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	Literary Encyclopedia: Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, one of the most important dramatists and aesthetic theorists in European literature, was born on 22 January 1729 as the third of twelve sons of Johann Gottfried and Justine Salome Lessing into a humble and deeply religious family in the small town of Kamenz near Dresden (Saxony).
		Lessing enrolled at the University of Leipzig in the autumn semester of 1746 to pursue his studies; the University of Leipzig was the most prestigious institution of higher learning in Saxony, located in a cosmopolitan city where most intellectuals of the time congregated.
		Lessing’s reform of the German theater resulted in the evolution of a national and democratic stage, which eventually was able to liberate itself from the aesthetic and political shackles of absolutism.
	www.literaryencyclopedia.com /php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=2704 (2641 words)

	Gotthold Lessing (1729-1781)
		OTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSING, the first of the truly German dramatists, was born in a Lutheran clergyman's family.
		Lessing was not only the first truly German playwright, but he is known, too, as the "father of German criticism." Notable among his critical works is the celebrated Hamburg Dramaturgy which should have added materially to its author's income.
		Lessing's literary activity continued with unimpaired mental vigor right up to the time of his sudden death while on a trip to Brunswick in 1781.
	www.theatrehistory.com /german/lessing001.html (461 words)

	Lessing, biographical information
		Lessing was, in fact, not the first German writer to challenge this tradition, but it is fair to say that his play marks the decisive break with the classical French drama that still dominated the German stage.
		Lessing interpreted Aristotle's famous and much-discussed concept of tragic catharsis (purging) as meaning the emotional release that follows tension generated in spectators who witness tragic events; he concludes that the sensations evoked by pity and fear should afterward exert a moral influence on the audience by being transformed into virtuous action.
		Lessing's last work, Die Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts (1780; The Education of the Human Race), is a treatise that closely reflects the working of his mind and expresses his belief in the perfectibility of the human race.
	theliterarylink.com /lessing.html (2444 words)

	Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, H.B. Nisbet (trans. and ed.) - Philosophical and Theological Writings - Reviewed by Yitzhak ...
		Lessing was astonished by the content of the treatise; later he would claim that the treatise's author "has mounted nothing less than a full-scale onslaught on the Christian religion" (96).
		Lessing accompanied the publication with editorial commentary (61-82) that made clear that although he considered the Fragments to be highly important he did not endorse the views of their author.
		Nisbet sensibly suggests that Lessing's primary aim was to provoke the 'neologists' or liberal protestant camp which Lessing viewed as "a half-baked religion, as well as half-baked philosophy, inferior both to the older Lutheran orthodoxy and to the radical deism of Reimarus, both of which at least possessed the virtue of intellectual honesty" (7).
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=5702 (1844 words)

	All About Jewish Theatre - Gotthold Ephraim Lessing ,Life & works
		Lessing was born in Camenz, a small Saxon town, where his father was a clergyman of scanty means and of a severe and stubborn nature.
		Lessing had ever contended that the stage might prove as a useful pulpet as the church, and in Nathan he strove to preach the universal brotherhood of mankind; its hero is a Jew of ideal and pure morality.
		Lessing understood the character and extent of his own power so well, even as a young man, that all his utterances have a stamp of certainty, which is as far as possible from egotism.
	www.jewish-theatre.com /visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=356 (3391 words)

	Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
		A disagreement with his patron shortly after resulted in Lessing's sudden dismissal; he demanded compensation and, although in the end the court decided in his favor, it was not until the case had dragged on for about six years.
		Lessing's third residence in Berlin was made memorable by the Briefe, die neueste Literatur betreffend (1759-65), a series of critical essay -- swritten in the form of letters to a wounded officer -- on the principal books that had appeared since the beginning of the Seven Years' War.
		Lessing also maintains that history reveals a definite law of progress, and that occasional retrogression may be necessary for the advance of the world towards its ultimate goal.
	www.nndb.com /people/145/000093863 (3018 words)

	Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
		During several years Lessing was one of the contributors to Madame Neuber's Leipzig theater; but his dramatic principles, as they defined themselves, became more and more opposed both to those of Voltaire and the Leipzig school.
		In 1767 Lessing became associated with a group of actors in Hamburg, at which place he wrote the justly celebrated Hamburg Dramaturgy, in which he explained to the world the principles underlying the art of the theater.
		In 1772 Lessing wrote the tragedy Emilia Galotti, whose central situation is the same as that in the story of Virginia and Appius Claudius.
	www.theatredatabase.com /18th_century/gotthold_ephraim_lessing_001.html (832 words)

	GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSING - LoveToKnow Article on GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		After attending the Latin school of his native town, Gotthold was sent in 1741 to the famous school of St Afra at Meissen, where he made such rapid progress, especially in classics and mathematics, that, towards the end of his school career, he was described by the rector as a steed that needed double fodder.
		By 1753 Lessing felt that his position was sufficiently assured to allow of him issuing an edition of his collected writings (Schriften, 6 vols., 1753-1755)- They included his lyrics and epigrams, most of which had already appeared during his first residence in Berlin in a volume of Kleinigkeiten, published anonymously.
		Lessing's third residence in Berlin was made memorable by the Briefe, die neueste Literatur betrejfend (1759-1765), a series of critical essayswritten in the form of letters to a wounded officeron the principal books that had appeared since the beginning of the Seven Years' War.
	www.1911ency.org /L/LE/LESSING_GOTTHOLD_EPHRAIM.htm (2720 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was born in Kamenz, Saxony, in 1729.
		His father, Johann Gottfried Lessing, worked as a Protestant pastor, and Lessing was expected to become a pastor also, however, in 1746 he entered the University of Leipzig, where he studied theology and medicine.
		Lessing's writings were censored and he had to submit his works to the duke for approval.
	iweb.tntech.edu /pcampana/lessing.htm (393 words)

	Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Study Questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Compare Lessing's comments on "expression" and, more particularly on "passion," with Aristotle's remarks in Poetics (93) about our capacity to take pleasure in representations of events that would be painful to witness in real life.
		Why, according to Lessing, must a painter be as careful as possible in choosing the "single moment" and perspective for a representation?
		Lessing writes of the need to "create for art's sake," and he mentions Classical religion as one of the "external constraints" that can interfere with the production of excellent art.
	www.ajdrake.com /e491_fall_04/materials/authors/lessing_sq.htm (261 words)

	Introductory Note. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. 1909-14. Literary and Philosophical Essays. The Harvard Classics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This action brought upon Lessing the wrath of the orthodox German Protestants, led by J. Goeze, and in the battle that followed Lessing did his great work for the liberalizing of religious thought in Germany.
		As originally issued, the essay purported to be merely edited by Lessing; but there is no longer any doubt as to his having been its author.
		It is an admirable and characteristic expression of the serious and elevated spirit in which he dealt with matters that had then, as often, been degraded by the virulence of controversy.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/32/1004.html (237 words)

	Oxford Scholarship Online: Lessing's Philosophy of Religion and the German Enlightenment
		Abstract: Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-81) is held in high esteem as one who marks the cutting edge of the German Enlightenment.
		It is not without reason that scholars refer to the "riddle" or "mystery" of Lessing, a mystery that has proved intractable because of his reticence on the subject of the final conclusions of his intellectual project.
		On the basis of intensive study of the entire corpus of Lessing's philosophical and theological writings as well as the extensive secondary literature, it leads the reader into the systematic core of Lessing's highly elusive religious thought.
	www.oxfordscholarship.com /oso/public/content/religion/0195144945/toc.html (386 words)

	Laocoon and the expression of pain
		In the eighteenth century, Laocoon and the sculpture were studied in detail by the historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717-1768) and the philosopher Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781).
		Lessing, in his essay Laokoon (1766), treated the sculpture from the point of view of a philosopher of aesthetics.
		Lessing's difference of opinion from Winckelmann arises from the former's different background as an aesthetic philosopher.
	www.wellcome.ac.uk /en/pain/microsite/culture3.html (720 words)

	Lessing Conf. 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-81) is one of the most significantly critical and innovative thinkers of the 18th century.
		Lessing's fame as an advocate of religious tolerance is legendary.
		Wolfgang Bender (Münster), "Lessing in der Theaterpublizistik zwischen 1755 -1800"
	www.vanderbilt.edu /AnS/Germanic-Slavic/german/germandept2/lesscon.htm (800 words)

	The Scottish Rite Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was a contemporary of other distinguished Freemasons, such as George Washington and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
		Lessing is saying that good deeds are not just done to relieve a temporary distress, but rather to set in motion things that will ultimately make those deeds superfluous.
		In Lessing’s day, there were no hospitals for the poor; but Freemasons started them, and soon society came to accept responsibility for medical care for the poor.
	www.srmason-sj.org /web/journal-files/Issues/jul-aug04/cooper.html (627 words)

	Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		LESSING, GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM [Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim], 1729-81, German philosopher, dramatist, and critic, one of the most influential figures of the Enlightenment.
		Political bodies and bodies politic: cultural identity and the actor in G. Lessing's Hamburg Dramaturgy.
		Lessing's Philosophy of Religion and the German Enlightenment: Lessing on Christianity and Reason.(Book Review)(Brief Article)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/L/LessingG1.asp (349 words)

	Ephraim
		Ephraim was also a name for the Northern Kingdom when Israel was territorially reduced, the land of outlying northern tribes having been conquered (8th cent.) by the Assyrians.
		Joseph ben Ephraim Caro - Caro or Karo, Joseph ben Ephraim, 1488–1575, eminent Jewish codifier of law, b.
		Gotthold Ephraim Lessing - Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 1729–81, German philosopher, dramatist, and critic, one of the...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0817472.html (157 words)

	Freethought of the Day
		There are 4 entries for this date: Lord Byron, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Johan Auguste Strindberg and the anniversary of Roe v.
		On this date in 1729, dramatist and critic Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was born in Saxony, Germany.
		D. [the Crusades], which in their origin were a political stratagem of the popes, developed into the most inhuman persecutions of which Christian superstition has ever made itself guilty: the true religion had then the most and the bloodiest Ismenors.
	www.ffrf.org /day?day=22&month=1 (727 words)

	Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Lessing differentiated between the poet as interpreter of time and the artist as interpreter of space; he found different aesthetic criteria applicable to each.
		His Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts [education of the human race] (1780) applied Enlightenment ideas of progress and evolution to religion.
		Lessing’s introduction in Germany of English literature, especially of Shakespeare, was an important contribution.
	www.bartleby.com /65/le/LessingG.html (258 words)

	Gotthold Ephraim Lessing -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gotthold Lessing, detail of an oil painting by Georg May, 1768; in the Gleimhaus, Halberstadt, Ger.
		The major representative of the Enlightenment in German literature was Gotthold Ephraim Lessing.
		A treatise by 18th-century German dramatist, critic, and philosopher Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, The Education of the Human Race closely reflects the working of the author's mind and expresses his belief in the perfectibility of the human race.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9047921 (654 words)

	Nathan The Wise; a dramatic poem in five acts by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing eBook by BookRags
		Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was born on the 22nd of January, 1729, eldest of ten sons of a pious and learned minister of Camenz in the Oberlausitz, who had two daughters also.
		As a child Lessing delighted in books, and had knowledge beyond his years when he went to school, in Meissen, at the age of twelve.
		In 1746, at the age of seventeen, Lessing was sent to the University of Leipsic.
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/3820 (212 words)

	gotthold ephraim lessing drama - Books, journals, articles @ The Questia Online Library
		LESSING LIFE OF W...Heinitz and the drama; preparation...to the German drama, he reached the...carried her so far.
		CHILDHOOD AND SCHOOLDAYS Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was born on 23rd January...
		Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, the father of classical German drama, had blotted his copy book with Nathan (an impassioned plea for toleration of the Jews).
	www.questia.com /search/gotthold-ephraim-lessing-drama (903 words)

	Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
		German dramatist and playwright, and court librarian for the Duke of Brunswick at Wolfenbuttel.
		Lessing is also known as the "father of German criticism."
		Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, translated by me, in part in the London Freemason's Quarterly, 1854, and afterwards republished and completed in the London Freemason for 1872.
	freemasonry.bcy.ca /biography/lessing_g/lessing_g.html (126 words)

	Theater of the First Admendment - Nathan the Wise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781) is the major figure of the German Enlightenment.
		Despite Lessing's efforts to write clearly, he has been interpreted in many different ways by his critics.
		For the first time students and scholars of Lessing and of literary history in general can find a concise presentation of the trends in Lessing criticism.
	www.gmu.edu /mlstudents/Jerusalem/ntwoverview.html (167 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Gotthold Ephriam Lessing (1729-1781): The Education Of The Human Race, 1778
		Although the best of the people were already more or less approaching the true conception of the One only, the people as a whole could not for a long time elevate themselves to it.
		Much less would it signify if an Israelite here and there directly and expressly denied the immortality of the soul and future recompense, on account of the law having no reference thereto.
		The denial of an individual, had it even been a Solomon, did not arrest the progress of the general reason, and was even in itself a proof that the nation had now come a great step nearer the truth.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1778lessing-education.html (4940 words)

	Dissertation Abstract: Christine M. Manteghi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Scholars have long recognized that Gotthold Ephraim Lessing played a central role in the shift from a Witz culture to a cult of genius.
		Such a thorough and systematic approach reveals that Lessing's so-called "farewell to wit" is neither absolute nor is it due to an association of Witz with rationalism, with baroque disorder, or with French culture, as previous studies claim.
		Lessing's criticism of Witz is qualified and it ensues as a result of changes in his aesthetic thinking during the 1760s.
	www.csuchico.edu /~goulding/thesis.htm (533 words)

	Minna Von Barnhelm by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing eBook by BookRags
		After a second sojourn in Leipzic (1755-1758), during which he wrote criticism, lyrics, and fables, Lessing returned to Berlin and began to publish his “Literary Letters,” making himself by the vigor and candor of his criticism a real force in contemporary literature.
		From Berlin he went to Breslau, where he made the first sketches of two of his greatest works, “Laocoon” and “Minna von Barnhelm,” both of which were issued after his return to the Prussian capital.
		The importance of Lessing’s masterpiece in comedy, “Minna von Barnhelm,” is difficult to exaggerate.
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/2663/3.html (235 words)

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