style
		This gothic bracelet is lovingly handcast and handmade in England from the finest English Pewter.
		This gothic bracelet is handcast and handmade in England from the finest English pewter.
		The skull and bones on this gothic bracelet are handcast and handmade in England from the finest English Pewter.
	www.gothicstyle.co.uk /index.php?cPath=45&sort=2a&page=2&osCsid=b561089e8927218a734ae6bbba873ae1 (573 words)

	Gothic Alphabet
		This unique script was used in all manuscripts written in Gothic and found in Europe.
		However, even a brief look at the alphabet assures that its basic system was borrowed from the Greek script of the 4th century.
		Nevertheless, we should mention that the Gothic phonetics changed somehow from the time of Wulfila till the latest Gothic documents, and good connection between the language and the script was lost sometimes.
	members.tripod.com /babaev/script/gothi.html (262 words)

	BASIC GOTHIC LETTERS
		Among the numerous runic inscriptions the oldest preserved is Gothic text.
		During twelfth to the sixteenth century Gothic script prevailed, and still has a representation in the characters of the German language.
		Script lettering is also a variation manuscript which is a variation of Roman.
	www.learn2paintsigns.com /basic-gothic-letters.htm (1033 words)

	Runic script
		The Runic script (traditionally known as futhark after the first six letter ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚁᚂ) first appears about 1st century in South Europe but are used very much in 11th century by the Germanic speaking groups, including Scandinavia.
		Medieval (latinised) futhark script (also: Dalecarlian Runic script, 1500?
		Runic script also occurs throughout thousands of runestones, mostly in Scandinavia.
	pedia.newsfilter.co.uk /wikipedia/r/ru/runic_script.html (217 words)

	Gothic: Non-Codex Materials
		By far the best-preserved and most useful Gothic text is the translation of most of the New Testament by Wulfila, contained in the Codex Argenteus manuscript in Uppsala.
		Runic inscriptions, dating from much earlier, are extremely problematic: not only are most of them badly damaged, broken, or eroded, but they are nearly all heavily disputed, since it is difficult to even determine their age or dialect, much less an actual meaning for the inscription.
		The Crimean Gothic attestations transcribed by the Flemish nobleman Busbecq are fascinating for their historical value: that a small enclave of Ostrogoths survived in the Crimea, nearly to the modern age, is truly amazing.
	www.nthuleen.com /papers/755gothfinalprint.html (745 words)

	Origins of the Runes
		Runes were used to write many languages including, Gothic, German, Frisian, English, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Lithuanian, Russian, Hebrew and other Semitic languages (due to trade relations with the Khazars, a Semitic tribe of traders of the Silk Road).
		Translation of runic inscriptions is therefore extremely difficult, and complicated by the fact that rune masters sometimes wrote cryptic puzzles or in secret script.
		Runic inscriptions are mostly found on jewelry, weapons, stones and other objects.
	www.sunnyway.com /runes/origins.html (1222 words)

	THE ALPHABET A Key to the History of Mankind
		Undeciphered scripts of Crete: Pictographic scripts ; Linear scripts.
		Pseudo-hieroglyphic script of Byblos: the inscription; the script; decipherment.
		Offshoots of the Etruscan alphabet: alphabet of the Piceni; Ventic alphabet; North Etruscan alphabets; Italic scripts: Oscan alphabet; Umbrian alphabet; Siculan alphabet; Latinian alphabets: Faliscan alphabet.
	www.exoticindiaart.com /book/details/IDD824 (1137 words)

	Sorting the letter ÞORN
		The Runic script, or Fuþark, is thought by some scholars also to have been derived from the Etruscan, via the Alpine scripts (Lepontic, Rhaetic, and Venetic) which were current between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE.
		The Gothic script was derived by Wulfila from the Greek, with the influence of the Germanic fuþark (already in use by the Goths) and the Latin alphabet.
		Nowadays most editions print Gothic with the Latin script, not the Gothic script, though some scholars have argued that this is bad practice: “The extraordinary significance of the alphabet in which the Gothic literary monuments were written was strongly emphasized by the late Herman Hirt: ‘Dreimal sind die Germanen zu einer Schrift gekommen.
	www.evertype.com /standards/wynnyogh/thorn.html (4833 words)

	Runic Academia
		Since none of the elder runic inscriptions is completely free of interpretative difficulty a great part of attention is given to the runic corpus itself, to its formal interpretation, analysis, classification and especially to the runic formulas.
		This particular book emphasizes that dates written in the runic inscriptions were hidden in the form of complex puzzles by clergymen as a form of entertainment or jest.
		Odenstedt claims that the Latin script was brought to the north by Scandinavian warriors who had served in the Roman Army which is not impossible, of course, although the onomastic evidence we have from the times before the Migration Age doesn't make this too likely.
	home.ica.net /~runesmith/bibliogr/acad.html (3888 words)

	DragonWeave Jewelry Gothic Rings
		In pewter and solid brass, a beautiful rendition of an ancient gothic pattern which may, or may not, mean more than it seems.
		In one direction the gothic lettering reads "life" but if you turn it over the same word reads "death".
		All-around pattern of alternating gothic trefoils in blood-red enamel and polished English pewter.
	www.dragonweave.com /mens-gothic-rings.html (1389 words)

	Runic alphabet information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The Runic alphabets are a set of related alphabets using letters known as runes, formerly used to write Germanic languages, mainly in Scandinavia and the British Isles, but before Christianization also on the European Continent.
		Another theory is that the runes originated directly from the Middle East, and are related to the Nabataean alphabet, a variant of the Phoenician alphabet.
		These inscriptions were made on wood and bone, often in the shape of sticks of various sizes, and contained inscriptions of an everyday nature - ranging from name tags, prayers (often in Latin), personal messages, business letters, expressions of affection, to bawdy phrases of a profane and sometimes even vulgar nature.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Runic_alphabet?redir=1 (3453 words)

	[No title]
		The other important evidences of from the Carpathian Basin runic scripts are the by Torma Zsófia found pottery pieces and clay discs, in 1857, 20Km from Tatárlaka near Tordos, Transylvania.
		Script is part of the writing style that evolved from the Egyptian and the Mesopotamian Sumerian hieroglyphics.
		The scene of the scripted memory is the messengers palace in Istanbul.
	www.atti.info /runics.htm (4787 words)

	The History of y
		In general, it is not a very difficult letter to recognise, the main variation being in which way the descender curves.
		In the later formal Gothic book hands, y is still a rare letter as so many texts are in Latin.
		This very elaborate, curly and decorative y with a fancy s shaped flourish for a dot is from the highly formal script known as Gothic prescissa, used only in very high grade manuscripts.
	medievalwriting.50megs.com /scripts/letters/historyy.htm (944 words)

	Write your message in Rune
		In use from the 2nd century BCE to the 17th century CE, runic writing was probably derived from one of the ancient alphabets of the Mediterranean area.
		As an alphabet system, there are at least three main varieties of runic script: Germanic runes used in northern Europe before 800 CE Anglo-Saxon, used in Britain from the 5th to the 13th century CE and Nordic, used from the 8th to the 17th century CE in Scandinavia and Iceland.
		Since the Nordic peoples believed the runic script to be a gift from the mighty Odin, they treated it with great reverence, assuming that the runes possessed divine, magical powers.
	www.ejeweler.com /runename.html (642 words)

	Fonts by Language/Script Support
		Arabic and Hebrew are two of the most popular complex scripts of the Middle East.
		The South Asian Scripts include the many Indic scripts.
		Thai, Lao, Myanmar, Khmer, Tai Le and Philippine scripts are among the scripts of Southeast Asia.
	www.ascendercorp.com /msfonts/msfonts_languagelist.html (488 words)

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