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Topic: The Government Code and Cypher School

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	Bletchley Park Part 2 Enigma and GC&CS to 1939
		Enigma and the Government Code and Cypher School to 1939
		Its published duty was to advise the government on the codes and cyphers it should use.
		The machines used by the military and other government organisations (such as the railways) had different internal wiring from that of the few commercial machines that had been sold, and the German Navy made even more changes which further increased the security of their machines.
	www.angelfire.com /oz/colinday/bletchley/bletchley2.html (691 words)

	Bletchley Park - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, just in time, Admiral Sir Hugh Sinclair, the Director of Naval Intelligence, head of MI6 and founder of the Government Code and Cypher School, knowing that war was imminent, bought the site with his own money in the Spring of 1938.
		The Government Code and Cypher School (GC and CS), the intelligence bureau responsible for interception and decryption of foreign transmissions amongst other things, moved into the main house in 1939.
		The radio station that was constructed in the park for its use was given the code name "Station X", a term sometimes erroneously applied to the code-breaking efforts at Bletchley as a whole.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bletchley_Park (1518 words)

	Saudi Arabia: Secret Intelligence Records 1926-1939, Archive Editions, secret intelligence papers, secrets, secret ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The documents in HW12 are derived from wireless messages intercepted by British intelligence operatives at the Government Code and Cypher School, a department that was an intelligence-gathering unit formed in 1919.
		The cypher messages were intercepted initially in the region, then decrypted and finally translated into English for information at the highest level of British Government, so that sometimes there is a difference of months between the dates of receipt and translation.
		The cyphers are full of instances where the fuel has run out or had to be rationed and the tribal levies, who were previously mounted on their own camels which were their own responsibility, are stranded, often just when they were needed.
	www.archiveeditions.co.uk /Leafcopy/A025-1.html (1714 words)

	IEEE History Center - Code-Breaking at Bletchley Park during World War II, 1939-1945
		The most famous of the code and cyphers to be broken at Bletchley Park was the enigma machine cypher.
		The code breakers began working around the clock to send the intelligence they were producing to London.
		The air liaison nets that used the Red cypher gave an exceptionally good insight into the major German plans and operations but little use could be made of it during the fighting in France.
	www.ieee.org /organizations/history_center/milestones_photos/bletchleypark.html (1671 words)

	ICQGreetings.com Amazon Store :: Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), the British organization responsible for intercepting and decoding foreign communications, was moved from London to Bletchley Park shortly before the start of WWII to provide a safer location.
		By the end of the war, BP had broken almost all enemy ciphers and codes, including the formidable German mechanical encryption machines Enigma and Fish, and intercepted and decoded thousands of critical enemy messages that changed the course of the war.
		Code Breakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park gives as a cross section of the different kinds of people who worked at BP between 1939 to 1945.
	www.icqgreetings.com /amazon/index.php?Operation=ItemLookup&ItemId=0192801325 (1436 words)

	Bletchley Park
		In the case of visits for 14-19 year olds and adults, the guide is also your host for the day, and the walking tour segment lasts from 1 to 1.5 hours.
		The tour commentary includes the story of the Government Code and Cypher School which arrived at Bletchley Park in 1939, and which a year later was referring to itself as the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) although the new name did not become official until after the war.
		The highs and the lows of the intelligence war are juxtaposed with the intellectual and technological triumphs of the staff of Bletchley Park.
	www.bletchleypark.org.uk /page.cfm?pageid=342 (246 words)

	Bletchley Park Part 1 - The Estate to September 1939
		In the spring of 1938, however, Faulkner was approached by the British Government on behalf of the Government Code and Cypher School and the property was leased to it for a period of three months.
		A story in the Bletchley District Gazette at the time said that the government claim had been refuted by 'its sources in Whitehall' and that whatever was 'going-on' at the Park was obviously ‘hush-hush’.
		In the latter part of 1938 a radio listening station, one of a chain of similar stations spread throughout the country, was established in a small room under the turreted water tower situated in the mansion.
	www.angelfire.com /oz/colinday/bletchley/bletchley1.html (813 words)

	House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 2 Apr 1996 (pt 2)
		To ask the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs what is the current location of the Government code and cypher school (a) original decrypts of German army and air force Enigma traffic and (b) SMA original decrypts in the Japanese military attache series.
		The Government communication headquarters--GCHQ--released reports based on Government code and cypher school decrypts of wartime German army and air force messages to the Public Record Office in January 1996 under reference HW5.
		GCHQ has already released to the Public Record Office--PRO--a considerable amount of Government code and cypher school signals intelligence and related documents, including the reports based on Enigma decrypts which were passed to Churchill from 1941 onwards.
	www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk /pa/cm199596/cmhansrd/vo960402/text/60402w02.htm (1223 words)

	Government Code & Cypher School
		The Soviet messages were distributed by the Government Code and Cipher School in the form of intelligence summaries and were the basis of a number of significant reports on Russian intentions.
		The public function was 'to advise as to the security of codes and cyphers used by all Government departments and to assist in their provision'.
		In A, 5 I stated that the ostensible function of GC and CS was 'to advise as to the security of codes and cyphers used by all government departments and to assist in their provision'.
	members.aol.com /IRB1858/gccs.html (18807 words)

	Alan Mathison Turing
		Alan Turing went to Hazlehurst Preparatory School where he seemed to be an average to good pupil in most subjects.
		During a strike, Turing cycled 60 miles each way from home to school, not too demanding a task for Turing who later was to become a fine athlete of almost Olympic standard.
		Turing's brilliant ideas in solving codes, and developing computers to assist break them, may have saved more lives of military personnel in the course of the war than any other.
	helmet.stetson.edu /~efriedma/periodictable/html/Tb.html (1071 words)

	Alan Turing Page
		In 1939, Turing joined the British government's Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park in Oxfordshire where he led the effort to crack the "Enigma Code".
		The loyalties of government officials and careers were ruined in a political campaign that would mark one of the ugliest chapters in the nation's history.
		The stress and humiliation of his treatment at the hands of the government that he served loyally throughout his life led to his mental deterioration.
	www.lambda.net /~maximum/turing.html (506 words)

	Goldstrasz/Pantle: Alan Turing and Bletchley Park (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The problem was called Enigma, the encryption machine which generated the code used by the German armed forces to send their secret commands via public airwaves.
		At a time when the complexity of the Enigma code had been increased, the Poles presented the British with an Enigma-decoding device - fittingly refered to as the "bomb" - and many of the cryptologists at Bletchley had a constructive influence on the further development of this piece of equipment.
		Turing concentrated immediately on the Enigma code's logical properties (such as being autoinverse, so that individual letters cannot be used to encrypt themselves) and designed, maybe at first on paper as a Turing machine, the electrical circuitry for an elimination procedure to obtain a smaller set of possible settings.
	waste.informatik.hu-berlin.de /WW2/turing_e.html (348 words)

	Heroes of British Signals Intelligence
		Britain's disclosure of the contents of the telegram to the US government was instrumental in their decision to enter World War 1.
		Nigel was assigned to the Government Code and Cypher School (GCandCS), Bletchley Park, at the outbreak of WW2, and was ultimately responsible for liaison with very senior customers, including Winston Churchill.
		Between the wars, he was responsible for breaking many codes and cyphers, particularly those used by the Comintern (the Moscow-controlled international network of Communist parties).
	www.gchq.gov.uk /about/heroes.html (624 words)

	Compare Prices and Read Reviews on Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park at Epinions.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Code Brekaers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park gives as a cross section of the different kinds of people who worked at BP between 1939 to 1945.
		This is probably one of the most interesting sections of the book since codes used in the field had to be simple enough to be coded and decoded by nothing more than a pencil and paper.
		This may not the best first book to read on the Allied code breaking efforts during the second world war because the information is distributed in bits and pieces across the accounts of so many people.
	www.epinions.com /content_93493694084 (939 words)

	[No title]
		The success of the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park in breaking the Enigma code is well known.
		The computer, designed to run through the many millions of possible settings for the code wheels on the German encyphered teleprinter system, was capable of processing 5,000 characters a second.
		But his role in the breaking of the Nazi codes and the development of the modern computer remained a secret, even to his family, for many years.
	www.rogers.cwc.net /Dr-Thomas-Flowers.html (1033 words)

	Ultra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		On 7 May 1941 the Royal Navy deliberately captured a German weather ship, together with cipher equipment and codes; and 2 days later U-110 was captured, together with an Enigma machine, code book, operating manual and other information that enabled Bletchley Park to break submarine messages until the end of June.
		In the Pacific Theatre, the Japanese cypher machine called "Purple" was unrelated to the Enigmas, but was used for the highest level Japanese diplomatic traffic.
		Had the postwar governments of major powers realized how Allied victory in World War II hung by a slender thread that had first been spun by three mathematicians working on Engima decryption for the general staff of a middling central European power, they might perhaps have been more cautious in choosing their own wars.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/U/Ultra.htm (4559 words)

	Articles - Government Communications Headquarters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		GCHQ provides the UK government and armed forces with signals intelligence as required under the guidance of the Joint Intelligence Committee in support of government policies.
		The Government Code and Cypher School (GCandCS) was founded in 1919, and was created by merging the wartime signals intelligence organisations of the Navy (Room 40) and the Army (MI1b).
		However, the British government made details from the decrypts public prompting the Soviet to change their systems to more secure schemes, including the one-time pad, in 1927.
	www.milliondata.com /articles/GCHQ (738 words)

	HNF - Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		During World War II, he worked at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park, where he played a significant role in breaking the German codes that had been generated with the Enigma cypher machine.
		About 100,000 Enigma rotor cypher machines were built during World War II and used by the German armed forces.
		In 1952, Alan Turing was sentenced to a year's treatment with oestrogen hormones to "cure" him of his homosexuality.
	www.hnf.de /museum/turing_en.html (259 words)

	C & E Museum - Foyer
		Unfortunately for Germany, however, ENIGMA cyphers had been broken by the Allies and much of their message traffic was being intercepted and read without their knowledge.
		The British Government Code and Cypher School was set up at Bletchley Park and was tasked with solving this dilemma.
		To code or decode a message the operator had to extract from a key list which rotors to use and the switchboard combinations.
	www.c-and-e-museum.org /te_te3.htm (422 words)

	BBC News \| UK \| Saving Bletchley for the nation
		Eight years ago more than 400 war-time code breakers met for what they thought would be the final time at the site they knew as Station X. Bletchley Park, the setting of their groundbreaking and lifesaving work of World War II, was scheduled for demolition.
		As it became clear that Britain was heading into another conflict with Germany, the Government Code and Cypher School was moved from the Foreign Office in Whitehall to the site, so that its work could continue away from air attacks.
		Their main achievements were in cracking the German Enigma machine, which generated a constantly changing code for transmitting radio messages.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/uk/newsid_358000/358913.stm (826 words)

	Biographies
		His schooling included the Hazelhurst Preparatory Academy where he was rated as an "average to good" pupil.
		Later he entered the Sherbourne School where he met and fell in love with an older student, Christopher Morcom.
		His life story was chronicled in the film Breaking the Code in 1996.
	tulsagrad.ou.edu /statistics/biographies/Turing.htm (782 words)

	Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Germany had started to use encryption to protect their strategic communications and the work to break those codes was given the highest priority.
		The periods when the Naval code could be broken saw dramatic reductions in the shipping losses from the Atlantic convoys so essential to the conduct of the Allied war effort.
		These used a completely different mechanism and methodology from the Enigma machines, and correspondingly their codes were broken using a completely different mechanism and methodology.
	www.cs.transy.edu /mkennedy/aturing (937 words)

	Turing
		Alan was sent to school but did not seem to be obtaining any benefit so he was removed from the school after a few months.
		Now 1926 was the year of the general strike and when the strike was in progress Turing cycled 60 miles to the school from his home, not too demanding a task for Turing who later was to become a fine athlete of almost Olympic standard.
		However, his work would soon take on a new aspect for he was contacted, soon after his return, by the Government Code and Cypher School who asked him to help them in their work on breaking the German Enigma codes.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Turing.html (2792 words)

	Tewkesbury School Maths Website
		When war was declared Turing went to work at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park.
		Put in charge of work at Hut 8, he was instrumental in cracking the codes of the Luftwaffe and Naval Enigma machines: his earlier work on probability and the construction of the calculating engines known as Bombes, were crucial to this breakthough.
		We have been lucky at Tewkesbury School to have seen an original Enigma Machine and seen how it was used to encode and decode messages.
	www.maths.tewkesburyschool.org /person.html (454 words)

	The Modern History of Computing
		From very early in the war the Government Code and Cypher School (GCandCS) was successfully deciphering German radio communications encoded by means of the Enigma system, and by early 1942 about 39,000 intercepted messages were being decoded each month, thanks to electromechanical machines known as ‘bombes’.
		By 1983, Flowers had received clearance from the British Government to publish a full account of the hardware of Colossus I. Details of the later machines and of the Special Attachment, the uses to which the Colossi were put, and the cryptanalytic algorithms that they ran, were not declassified until 1996.
		Lectures held at the Moore School in 1946 on the proposed EDVAC were widely attended and contributed greatly to the dissemination of the new ideas.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/computing-history (6645 words)

	University of Wollongong - Faculty of Arts - STS Research
		By the seventies, however, a range of successor projects already in the public realm had garnered the kudos of computing 'firsts.' Turing's fame had already been established as the 'father' of artificial intelligence through his formulation of a test to determine whether a machine was exhibiting intelligence.
		The problems of the ultra secrecy employed in the dissemination of Ultra data are demonstrated by the British complaint over the use of Ultra intelligence to intercept and destroy an aircraft carrying Yamamoto, the Japanese commander on a tour of inspection.
		The continued refinement of signals traffic analysis has led to the emergence of what Roger Clarke terms 'dataveillance.' Both governments and private organisations like TRW are able to assemble revealing pictures of organisations and individuals through the correlation of individually trivial data.
	www.uow.edu.au /arts/sts/research/surveillance/Little.html (1406 words)

	How the Telegraph put one across Hitler
		After the competition, each of the participants was contacted and asked if they would be prepared to undertake "a particular type of work as a contribution to the war effort".
		Bletchley Park had employed several hundred eccentric academics to break the Nazi Enigma codes early in the war but by the end of 1941 it was desperately trying to expand its operations.
		He was unaware until shortly after the end of the war that their most important use was as a means of breaking into the Enigma system used by the German Navy.
	portal.telegraph.co.uk /htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1998/12/14/nspy14.html (937 words)

	Guardian \| Woman 'opened up Enigma'
		British codebreakers could have broken the German Enigma cypher machine well before the second world war if they had listened to an unknown woman, according to a book on the secret work at Bletchley Park, the Buckinghamshire home of the government code and cypher school.
		A woman codebreaker, known only as "Mrs BB", suggested the correct answer but the male codebreakers, who dominated the cypher school at the time, dismissed it as too simple a solution.
		Action This Day, whose royalties will be donated to the Bletchley Trust, is published to mark the 60th anniversary of a letter written by the codebreakers to Churchill desperately asking for more resources for work which is now believed to have shortened the war by up to two years.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4277196-103690,00.html (606 words)

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