Government-granted monopoly

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	Coercive monopoly - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For example, claims of natural monopoly are often used as justification for government intervening to establish government monopolies or government-granted monopolies, where competition is outlawed.
		In a government monopoly, an agency under the direct authority of the government itself holds the monopoly, and the coercive monopoly status is sustained by the enforcement of laws or regulations that ban competition, or reserve exclusive control over factors of production for the government.
		Government-granted monopolies often closely resemble government monopolies in many respects, but the two are distinguished by the decision-making structure of the monopolist.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coercive_monopoly (1620 words)

	Talk:Coercive monopoly - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The concept of coercive monopoly encompasses government monopoly and government-granted monopoly, on the basis that the government authority underlying these is ultimately based on the government's monopoly on the legitimate use of coercion.
		Of course a government is a coercive monopoly.
		Greenspan defines coercive monopoly as : "a business concern that can set its prices and production policies independent of the market, with immunity from competition, from the law of supply and demand." Then he goes on to opine that this can only be accomplished through government intervention.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Coercive_monopoly (14667 words)

	Government-granted monopoly - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In economics, a government-granted monopoly (also called a "de jure monopoly") is a form of coercive monopoly in which the government grants a monopoly in a product or service to a private individual or firm, and excludes potential competitors from the market by law, regulation, or other mechanisms of government enforcement.
		Opponents of government-granted monopoly often point out that such a firm is able to set its pricing and production policies without fear of breeding potential competition.
		Today, government-granted monopolies may be found in public utility services such as public roads, mail, water supply, and electric power, as well as certain specialized and highly-regulated fields such as education and gambling.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Government-granted_monopoly (497 words)

	Unit 7 - Monopoly
		In the case of government granted monopolies, competition is prohibited.
		In the case of non-government granted monopolies, competition is possible.
	www.howardcc.edu /social_science/micro/102unit7/tsld003.htm (20 words)

	TCS: Tech Central Station - An Open Response to Adam Thierer
		After benefiting from this massive government giveaway, and continuing to benefit today from huge government subsidies financed by their competitors and consumers, it's a remarkable development that the Bells now condemn regulation in communications.
		In one of the largest corporate welfare giveaways in the history of our federal government, the networks the Bells claim to have built were actually built by the old Ma Bell and were gifted to the local monopolies by the federal government in 1984.
		monopolies who are now aggressively offering long distance service in all 50 states, should also be forced to build out their own long distance facilities rather than leasing at steep wholesale discounts the long distance network.
	www.techcentralstation.com /022704D.html (1719 words)

	11_Monopoly.doc
		Monopoly profits increase income inequality There is slower technological advance due to the lack of competitive pressures X—inefficiency — there is no real push to fully lower costs due to the lack of competition Rent seeking expenditures increase costs and product prices.
		Monopoly typically has the profits (if not the will) to do R&D Monopoly had the profits to do good things for the community if they choose to do so — charitable contributions, sponsorships, etc. Monopoly has the money to pay higher wages and provide good working conditions if they choose to do so.
		Advantages of monopoly — Schumpeter-Galbraith view Monopoly can produce at lower costs when there are large economies of scale in relation to market demand.
	www.grossmont.net /wcummings/notes/micro/11_Monopoly.doc (306 words)

	Financing Drug Research: What Are the Issues? by Dean Baker of the Center for Economic and Policy Research
		If the government, or several large insurers, were to refuse to cover the costs of some types of drugs, then the patent system would provide insufficient incentive to pursue their development.
		The major difference would be that they would receive their income based on a system of government payments determined by sales of their drugs and the ratings of these drugs on their usefulness compared to the best available alternatives.
		The monopoly profits available on additional sales provide firms with an incentive to engage in activities that could be of little social value and possibly even have negative value.
	www.cepr.net /publications/patents_what_are_the_issues.htm (11345 words)

	Issue Analysis 94 - Antitrust and Consumer Welfare
		Moreover, it is not enough simply to achieve monopoly power, as monopoly pricing may breed quick entry by new competitors eager to share in the excess profits.
		We are not returning to the days when the government tried to break up mergers between two firms that served less than 10 percent of the market.
		To overcome this barrier, the government essentially argues that Microsoft’s integration of Windows with the browser is a sham that is not protected by courts’ traditional deference to companies’ product design decisions.
	www.cse.org /informed/issues_template.php?issue_id=362 (3715 words)

	MaxSpeak, You Listen!: DRUG PATENTS V. THE FREE MARKET: WHERE ARE THE ECONOMISTS?
		First, to restate the basic case, drug patents are government granted monopolies that impose huge economic and social costs (such as people being denied access to life-saving drugs).
		The government’s savings on the Medicare prescription drug benefit (by purchasing new drugs at generic prices) should more than cover the cost of the FMDA, although some new funding may be needed in the first few years before FMDA supported drugs reach the market.
		The basic plan is to create 10 competing government sponsored corporations (each getting roughly $3 billion a year) charged with researching and developing new drugs, through the FDA approval process.
	maxspeak.org /mt/archives/001704.html (1627 words)

	--> Media Tank <--
		Over the years, a handful of cable companies built upon their locally-granted monopolies and successfully lobbied the federal government to deregulate the cable industry nationally.
		What could be even worse is that if these cable monopolies are allowed to continue their expansion, with little or no government oversight, they will gain increasing control over not only television programming and channels but also the content and structure of the internet.
		This monopoly control allowed cable companies to continually raise rates and take advantage of consumers who were left without a choice.
	www.mediatank.org /resources/cableownership.html (1614 words)

	The New York Review of Books: The Truth About the Drug Companies
		There are two forms of monopoly rights—patents granted by the US Patent and Trade Office (USPTO) and exclusivity granted by the FDA.
		The industry is also being hit with a tidal wave of government investigations and civil and criminal lawsuits.
		State governments, too, are looking for ways to cut their drug costs.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/17244 (6152 words)

	Reason
		We take it for granted that ownership of a house or a diamond ring does not simply expire after a set number of years and that such assets can be passed on to descendants indefinitely.
		James Madison agreed that monopolies are "justly classed among the greatest nuisances in Government" but suggested they could be justified "as encouragements to literary works and ingenious discoveries."
		Indeed, protecting those rights was one of the main reasons for establishing a government in the first place.
	reason.com /sullum/022202.shtml (741 words)

	bernie :: article :: Same As It Never Was
		These huge media firms are nearly all built on the backs of no-cost, government-granted monopolies, including absolutely free monopoly franchises to radio and TV frequencies, cable monopolies, and copyright monopolies.
		Numerous policy proposals are in play to establish a well-funded, noncommercial media sector that involves no government censorship, very much in keeping with the Madisonian-Jeffersonian notion of a free press.
		Each of them is committed to working on legislation to make fundamental structural reform of our media system, to blast it open to more diverse voices.
	bernie.house.gov /documents/articles/20030115172721.asp (621 words)

	"Ja ckpot: Slot Machine Monopolies" by Ira Carnahan, Forbes, 6-23-03
		Governments already auction off other valuable rights: to cut down timber, to drill for oil, to use radio spectrum.
		Partly as a result of his efforts, the fee to Peter Angelos, Maryland lawyer and Baltimore Orioles owner, for representing the state in the tobacco settlement was cut from an obscene $1.1 billion to a merely outrageous $150 million.
		In Ohio, legislators are weighing a proposed referendum to grant slots licenses to track owners.
	www.mdtaxes.org /news-stories2003/forbes.hooke.6.23.03.htm (1085 words)

	Oberon Bloglezer
		These are temporary monopolies granted by the government to promote the enhancement of science, technology and the arts.
		See, government granted monopolies is a bit longer than intellectual property, but it would surely make the Free Market people think.
		Who can be for monopolies, especially if they are created by governments?
	blogreader.oberon.nl /showcategory?cat=129 (6426 words)

	Digital Voices, 07/19/99
		In the past, government-granted phone monopolies were under obligations to provide service to unprofitable areas.
		In the absence of both competition and government regulation -- there's little incentive for companies to deploy new high-speed services to rural areas, inner cities and other high cost or low revenue places.
		If telecommunications giants take their case to regulators that global competition forces them to join forces to enter new markets, public interest advocates must be just as vocal with the message that these companies cannot forget the underserved communities in their home areas.
	www.benton.org /PUBLIBRARY/digitalvoices/dv071999.html (623 words)

	Government-granted monopoly
		Government-granted monopolies may also be granted through copyrights, patents and trademarks (sometimes termed intellectual property).
		Government-granted monopolies are sometimes granted to companies operating services such as mail, water supply[?], electricity etc.
		In the past there were several large trading companies which were granted monopoly rights over particular regions, e.g., Dutch East India Company.
	www.termsdefined.net /go/government-granted-monopoly.html (281 words)

	CEPR Releases Report on Prescription Drug Research Physicians for a National Health Program
		Dr. Baker concludes that all proposed alternatives “hold clear advantages over the patent system,” in part because each would allow drugs to be sold in a competitive market unhindered by government-granted monopoly rights.
		Without some form of intervention in the market, such as granting and enforcing exclusive patent rights, economists agree that there would not be enough money to support pharmaceutical innovation.
		The Center for Economic and Policy Research is an independent, non-partisan think tank that was established to promote democratic debate on the most important economic and social issues that affect people’s lives.
	www.pnhp.org /news/2004/september/cepr_releases_report.php (349 words)

	Technology Articles and Howtos - Freeware Files.com
		As such, most software businesses seem to be government-granted monopolies - in the sense that all hold (temporary) monopolies granted by government copyright laws.
		Microsoft's monopoly is not keeping other firms out of the market; a sizable percentage of the market is taken up by those other firms.
		Government deregulation - a relaxation of intellectual property rules, for example - will speed up the erosion, and will help to foster more open standards, much more effectively than further regulation.
	www.freewarefiles.com /news/showarticle.php?articleID=7 (852 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend
		Thirdly, to lobby legislators for patient-friendly duration limits on government granted monopolies which will reduce the long-term costs of drugs for patients.
		We’re against the abuse of monopoly powers granted by patents and the political influence Pharma has over politicians, particularly in the United States.
		The Pharmopoly campaign aims to expose the high costs to patients of protectionism, import tariffs and government granted patent monopolies.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=5509463&postID=110564628954685203 (449 words)

	Protecting People Above Patents
		Patents, after all, are government-granted monopolies; in times of war or crisis, the government has broad powers, especially in national security matters.
		And this is indeed what happened, for instance, in 1917, when the U.S. government overrode the broad airplane patent held by the Wright brothers' powerful company as the nation prepared to enter World War I. I'll come back to this shortly, but first let's fast-forward to the troubled present.
		As many intellectual-property experts have since pointed out, the government would be on firm legal ground in overriding a company's patent by mandating licensing in such a situation if it chose to.
	www.technologyreview.com /articles/02/01/shulman0102.asp?p=1 (886 words)

	"Good Government," political, social justice, economics magazine about democratically-controlled and just government revenue by the collection of "economic rents."
		A democratically-controlled and just government revenue is available to governments by the proposed collection of all 'economic rents' as their proper revenue, at the same time abolishing all taxes, tariffs, and unjust privileges.
		However, appalled at the collapse of property prices and the subsequent collapse of banks which had lent to speculators, the Japanese government is taking steps at taxpayers' expense to restart the growth of property prices.
		It is only reasonable to assume that this property speculation has so inflated Asian currencies that, in turn, those currencies which were tied by government to the American dollar became susceptible to speculations.
	www.multiline.com.au /~georgist/good97dec1.htm (2220 words)

	Prepared Witness Testimony: Baker, David
		Both the telephone networks and the cable networks were built with government-granted monopolies over public rights of ways using Federal authority using rate-payer money.
		The cable companies had monopoly franchises, the federal cable-telco cross ownership ban, and below cost access to ducts and poles for over 15 years in which to build out their networks.
		To allow these facility owners to now repudiate their obligation to share those transmission networks on a non-discriminatory basis with others who seek to offer telecommunications or information services to the public is an abuse of the law and is anti-competitive.
	energycommerce.house.gov /108/Hearings/07212003hearing1024/Baker1608.htm (2116 words)

	Captain's Quarters
		Instead, Congress gave the FCC the authority to require commercial broadcast licenses, which were government-granted local monopolies on the broadcast frequency and protection from any potential interference from nearby frequencies.
		In return for the monopoly and its enforcement from the FCC, private-enterprise broadcasters agreed to air material in the public interest and abide by guidelines for decency.
		If they choose to operate through government licenses, they need to abide by those rules and regulations.
	www.captainsquartersblog.com /mt/archives/001048.php (1107 words)

	Science and Intellectual Property in the Public Interest
		The analysis departs from the premise that government-granted patent monopolies cause exorbitant drug prices, but also excessive marketing expenses, wasted research into duplicative drugs, neglect of research that is unlikely to lead to patentable drugs, and concealment of research findings.
		3) An auction system in which the government purchases most drug patents and places them in the public domain (proposed by Michael Kremer, 1998); and
		A new paper from the Center for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) analyzes four alternative models for funding pharmaceutical R&D, all of which propose to replace the current patent system.
	sippi.aaas.org /ipissues/updates?res_id=435 (217 words)

	LewRockwell.com Blog: From Bad to Worse
		Posted by Stephan Kinsella at March 12, 2004 01:12 AM Government-granted monopolies on inventions and original "works" (i.e., patent and copyright) are bad enough; now it might be extended to "collections of information," i.e., databases.
		Does government do anything well, other than break things and kill people?
	blog.lewrockwell.com /lewrw/archives/003912.html (55 words)

	NASGD (Kirk Hays)
		Very simple: They're the only small businessmen who are granted a monopoly.
		When the government granted near-monopolies via the FFL, service went all to hell.
		I receive NASGD's magazine, _The Alliance Voice_, monthly (their mistake), and, believe me, they have little or no respect for their customers, and are vitally interested in protecting their little government-granted monopolies.
	yarchive.net /gun/politics/nasgd.html (285 words)

	The Daily Herald Online local news
		Nowhere have such government-granted monopolies ever proven to be efficient, it was pointed out.
		Putting all health insurance into the hands of the SVB implies granting that organization a virtual monopoly.
		They point out that the policy programme of the Camelia-Römer government promises privatization rather than increasing the influence of government.
	www.thedailyherald.com /news/daily/256/azv256.html (263 words)

	govaccess.257
		Another is that this ostensibly "deregulatory" legislation would cripple the continuing growth of the Internet industry by subjecting it to an unprecedented amount of government interference and intrusion.
		Address: http://www.nara.gov/nara/nail.html ** GOVERNMENT INFORMATION LOCATOR SERVICE (GILS) DATABASE** The GILS database is NARA's response to OMB Circular 96-01 that mandates that all Federal Agencies make available online information about automated information systems and a catalog of information products by January 1, 1996.
		Subject: Intellectual property against the public interest On Jan 19, NY Times reported on the unlocking of the genetic code for Staphylococcus aureus, a common cause of hospital infections, and that the discovery will be made available to scientists until a patent is secured, at least 18 months hence.
	www.eff.org /Misc/Publications/E-journals/GovAccess/govaccess.257 (2643 words)

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