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Topic: Gothic language fragments

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	Gothic language - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		The language was in decline by the mid-6th century, due in part to the military defeat of the Goths at the hands of the Franks, the elimination of the Goths in Italy, massive conversion to primarily Latin-speaking Roman Catholicism, and geographic isolation.
		The language survived in Spain as late as the 8th century, and Frankish author Walafrid Strabo wrote that it was still spoken in the lower Danube area and in isolated mountain regions in Crimea in the early 9th century (see Crimean Gothic).
		Gothic had nominative, accusative, genitive and dative cases, as well as vestiges of a vocative case that was sometimes identical to the nominative and sometimes to the accusative.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=11885 (4689 words)

	Gothic - Language Directory
		The Gothic language (gutiska razda) is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths and specifically by the Visigoths.
		The language survived in the Iberian peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal) as late as the 8th century, and Frankish author Walafrid Strabo wrote that it was still spoken in the lower Danube area and in isolated mountain regions in Crimea in the early 9th century (see Crimean Gothic).
		The few fragments of their language from the 16th century show significant differences from the language of the Gothic Bible, although some of the glosses, such as ada for "egg", imply a common heritage.
	language-directory.50webs.com /languages/gothic.htm (612 words)

	Gothic language - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		GOTHIC LANGUAGE [Gothic language] dead language belonging to the now extinct East Germanic group of the Germanic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages (see Germanic languages).
		Gothic has special value for the linguist because it was recorded several hundred years before the oldest surviving texts of all the other Germanic languages (except for a handful of earlier runic inscriptions in Old Norse).
		The earliest extant document in Gothic preserves part of a translation of the Bible made in the 4th cent.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-gothicla.html (327 words)

	Gothic language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Gothic language (''gutiska razda'', 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺) is a Germanic language known to us by a translation of the Bible dating from the 4th century.
		Gothic language New Testament texts are preserved in the Codex Argenteus, the Codex Ambrosianus, and in some palimpsests and in other fragments, such as the Codex Carolinus in Wolfenbüttel.
		Apart from these texts from the New Testament, the only other Gothic document, and the only text known to us that was originally composed in the Gothic language, is the "Skeireins", a few pages of commentary on the Gospel of John.
	gothic-language.kiwiki.homeip.net (970 words)

	About the Gothic language
		Knowledge of it is derived primarily from the remains of a Bible translation made in the 4th century by the Visigothic bishop Wulfila or Ulfilas, although the surviving manuscripts are not originals but later copies thought to have been written in northern Italy during the period of Ostrogothic rule (first half of the 6th century).
		Other remains are scarce and include fragments of a commentary on St. John's Gospel (the so-called Skeireins), a fragment of a calendar, two deeds containing some Gothic sentences, and a 10th-century manuscript which gives the Gothic alphabet, a few Gothic words with Latin translation, and some phonetic remarks with illustrative examples.
		Anyone who is seriously interested in the history of Germanic languages should have at least some knowledge of Gothic: the language sheds light on the transition from Indo-European to the various Germanic languages and gives clear understanding of their structure in general.
	www.wulfila.be /gothic/gotica (629 words)

	Gothic language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Gothic was spoken by the Ostrogoths of ancient Germany and Italy and by the Visigoths of eastern Europe and Spain.
		Most knowledge of Gothic is derived from fragments of a translation of the Bible made by the 4th-century Gothic bishop Ulfilas (or Wulfila).
		Gothic died leaving just a small dialectal group of Crimean Gothic which can hardly be considered as a descendant of this tongue.
	members.tripod.com /~babaev/tree/gothic.html (304 words)

	GOTHIC - LanguageServer - University of Graz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Gothic belongs to the eastern subbranch of the North Germanic languages.
		Glossary from Joseph Wright's Grammar of the Gothic Language
		Ebbinghaus, Ernst Albrecht: The vowel of the Gothic reduplicating syllable
	languageserver.uni-graz.at /ls/lang?id=54 (609 words)

	Swedish 101 > Swedish Language > History
		Though stages of language development are never as sharply delimited as implied here, and should not be taken too literally, the system of subdivisions used in this article is the most commonly used by Swedish linguists and is used for the sake of practicality.
		Early medieval Swedish was markedly different from the modern language in that it had a more complex case structure and had not yet experienced a reduction of the gender system.
		With the exception of plural forms of verbs and a slightly different syntax, particularly in the written language, the language was the same as the Swedish spoken today.
	www.101languages.net /swedish/history.html (1640 words)

	The Annotated Bagme Bloma
		The remaining 17 are hypothetical, reconstructed according to the well-established rules by which the sounds of these languages evolved from their common origin.
		Tolkien´s reconstructed Gothic cognate for English "brown", is used here for "shining", as of polished metal, as the Old English and Old Norse forms of this word sometimes are.
		Shippey: "trembling she speaks a language", but judging by 1Cor 14:27 jaþþe razdai hvas rodjai "if someone is going to speak in tongues" and Mk 16:17 razdom rodjand niujaim "they shall speak with new tongues" (albeit matching the Greek syntax), we might expect the dative razdai here too.
	www.oe.eclipse.co.uk /nom/bagme.htm (700 words)

	“Little Wolf” & the Gothic Bible
		Possessing the ability to speak Greek, Latin and Gothic, in 336 Ulfilas came to Constantinople as an interpreter for the Gothic court.
		Returning to Dacia, Ulfilas preached among the Goths for seven years, until persecution from the Gothic leader Athanaric became so severe that Ulfilas appealed to the Roman emperor to allow him and a large group of converts to settle south of the Danube in the Roman territory of Moesia.
		The fragments of this translation which have survived are of great value to modern biblical study.
	home.att.net /~kmpope/LittleWolf.html (799 words)

	Wulfila project: a small digital library dedicated to the study of the Gothic language
		Project Wulfila is a small digital library dedicated to the study of the Gothic language and Old Germanic languages in general.
		The focus is currently on the Gothic Bible and minor fragments; in addition, we are working on a lemmatized edition of the Old Saxon Heliand and – on a smaller scale – selected Middle and Early Modern Dutch documents.
		Incidentally, it was in the city of Antwerp that fragments of the Gothic Bible were published for the first time ever.
	www.wulfila.be (424 words)

	Gothic Online
		Gothic, however, is unique in displaying in the plural a fuller form of the second element than one finds in other Germanic languages.
		Gothic thus possesses the following weak verb classes, usually distinguished in grammars by the form of the infinitive.
		In Gothic, as in the other Germanic languages, the reflex of the PGmc *-i/ij- suffix in certain morphological forms depends on the shape of the root to which it was affixed.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/eieol/gotol-8.html (4266 words)

	Definitions of Gothic
		The Gothic church or cathedral, seeming to aspire eternally heavenwards, is naturally taken as a symbol of medieval spirituality.
		Gothic was also applied to municipal and industrial buildings, but by the 1880s the movement gave way to greater eclecticism.
		The word Gothic, first recorded in 1611 in a reference to the language of the Goths, was extended in sense in several ways, meaning Germanic, medieval, not classical, barbarous, and also an architectural style that was not Greek or Roman.
	www.vampgirl.com /gothdefinition.html (837 words)

	Crimean Gothic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Crimean Gothic was a dialect of Gothic that was spoken by the Crimean Goths in some isolated locations in Crimea (now Ukraine) perhaps until as late as the 16th century.
		Few fragments of the Crimean Gothic have survived: All our knowledge is based on a letter by the 16th century Flemish ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, which gives a list of some eighty words and a bit of insight into its grammar.
		Crimean Gothic is almost universally recognized as Gothic on the grounds of its phonological features: the word ada "egg", for instance, shows the typical Gothic "strengthening" of Proto-Germanic -jj- into -ddj- (as in Ulfilian Gothic* iddja "went" from PGmc.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crimean_Gothic_language (205 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In addition specimens of the language are preserved in the five Codices Ambrosiani and the Codex Carolinus (all of which are codices rescripti, and fragmentary), and the fragmentary Codex Turiensis.
		A handful of additional short fragments and runic inscriptions are known, along with an early-modern word-list in a language cognate with Gothic and usually described as Crimean Gothic.
		The language of the Codex Argenteus and virtually all of the other Gothic fragments may be regarded as an ideolect used by Wulfila for his translation, and which may or may not represent Gothic as it was spoken by any of the Gothic peoples.
	www.shakespeare.uk.net /journal/1_3/DAVIS.DOC (1903 words)

	Etruscan alphabet and language
		The Etruscan language was spoken by the Etruscans in Etruria (Tuscany and Umbria) until about the 1st century AD, after which it continued to be studied by priests and scholars.
		The language was used in religious ceremonies until the early 5th century.
		Etruscan is related to Raetic, a language once spoken in the Alps, and also to Lemnian, once spoken on the island of Lemnos.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/etruscan.htm (397 words)

	gothic - definition by dict.die.net
		Pointed style (Arch.), a name given to that style of architecture in which the pointed arch is the predominant feature; -- more commonly called Gothic.
		The language of the Goths; especially, the language of that part of the Visigoths who settled in Moesia in the 4th century.
		The portion of this translaton which is preserved is the oldest known literary document in any Teutonic language.
	dict.die.net /gothic (199 words)

	Gothic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gothic writing distinguishes between long and short vowels only for /i/ - writing i for the short form and ei for the long (a digraph or false diphthong), in imitation of Greek usage (ει = /iː/).
		Gothic is unusual among Germanic languages in having a /z/ phoneme which has not become /r/ through rhotacization.
		Nasals in Gothic, like most languages, are pronounced at the same point of articulation as either the consonant that follows them (assimilation).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gothic_language (5027 words)

	Euskal Herria Journal \| Basque Language and Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Basque is the sole surviving non-Indo-European language in Western Europe, it is classified as a language isolate.
		Estonian, Finnish and Saami (Lapp) are languages belonging to the Finnic branch of Finno-Ugric, Hungarian represents Ugric.
		The existence of loanwords from Basque and/or Proto-Basque“ in languages of the Iberian peninsula is beyond doubt and beyond dispute.
	www.ehj-navarre.org /blessons/mowstr.html (6025 words)

	GOTHIC CULTURE
		Horace Walpole applied the word Gothic to his novel The Castle of Otranto, a Gothic Story (1765) in the sense “medieval, not classical.” From this novel filled with scenes of terror and gloom in a medieval setting descended a literary genre still popular today; from its subtitle descended the name for it.
		The style originated in 15th century Germany and was called "Middle Gothic." The Gothic movement was a response to the repression of Christianity and the movement had to develop as underground: a pagan revival of sorts.
		The people who made up this Middle Gothic movement were not violent nor were they drawn to the ways of evil (as it is with the Goth way of today) but were only concerned with being afforded the right to express their creativity and ideals through their arts without the fear of oppression.
	www.angelfire.com /goth2/witchgoddess/goth.html (1252 words)

	Logos Bible Software for Ancient Languages
		Aramaic is a Northwest Semitic language - in the same family of languages as Hebrew, Ugaritic and Phoenician.
		This language is one of the closest siblings to Biblical Hebrew, and as such plays a very important role in studying the language of the Hebrew Bible.
		Georgian is the ancient language of Georgia, located in the Caucusus region of central Asia (formerly in the Soviet Union).
	www.logos.com /ancientlanguages (1957 words)

	Codex Argenteus - From Ravenna to Uppsala - The wanderings of a Gothic manuscript from the early sixth century - 64th ...
		It is a record of the four Gospels, an evangeliarium, in the Gothic language.
		The translation of the Gospels from Greek to Gothic was made in the fourth century by the Gothic bishop Wulfila, who even constructed the Gothic alphabet.
		It was a question of great Gothic national prestige, that the Arians should have as splendid churches as the Catholics.
	www.ifla.org /IV/ifla64/050-132e.htm (3052 words)

	Part 8 - Relation of this System to Christianity.
		Fragments of his Gothic version are preserved at Upsal.
		The Conquering Ostrogoth or Visigoth, the Vandal, the Burgundian, the Frank, stood apart from the subjugated Roman population, as an armed or territorial aristocracy.
		They maintain, in great part at least, their laws, their language, their habits, their character; in religion alone they are blended into one society, constitute one church, worship at the same altar, and render allegiance to the same hierarchy.
	www.vikingage.com /vac/religion8.html (1769 words)

	[No title]
		Yet this wound is deeper and wider, it is the social wound which bleeds out the deferred pain of a banalized generation, the stain under the plush beige carpet, the leak in the somnifacient waterbeds of a suburban existence so attenuated that it has become, in Baudrillard's terms, a mere simulacrum of itself.
		In the second phase, the body-without-organs, or BwO, re-absorbs these partial and persecutorial fragments: the infamous schizo Judge Schreber swallows his larynx accidentally, but is healed by the "miraculating" rays that seem to radiate from his anus; the Blob absorbs its victims into an undifferentiated amoebic mass; the Golem returns to clay.
		Leaving aside the fact that the Gothic itself is historically an outgrowth of the sentimental, there is no reason to expect that the drama at work in this film be univocal, even at the start (something which is signalled immediately in the juxtaposition of suburban tract homes and gothic castle).
	www3.iath.virginia.edu /pmc/text-only/issue.592/potter.592 (4974 words)

	codex argenteus: lingua gotorum aut lingua gotica? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The language of the Codex Argenteus has long been assumed to be the language of the Goths - lingua gotorum.
		The location of this manuscript from its composition until the sixteenth century, when it is recorded in Werden on the River Rhur, is the subject of conjecture; subsequent accident has brought it to the library of the University of Uppsala, Sweden.
		Bennett, William H. An Introduction to the Gothic Language (Introductions to the Older Languages of Europe 2), New York.
	www.shakespeare.uk.net /journal/1_3/davis1_3.html (1758 words)

	The Orphan of the Rhine by Eleanor Sleath \| The Literary Gothic
		It seemed the language of complaint, and the frame of mind she was then in heightened the tender sensation of pity that the lay inspired.
		That exquisite sensibility, which glowed upon her cheek, and spoke, in the fine language of her eyes, the tenderness of a father, she had cherished as a grace, without reflecting that, if indulged, it would degenerate into weakness, and cease to be a virtue.
		When she had gazed for a considerable time upon these relics of ancient greatness, she opened the high Gothic casement of her window, which was adorned, on the upper part, with a variety of saints, crucifixes, and other holy devices, and cast her eyes over the fine extent of landscape with the most pleasurable emotions.
	www.litgothic.com /Texts/orphan1.html (15012 words)

	Ulfila
		Although his life cannot be reconstructed with certainty, fragments have come from 4th- and 5th-century ecclesiastical historians.
		Because of persecution by the Gothic ruler, Ulfila, after working for seven years among the Goths north of the Danube, led his congregation to Moesia (now part of Bulgaria) with the consent of the Arian Roman emperor Constantius II.
		The national Gothic church that Ulfila helped to create, endowing it with a vernacular Bible and probably liturgy, was Arian from the start.
	faculty.cua.edu /pennington/ChurchHistory220/LectureTwo/Ulfila.htm (451 words)

	Fragments and Comma Splices
		Fragments: lack subjects (main nouns) or predicates (main verbs), or may be a dependent clause which has not been joined to an independent clause.
		If the fragment is a noun phrase (has no main verb) or a verbal phrase (verbs and associated words not functioning as a main verb):
		A chapel of some sort is usually called for--decorated Gothic or vertical Gothic, above all the cemetery must be landscaped in such a way as to afford comfort to the mourners.
	www.iwu.edu /~jhaefner/WC200XSP03/fragments_csplices.html (1275 words)

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