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Topic: Gothic dialect

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	Gothic Language - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Gothic Language, dead language, the only well-documented member of the extinct eastern branch of the Germanic languages.
		The earliest printed writings in Latvian are written in Gothic script, a form of writing once used in Germany, and are religious in nature.
		Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths.
	encarta.msn.com /Gothic_Language.html (220 words)

	intro
		It is from this latter group that Gothic emerged as a separate language during the first century B.C in the Danubian region.
		Wulfilan Gothic was an highly inflected language, still very close from its Germanic ancestor.
		An exemple of Wulfilan Gothic from circa 300 A.D is
	www.geocities.com /erwan-ar-skoul/intro.html (913 words)

	Gothic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The language was in decline by the mid-6th century, due in part to the military defeat of the Goths at the hands of the Franks, the elimination of the Goths in Italy, massive conversion to primarily Latin-speaking Roman Catholicism, and geographic isolation.
		Gothic is rich in fricative consonants (although many of them may have been approximants, it's hard to separate the two) derived by the processes described in Grimm's law and Verner's law and characteristic of Germanic languages.
		Gothic had nominative, accusative, genitive and dative cases, as well as vestiges of a vocative case that was sometimes identical to the nominative and sometimes to the accusative.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gothic_language (5013 words)

	Authorized King James Version of the Bible 1611
		In the first place, then, the dialect of this translation was not, at the time of the revision, or, indeed, at any other period, the actual current book-language nor the colloquial speech of the English people.
		rule that a translator ought to adopt a dialect belonging to that period in the history of his own language when its vocabulary and its grammar were in the condition most nearly corresponding to those of his original.
		The dialect of the English Bible is also the dialect of devotion and of religious instruction wherever the English language is spoken, and all denominations substantially agree in their sacred phraseology, with whatever difference in interpretation.
	www.bibles.n7nz.org (3644 words)

	Danish_language information. LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		The dialects are called runic due to the fact that the main body of text appears in the runic alphabet.
		Such "genuine" dialects were formerly spoken by a vast majority of the population, but have declined much since the 1960's.
		Usually an adaptation of the local dialect to rigsdansk is spoken, though code-switching between the standard-like norm and a distinct dialect is common.
	www.school-explorer.com /Danish (2808 words)

	Goths
		Jordanes, a Romanized 6th century Goth, reported their origin according to Gothic tradition and legend to be in Scandinavia - or at least that's how he is used to be interpreted.
		There are interesting correspondences between Gothic and Gutnish (the Swedish dialect of Gotland) such as "lamb" being the generic name for sheep.
		It is a matter of dispute whether the Geats, a people living in the Geatish lands in Sweden, did satisfy this alleged connection.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/go/Goths.html (416 words)

	Medieval Gothic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the Gothic "dialect" we read that the walls are not called upon to do much work in the way of supporting the roof.
		The Gothic sculptor inventive genius also materialized in the grotesque, which is so perfectly exhibited by the gargoyles, those weirdly fascinating projections which act as water-spouts, and prevent the weather from running down the sides of the building by throwing it some distance away from the face of the walls.
		Whether we look at a Medieval Gothic building from within or from outside, we cannot but feel that the decorative artist fully realize the emotional properties of light and shade, of color and form, and that his work is a robust testimony to liberty of thought and freedom of action.
	www.medieval-spell.com /Medieval-Gothic.html (1452 words)

	Gothic language - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		The language was in decline by the mid-6th century, due in part to the military defeat of the Goths at the hands of the Franks, the elimination of the Goths in Italy, massive conversion to primarily Latin-speaking Roman Catholicism, and geographic isolation.
		Gothic is rich in fricative consonants (although many of them may have been approximants, it's hard to separate the two) derived by the processes described in Grimm's law and Verner's law and characteristic of Germanic languages.
		Gothic had nominative, accusative, genitive and dative cases, as well as vestiges of a vocative case that was sometimes identical to the nominative and sometimes to the accusative.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=11885 (4680 words)

	§3. Changes in Grammar. XIX. Changes in the Language to the Days of Chaucer. Vol. 1. From the Beginnings to the ...
		The Gothic declension of this noun, it will be seen, has only one weak point, namely, that the accusative plural had assumed the form of the nominative.
		We lack definite evidence as to the rapidity with which these two endings came, in the northern dialect, to be applied to nearly all substantives, but the process probably occupied no very long time.
		The practice of forming genitives and plurals, as a general rule, with this ending spread from the northern to the midland dialect; perhaps this dialect may, in part, have developed it independently.
	www.bartleby.com /211/1903.html (1135 words)

	Germanic Languages
		Gothic was the East Germanic language of the Germanic speaking people who migrated from southern Scania (southern Sweden) to the Ukraine.
		Gothic is recorded in translations of parts of the bible into West Gothic in the fourth century C. and by names.
		The last Gothic speakers reported were in the Crimea in the sixteenth century C. An example of Gothic (The Lord's Prayer).
	softrat.home.mindspring.com /germanic.html (3010 words)

	Dutch@Everything2.com
		Flemish (Vlaams), spoken in parts of Belgium and some parts of France, is a dialect of Dutch, though it may be politically correct in some circles to call it a separate language.
		Likewise, Dutch dialects or creoles are widely spoken in former Dutch colonies---for example, Sranan in Suriname.
		The north central dialects : the larger part of Utrecht and the provinces of North and South Holland between the IJsselmeer to the north and the Meuse and Lek to the south.
	www.everything2.com /index.pl?node=Dutch (3267 words)

	The Annotated Bagme Bloma
		The remaining 17 are hypothetical, not recorded in Gothic, but reconstructed from words in other old Germanic languages according to the well-established rules by which the sounds of these languages evolved from their common origin.
		Tolkien´s reconstructed Gothic cognate for English "brown", is used here for "shining", as of polished metal, as the Old English and Old Norse forms of this word sometimes are.
		There are a few examples of a noun phrase split by a verb in the Gothic corpus, and the device is also used in Old English and Old Norse poetry.
	www.oe.eclipse.co.uk /nom/bagme.htm (764 words)

	Gothic: Non-Codex Materials
		By far the best-preserved and most useful Gothic text is the translation of most of the New Testament by Wulfila, contained in the Codex Argenteus manuscript in Uppsala.
		Two of the few non-Biblical samples of Gothic we have preserved are the title deeds of Naples and Arezzo.
		The Crimean Gothic attestations transcribed by the Flemish nobleman Busbecq are fascinating for their historical value: that a small enclave of Ostrogoths survived in the Crimea, nearly to the modern age, is truly amazing.
	www.nthuleen.com /papers/755gothfinal.html (745 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Crimean Gothic
		Crimean Gothic was a dialect of Gothic that was spoken by the Crimean Goths in some isolated locations in Crimea (now Ukraine) perhaps until as late as the 18th century.
		Few fragments of the Crimean Gothic have survived: All our knowledge is based on a letter by the 16th century Flemish ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, which gives a list of some eighty words and a bit of insight into its grammar.
		Crimean Gothic is almost universally recognized as Gothic on the grounds of its phonological features: the word ada "egg", for instance, shows the typical Gothic "strengthening" of Proto-Germanic -jj- into -ddj- (as in Ulfilian Gothic* iddja "went" from PGmc.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Crimean_Gothic_language (208 words)

	Introduction & Abbreviations
		Assyrian, Akkadian dialect spoken in the empire that flourished on the Tigris River 7c.
		Gothic, the East Germanic language of the Goths, extinct since 16c., but because of early missionary work among them we have Gothic texts 200 years earlier than those in any other Gmc.
		C.E. Among its dialects were Ionian-Attic (the language of Homer and the Athenian dramatists), Aeolic (used in Thessaly, Boeotia and Lesbos), and Dorian (the language of Sparta).
	www.etymonline.com /abbr.php (3129 words)

	INDOEUROPEAN EVOLUTION
		In Gothic we see some of the most dramatic (although systematic) changes: PIE p, t, k, and kw become f, th, h, and hw, while all others are more conservative.
		Likewise, in Gothic and in Armenian, PIE b, d, and g become p, t, and k, while all others are more conservative.
		Gothic as an outlier in the Centum group.
	www.ship.edu /~cgboeree/indoeuropean.html (2134 words)

	Versions of the New Testament
		The gospels are preserved primarily in the Codex Argenteus of the sixth century.
		Burkitt found a number of readings which the Gothic shared with the Old Latin f (10), though scholars are not agreed on the significance of this.
		Dialect, text, and history are all entirely different -- and generally less well-known.
	www.skypoint.com /~waltzmn/Versions.html (14315 words)

	German - Language Information & Resources
		German is also spoken in dialect form throughout Luxembourg and by much of the population of the regions of eastern France formerly known as Alsace and Lorraine.
		Outside Europe, dialect German continues to be spoken in large emigrant communities in southern Brazil, South Africa, Australia, and the United States (notably Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Texas).
		The first, fragmentary example of the latter is the so-called “Gothic Bible”, dating from 350 A.D., made by the Visigothic Bishop Wulfila, of the so-called Arian church, for the conversion of Gothic-speaking tribes inhabiting the Black Sea coast around the mouths of the Danube.
	www.alsintl.com /languages/German.shtml (2150 words)

	LANGUAGE & CULTURE
		Low Gothic, also referred to as Base Gothic or Common Tongue, is the main language used everyday by the majority of people in the Imperium.
		Therefore the accents and dialects are remarkably similar leading to some citizens proclaiming that their long lost cousins have returned.
		Low Gothic is often debased even further in some cultures, where slang marks one out as belonging to a gang or to an organisation.
	members.fortunecity.com /pangolinsaloon/fl/language.htm (1418 words)

	INDOEUROPEAN EVOLUTION
		In Gothic we see some of the most dramatic (although systematic) changes: PIE p, t, k, and kw become f, th, h, and hw, while all others are more conservative.
		Likewise, in Gothic and in Armenian, PIE b, d, and g become p, t, and k, while all others are more conservative.
		Or it could be the lone descendent of a Dacian dialect that later moved into the Albanian region.
	webspace.ship.edu /cgboer/indoeuropean.html (2145 words)

	"A living death": gothic signification and the nadir in The Marrow of Tradition - Charles W. Chesnutt - Critical Essay ...
		In this view Hemenway is not alone: several recent critics have claimed the representation of slavery as entrapment in extremis to be a generative condition for the American gothic.
		This realignment, he contends, generates a gothic tropics grounded in American slavery, with (southern) whites cast as evil persecutors and fls as their persecuted victims.
		Chesnutt's gothic figuration, according to Hemenway, was designed to locate conjure historically as an expression of slave culture, that is, as something safely distanced in the past (119).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2278/is_4_27/ai_97331214 (926 words)

	Luther's Translation of the Bible
		The civilization of the barbarians in the dark ages began with the introduction of Christianity, and the translation of such portions of the Scriptures as were needed in public worship.
		The Gothic Bishop Wulfila or Wölflein (i.e., Little Wolf) in the fourth century translated nearly the whole Bible from the Greek into the Gothic dialect.
		He chose as the basis the Saxon dialect, which was used at the Saxon court and in diplomatic intercourse between the emperor and the estates, but was bureaucratic, stiff, heavy, involved, dragging, and unwieldy.
	www.bible-researcher.com /luther02.html (8308 words)

	Old Norse Online: Series Introduction
		For example, Old Norse and Gothic show a common innovation within the Germanic family, whereby medial jj and ww are both sharpened (to ddj and ggw in Gothic, to ggj and ggw in Old Norse).
		Gothic exhibits the change of initial fl- to þl-, absent in both North and West Germanic.
		Thus a simplistic family-tree model resulting from presumed linguistic isolation is a tenuous and sometimes misleading synopsis of the early development of the Germanic languages.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/eieol/norol-0-X.html (1965 words)

	History of Art: Gothic Art- Hubert van Eyck, Jan van Eyck
		The brothers Hubert van Eyck, Jan van Eyck and Lambert van Eyck were all painters; a sister, Margaret, was also identified as a painter by van Vaernewijck (1568), who recorded that she was unmarried and was buried next to Hubert in Ghent.
		The tradition that the family originated in Maaseick [Maeseyck], near Maastricht, seems confirmed by the dialect of Jan van Eyck’s motto and colour notes on his portrait drawing of a man (Dresden, Kupferstichkab.) and by his gift of vestments to a convent in Maaseick, where his daughter Lievine became a nun.
		The family belonged to the gentry: the armorials of Jan’s epitaph in St Bavo’s, Ghent, showed that his father or grandfather came from Brabant, perhaps near ’s Hertogenbosch, and married a woman from a Mosan family.
	www.all-art.org /gothic_era/van_eyck5.html (527 words)

	GERMANY: Dialects in Saxony. The Lusatians or Sorbs
		George comments on the statement "Concerning Leiptsch, it is very interesting that in the eastern parts of Germany, some dialect modulations start to sound Slavic".
		This is a picturesque district of marshes where we took a large tourist punt around the canals, the man wielding the pole entertaining us in an incomprehensible dialect.
		This is the area where the Sorbian, or Wendish language is spoken, a Slav dialect.
	www.stanford.edu /group/wais/Germany/germany_dialectsinsaxony11003.html (526 words)

	Valencia
		Valencia has been called the city of the 100 bell towers, of which the most outstanding are the Gothic Miguelete Tower (1381-1424), adjoining the cathedral, and the hexagonal Tower of Santa Catalina (1688-1705), a fine example of Valencian Baroque style.
		Begun in the 13th century (completed 1482), it represents several styles (its three doorways are respectively Romanesque, Baroque, and Gothic); and it possesses many works of art, including two large religious paintings by Goya.
		It is composed of farmers, who hear disputes over irrigation waters and dispense justice on the spot, conducting all proceedings orally, in the Valencian dialect of Catalan.
	www.indiana.edu /~iuhpfl/valencia.htm (418 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Celts shared dialects of a common Indo-European language (now represented by Irish and Scottish Gaelic, Welsh and Breton) and common art forms (La Téne styles of the European Iron Age) but little else, and were gradually submerged by Roman and Germanic expansion.
		376) Gothic chieftain in southern Russia whose kingdom was swamped by the movement of Huns and Alans westwards in the 370s.
		Hermanaric's defeat and suicide began the migration of Visigoths into the empire, and his memory was revered as the last of the old rulers of the Goths.
	www.jim-riddell.com /history/glossary.htm (10786 words)

	Literary Terms and Definitions G
		GEOGRAPHICAL DIALECT (also called a regional dialect): A dialect that appears primarily in a geographic area, as opposed to a dialect that appears primarily in an ethnic group or social caste.
		Manuscripts from the Gothic period of art likewise have strange monsters and fantastical creatures depicted in the margins of the page, and elaborate vine-work or leaf-work painted along the borders.
		GOTHIC NOVEL: A type of romance wildly popular between 1760 up until the 1820s that has influenced the ghost story and horror story.
	web.cn.edu /kwheeler/lit_terms_G.html (2730 words)

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