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	Gottfried Leibniz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Leibniz is credited with the term "function" (1694), which he used to describe a quantity related to a curve, such as a curve's slope or a specific point of said curve.
		Leibniz is generally, with Newton, jointly credited for the development of the modern calculus, in particular, for his development of the integral and the product rule.
		Leibniz is believed to be the first person to suggest that the concept of feedback was useful for explaining many phenomena in many different fields of study.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz (2784 words)

	Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Tutte le informazioni su Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz su Encyclopedia.it (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (Lipsia, 1 luglio 1646 - Hannover, 14 novembre 1716) è stato un filosofo, scienziato, matematico, diplomatico, bibliotecario e avvocato tedesco di origine serba.
		Leibniz viene generalmente accreditato, assieme a Isaac Newton, dello sviluppo del calcolo moderno, con particolare riferimento al calcolo integrale.
		Molti studiosi si sono chiesti più volte a cosa si sarebbe potuti giungere se Leibniz fosse riuscito a combinare le sue scoperte di aritmetica binaria con quelle fatte in calcolo meccanico.
	www.encyclopedia.it /g/go/gottfried_wilhelm_leibniz.html (624 words)

	Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz - Famous mathematicians pictures, posters, gifts items, note cards, greeting cards, ...
		Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a philosopher, mathematician, physicist, jurist, and contemporary of Newton.
		Leibniz is portrayed overlaid with integral notation from his calculus which he developed coincident with but independently of Newton's development of calculus.
		Leibniz, who had strong conceptual differences with Newton in other areas, notably with Newton's concept of absolute space, also develop bitter conceptual differences with Descartes over what was then referred to as the "fundamental quantity of motion", a precursor of the Law of Conservation of Energy.
	www.mathematicianspictures.com /Mathematicians/Leibniz.htm (432 words)

	Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Leibniz’s calculus was published in 1684, three years before Newton’s, and his system of notation was universally adopted.
		Leibniz’s assertion, however, does not imply an unqualified optimism, since evil is a necessary ingredient in even the best of all possible worlds.
		A basic distinction in Leibniz’s logic is that made between “truths of reason,” or necessary propositions, whose principle is the law of noncontradiction, and “truths of fact,” or contingent propositions, based on the principle of sufficient reason.
	www.bartleby.com /65/le/Leibniz.html (696 words)

	Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
		Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz was born at Leipzig on 21 June (1 July), 1646.
		Leibniz, it should be understood, was actuated as much by patriotic motives as he was by religious considerations.
		Leibniz, it should be added, met with little success in his other plan of conciliation, namely, his scheme for the union of Protestants among themselves.
	www.meta-religion.com /Philosophy/Biography/Leibniz/leibniz.htm (4251 words)

	Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz - Metaweb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716) was a real person, famous for inventing differential calculus and the related dispute with Isaac Newton.
		Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (July 1, 1646 in Leipzig -November 14, 1716 in Hanover) was a German philosopher, scientist, mathematician, diplomat, librarian, and lawyer of Sorb descent.
		In symbolic logic Leibniz enunciated the principal properties of what we now call logical multiplication, addition, negation, identity, class-inclusion, and the null-class; but the aim of Leibniz's researches was, as he said, to create "a kind of general system of notation in which all the truths of reason should be reduced to a calculus.
	www.metaweb.com /wiki/wiki.phtml?title=Gottfried_Wilhelm_von_Leibniz (1563 words)

	Island of Freedom - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
		Leibniz was born in Leipzig and educated at the universities of Leipzig, Jena, and Altdorf.
		Leibniz described the unfolding of the states as "appetition," applicable equally to purposive human activity and the movements of a sunflower to the sun.
		Leibniz's reply was that every actual state of affairs has hypothetical but not absolute necessity; free and spontaneous activity is allowed for in the pre-established harmony of all monads and their states.
	www.island-of-freedom.com /LEIBNIZ.HTM (975 words)

	Leibniz
		Gottfried Leibniz was the son of Friedrich Leibniz, a professor of moral philosophy at Leipzig.
		Leibniz's mother was Catharina Schmuck, the daughter of a lawyer and Friedrich Leibniz's third wife.
		Leibniz began to study motion, and although he had in mind the problem of explaining the results of Wren and Huygens on elastic collisions, he began with abstract ideas of motion.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.html (3541 words)

	Literary Encyclopedia: Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
		Leibniz is reputed to have taught himself to read both Latin and Greek, enabling him to take advantage of the wealth of classical and scholastic texts in his father’s study, especially after the death of his father in 1652.
		Leibniz perfected an eclectic approach to the resolution of disputes, focusing on points of agreement and minimising the impact of differences, whether of classical philosophy, religious faith or modern science, and whether by developing mathematical or philosophical understanding.
		In 1685, Ernst August commissioned Leibniz to write a history of the House of Brunswick, the aim being to establish its descent from the Italian House of Este and thus vindicate the claim of the House of Brunswick to be admitted as the ninth electorate of the Holy Roman Empire.
	www.litencyc.com /php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=2683 (2759 words)

	The Philosophy of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
		Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (picture), who had a mind of encyclopedic culture, was born in 1646 at Leipzig, where he acquired during his early studies a profound knowledge of philosophy itself and of the history of medieval and modern philosophy and of the mathematical sciences.
		For Leibniz, the intellect is an active potency which finds itself the power of being reduced to act by virtue of the spontaneity of the monad, as we shall see in his metaphysics.
		Thus Leibniz, while wishing to avoid the voluntarism of Descartes and the absolute necessity of Spinoza, winds up by approaching this latter, and finishes by conceiving of the world as forming and shaping itself under the necessity of the principle of sufficient reason.
	www.radicalacademy.com /philleibniz.htm (2398 words)

	Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
		Leibniz is due the credit for first using the infinitesimals (very small quantities that were precursors of the modern idea of limits) as differences.
		Leibniz himself never sought to conceal that it was after his 1673 visit to London, by which time Newton had worked out his calculus of fluxions, that he began his investigations into tangents and quadratures, the research that eventually led to his discovery of calculus.
		Leibniz always communicated his findings to fellow mathematicians; most mathematicians of the time were working on the same problems and they all knew the work that had been done on infinitesimal quantities.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0004458.html (461 words)

	MSN Encarta - Leibniz
		Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, also Leibnitz, Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von (1646-1716), German philosopher, mathematician, and statesman, regarded as one of the supreme intellects of the 17th century.
		Leibniz's contribution in mathematics was to discover, in 1675, the fundamental principles of infinitesimal calculus.
		Leibniz's system was published in 1684, Newton's in 1687, and the method of notation devised by Leibniz was universally adopted (see Mathematical Symbols).
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761576058/Leibniz.html (464 words)

	Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 - 1716)
		Gottfried Leibniz laid the modern foundation of the movement from decimal to binary as far back as 1666 (the same year as the Great Fire of London) with his 'On the Art of Combination', laying out a method for reducing all logic to exact statements.
		Leibniz found some sort of confirmation for his theories in the I Ching's depiction of the universe as a progression of contradicting dualities, a series of on-off, yes-no possibilities, such as dark-light and male-female, which formed the complex interaction of life and consciousness.
		Leibniz died without achieving his dream of a universal mathematical/logical language, but leaving the fundamental idea of the binary yes-no/on-off principle for others to play with, including Ploucquet, Lambert and Castillon.
	www.kerryr.net /pioneers/leibniz.htm (452 words)

	Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716)
		In Leibniz's philosophical view, the universe is composed of countless conscious centers of spiritual force or energy known as monads.
		Leibniz talks about the "compossible" elements of any possible world — elements that allow a logically consistent structure.
		Though one of the finest minds of his age, Leibniz was not immune to blunders: he thought it just as easy to throw 12 with a pair of dice as to throw 11.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/L/Leibniz.html (235 words)

	Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
		Gottfried Leibniz's father died when Leibniz was only 6, and he was brought up by his mother, from whom he learned his moral and religious values.
		Leibniz continued to perfect his metaphysical system in the 1680's attempting to reduce reasoning to an algebra of thought.
		Leibniz claims that the universe had to be imperfect, otherwise it would not be distinct from God.
	www.stetson.edu /~efriedma/periodictable/html/Li.html (840 words)

	Directory - Society: Philosophy: Philosophers: L: Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm: Biographies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz · cached · Quotes, biography, and a synopsis of the Monadology.
		Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm · iweb · cached · A brief discussion of the life and works of Gottfried Leibniz, with links to electronic texts and additional information.
		Biography of Gottfried Leibniz · iweb · cached · Get detailed biographical information about the german philosopher, mathematician and logician who is famous for his invention of the calculus differential and integral, and for his thesis and essays on combination, logic, theology, theodicy and metaphysics.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=884686 (301 words)

	G.W. Leibniz: Texts and Translations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) was one of the most distinguished intellectual figures of the early modern period.
		A prominent theme in Leibniz's writings is the importance of the systematic organization of knowledge, gathered from as many fields as possible, as a means to continued intellectual progress.
		Leibniz was instrumental in establishing major libraries in Hanover and Wolfenbttel and scientific societies in Berlin and Vienna.
	philosophy2.ucsd.edu /~rutherford/Leibniz (350 words)

	Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz -- Metaphysics [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Leibniz's curiosity and genius ranged widely, but one of the most constant of his concerns was to bring about reconciliation by emphasizing the truths that lay in both of even the most contradictory positions.
		Leibniz writes: Now it is obvious that all true predication has some foundation in the nature of things, and when a proposition is not identical, that is to say when the predicate is not expressly included in the subject, it must be virtually included in it.
		Leibniz has many reasons for distinguishing monads from atoms - the easiest to understand is perhaps that while atoms are meant to be the smallest unit of extension out of which all larger extended things are built, monads are unrelated to extension (remember, space is an illusion).
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/l/leib-met.htm (10245 words)

	The Galileo Project
		Leibniz stayed in Paris, hoping to establish a sufficient reputation to obtain a paid position at the Académie, supporting himself by tutoring Boyneburg's son for a short time and then establishing a Parisian law practice which prospered.
		Leibniz returned to Hannover only days after Georg had left for England as King George I. Leibniz petitioned for a position in London as court historian, but was refused until he had completed the history of the house of Brunswick.
		Leibniz fished for a position with the Emperor from as early as 1680, when he applied for the post of imperial librarian and historian.
	galileo.rice.edu /Catalog/NewFiles/leibniz.html (1099 words)

	Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von
		Leibniz also advocated Christian ecumenism in religion, codified Roman laws and introduced natural law in jurisprudence, propounded the metaphysical law of optimism (satirized by Voltaire in Candide) that our universe is the "best of all possible worlds," and transmitted Chinese thought to Europe.
		Leibniz was the son of a professor of moral philosophy at Leipzig.
		Although his proposals were unheeded, Leibniz remained until 1676 in Paris, where he practiced law, examined Cartesian thought with Nicolas de Malebranche and Antoine Arnauld, and studied mathematics and physics under Christian Huygens.
	euler.ciens.ucv.ve /English/mathematics/leibniz.html (710 words)

	GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNITZ (LEIBNIZ) - LoveToKnow Article on GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNITZ (LEIBNIZ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		German philosopher, mathematician and man of affairs, was born on the 1 St of July 1646 at Leipzig, where his father was professor of moral philosophy.
		Though the name Leibniz, Leibnitz or Lubeniecz was originally Slavonic, his ancestors were German, and for three generations had been in the employment of the Saxon government.
		Young Leibnitz was sent to the Nicolai school at Leipzig, but, from 1652 when his father died, seems to have been for the most part his own teacher.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LE/LEIBNITZ_LEIBNIZ_GOTTFRIED_WILHELM.htm (1200 words)

	Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		If Leibniz was not as penetrating a mathematician as Newton, he was perhaps a broader one, and while inferior to his English rival as an analyst and mathematical physicist, he probably had a keener mathematical imagination and a superior instinct for mathematical form.
		Leibniz was born into the moderately well-off family of a scholar and professor.
		During his diplomatic duties in Paris in 1672, Leibniz met Christian Huygens, a physicist who knew a lot of mathematics, and Huygens agreed to teach Leibniz some of the 'newer' mathematics.
	scidiv.bcc.ctc.edu /Math/Leibniz.html (516 words)

	PHILOSOPHERS - GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Leibniz' interest in abstract logical calculi was partly the result of his search for an ideal and universal language.
		Leibniz' logic distinguishes between truths of reason, which are necessarily true, and truths of fact, which can be logically contradicted.
		Leibniz conceived of the world of created beings in terms of monads, primary immaterial simple substances with the properties only of mind.
	www.creatorix.com.au /philosophy/t06/t06f16.html (542 words)

	Biography of Leibnitz
		Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz was born on June 21, 1646 in Leipzig, Germany and he died on November 14, 1716 in Hanover, Germany.
		Leibniz's father died before he turned six years old, and the school that he was then sent to was no help to him.
		Leibniz's philosophy was that the universe is composed of countless conscious centers of spiritual force or energy, known as monads.
	www.andrews.edu /~calkins/math/biograph/bioleib.htm (799 words)

	Philosophers : Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von Leibniz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Leibniz' career as a scholar embraced the physical sciences, law, history, diplomacy, and logic, and he held diplomatic posts (from 1666) under various German princes.
		Leibniz also invented the Calculus shortly before Netwon but his work was published after.
		According to Leibniz, the basic constituents of the universe are simple substances he called monads, infinite in number, nonmaterial, and hierarchically arranged.
	www.trincoll.edu /depts/phil/philo/phils/leibniz.html (175 words)

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