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Topic: Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands

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	Reference for Southern Netherlands - Search.com
		As they were very wealthy, the Netherlands in general were a jewel in the ever debt-burdened Habsburg crown, but unlike others of the Habsburg dominions, they were led by a merchant class.
		The Congress first joined the Southern Netherlands to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands under the House of Orange-Nassau, but with the south-eastern third of Luxembourg Province made into the autonomous Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, because it was claimed by both the Netherlands and Prussia.
		Under the Archdukes, the Spanish Netherlands actually had formal independence from Spain, but always remained unofficially within the Spanish sphere of influence, and with Albert's death in 1621 they returned to formal Spanish control, although the childless Isabella remained on as Governor until her death in 1633.
	www.search.com /reference/Southern_Netherlands (1472 words)

	Netherlands (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Beatrix of the Netherlands Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard of 1945.
		Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands Guillaume de Croy, Marquis d'Aerschot 1506-1507 Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Sa...
		States-General of the Kingdom of the Netherlands The Staten-Generaal (States-General) is the the Hague.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/netherlands.html (2018 words)

	NETHERLANDS - LoveToKnow Article on NETHERLANDS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The history of the Netherlands from this time forwardwith the exception of Flanders, which continued to be a fief of the French kings is the history of tile various feudal states into which the duchy of Lower Lorraine was gradually broken up.
		The proposal to reorganize the bishoprics of the Netherlands was not a new one, but was the carrying out of a long-planned project of Charles V. In 1555 there were but three dioceses in the Netherlandsthose of Tournay, Arras and Utrecht,all of unwieldy size and under th~ jurisdiction of foreign metropolitans.
		The Netherlanders detested the Spaniards and everything Spanish, and this foreign mercenary force, together with the new bishops, was looked upon as part of a general plan for the gradual overthrow of their rights and liberties.
	92.1911encyclopedia.org /N/NE/NETHERLANDS.htm (9999 words)

	Netherlands
		The Netherlands is limited north and west by the North Sea, east by Germany and south by Belgium.
		After the fall of the Roman Empire and the subsequent period of turmoil, the Netherlands was divided in three parts, the Frisians living by the coast, the Saxons in the east, and the Franks in the south.
		Large parts of what now comprise the Netherlands were governed by the count of Holland, the duke of Gelre, the duke of Brabant and the bishop of Utrecht, but Friesland and Groningen in the north kept their independence, being governed by the lower nobility.
	fredworld.home.sapo.pt /paises/eng/holanda.htm (2066 words)

	Talk:Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The "northern Netherlands" would have been called the "United Provinces" or, informally and technically incorrectly, "Holland." So, is it necessary to say that it was the "Southern Netherlands" which were occupied by the British and Dutch from 1706 to 1714?
		And the presence of the Dutch as occupiers obviously connotes that we are not referring to the United Provinces...
		Actually, they were all the Netherlands at least until 1830, although I still think the term was more commonly used for the southern Netherlands...but yeah, fair enough.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Governors_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands (264 words)

	Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, the third Duke of Alba (1508-January 12, 1583) was a Spanish general and governor of the Spanish Netherlands (1567 - 1573), nicknamed "the Iron Duke" by Protestants of the Low Countries because of harsh rule.
		Although the Duke led oppressive and brutal military operations in Flanders, his cruelty was exaggerated in Dutch and English folklore, forming a new and central component of the Black Legend.
		In 1567, Philip, who was a zealous prosecutor of Protestants, sent Alba into the Netherlands at the head of an army of 10,000 men, with unlimited powers for the extirpation of heretics.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Duke_of_Alva (853 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Margaret of Austria (1480-1530)
		The Archduchess Margaretha of Austria (10 January 1480 – 1 December 1530) was a Habsburg princess, the daughter of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Mary of Burgundy.
		She was made regent of the Netherlands (1507-15) and guardian of her young nephew Charles (the future Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor).
		Margaret acted as intermediary between her father and his subjects in the Netherlands, negotiated a treaty of commerce with England favorable to the Flemish cloth interests, and she played a role in the formation of the League of Cambrai (1508).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria_(1480-1530) (291 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Margaret of Austria (1522-1583) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Margaret of Parma (28 December 1522 - 18 January 1586), duchess of Parma and regent of the Netherlands from 1559 to 1567, was the illegitimate daughter of Charles V.
		Margaret was brought up by the Douwrin family, and later by her great-aunt Margaret of Austria and her aunt Maria of Hungary, who were successively regents of the Netherlands from 1507 to 1530 and from 1530 to 1555.
		Like her aunts, who had trained her, Margaret was a woman of masculine abilities, and Philip II, when he left the Netherlands in 1559 for Spain, acted wisely in appointing her regent.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Margaret_of_Austria_(1522-1583) (492 words)

	Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
		Combining in himself the heritage of the German Habsburgs, the House of Burgundy, and the Spanish heritage of his mother, Charles transcended ethnic and national boundaries.
		In 1530 he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Clement VII in Bologna, the last Emperor to receive a papal coronation.
		The expeditions of the Ottoman force along the Mediterranean coast posed a threat to Habsburg lands and the peace of Western Europe.
	www.wikipediaondvd.com /nav/art/u/1.html (2548 words)

	Seventeen Provinces - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Seventeen Provinces originated from the Burgundian Netherlands, that were inherited by Maximilian I of Habsburg in 1482.
		In the days of Charles V, there is no doubt that the economic, political and cultural center of the Netherlands was the city of Antwerp (in Brabant), which had succeeded Bruges (in Flanders) as the economic powerhouse of northern Europe, although Holland was gradually gaining importance in the 15th and 16th centuries.
		However after the independence of the seven northern provinces and the resulting closure of the Scheldt river to navigation, a large number of people from the southern provinces emigrated north to the new republic.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Seventeen_Provinces (759 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: Dutch Economy in the "Golden Age" (16th-17th Centuries)
		Not until the eighteenth century, when the Netherlands as a whole faced declining fortunes would the inland provinces begin to match the growth of the coastal core of the country.
		During the fifteenth century, and most of the sixteenth century, the Northern Netherlands provinces were predominantly rural compared to the urbanized southern provinces.
		Even the cloth producing towns of the Northern Netherlands that had been focusing on producing the "new draperies" saw their output decline as a result of wartime interruptions.
	www.eh.net /encyclopedia/?article=Harreld.Dutch (4405 words)

	History of Holland - Chapter IV: The Revolt of the Netherlands (By George Edmundson)
		Such a demand was contrary to all precedent in the Netherlands and an infringement of time-honoured charters and privileges; and even the terror, which Alva’s iron-handed tyranny had inspired, did not prevent his meeting with strong opposition.
		Weary and disappointed, always hampered by lack of funds, angry at the loss of the king’s confidence and chafing at the evidence of it in the presence of Medina-Coeli at his side, the governor-general begged that he might be relieved of his functions.
		Champagney, the governor, had with him a body of German mercenaries under a certain Count Oberstein; and at his request, such was the threatening attitude of the Spaniards, the States-General sent Havré with a reinforcement of Walloon troops.
	www.authorama.com /history-of-holland-6.html (8064 words)

	Hungary and the limits of Habsburg authority
		These three pillars of Habsburg statecraft require careful description but when that is done we should see (once again) some clues that explain both the early success and the later failure of an empire.
		The first Habsburg to rule over lands in the "East" (the origin of the name "Austria") was Count Rudolph the First who took the land around Vienna away from the King of Bohemia in 1278.
		For the Habsburg Empire as a whole, the events of 1790 showed how hard it was going to be to reconcile the principles of dynastic power and noble class privilege with the third principle: enlightened reform.
	www.lib.msu.edu /sowards/balkan/lecture4.html (4059 words)

	Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This rumor was enhanced by another rumor that the French court was planning to marry Ferdinand to the daughter of the Duke of Orleans, the French king's brother.
		The inauguration of the unpoular bastard was delayed, and Spain lost control of much of the Spanish Netherlands in the following years due to the flawed rule of the interim governor Francisco de Mello, Marquis of Terceira.
		Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, Cardinal Infante, Archbishop of Toledo
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand (1314 words)

	Woman Governors through out the time.
		She left an extensive correspondence with her daughter, son-in-law and other relatives, and according to the costum of the time, she were in charge of the upbringing of her grandchildren, before her death in 1533.
		Her half-brother, King Felipe II of Spain, appointed her Governor-General of the Netherlands, and she proved to be an able administrator, but resigned after the Duke of Alba's crushing of the Dutch opposition against the Spanish rule.
		Following the death of her father, Juan Ortiz de Zárate, Adelanto and Governor, founder of the City of Santa Fe and Buenos Aires, she inherited the estates of the family and apparently Emperor Charles V named her Adelantado of Chile.
	www.guide2womenleaders.com /Governors.htm (7017 words)

	Don John of Austria: biography and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The victory fired Don John's ambitions but Philip was not enthusiastic to allow his bastard half-brother to establish too secure a niche in Europe (Europe: The 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use `Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles) an politics.
		Philip hoped that the appointment as governor (governor: The head of a state government) of the Spanish Netherlands (Spanish Netherlands: the southern netherlands were a portion of the low countries controlled by spain...
		His entanglement in Dutch (Dutch: the netherlands (dutch: nederland) is the european part of the kingdom of the...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/don_john_of_austria (363 words)

	Untitled
		It became the capital of the Habsburg Netherlands in 1531 and remained so until 1795 when it was occupied by the French.
		In 1815 it became one of the seats of the Netherlands administration, jointly with The Hague and after the secession of the southern provinces in 1830, it became the capital of the new state of Belgium.
		The Provinces during WWI After the German occupation in 1914 the provincial governors resigned, fled or were dismissed by the German authorities and replaced by : - a German military Governor (in the provinces part of the Government General) - a German President of the Civil Administration (Zivilpräsident) in all provinces.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/Belgium_notes.html (3576 words)

	Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Alessandro Farnese, Duke of ParmaDuke of Parma and Piacenza (1545 - 1592) was the son of Duke Ottavio Farnese, duke of Parma and Margaret of Austria (1522-1583)Margaret, the illegitimate daughter of the Habsburg Emperor Charles V. Thus Alessandro was the nephew of Philip II of Spain and of Don John of Austria.
		Image:AlexanderFarnese.jpgthumb300pxHe accompanied his mother to Brussels when she was appointed governors of the Habsburg Netherlandsgovernor of the Netherlands, and in 1565 his marriage with the princess Maria of Portugal/ was celebrated in Brussels with great splendour.
		He could not replace him in the Netherlands; but while retaining him in his command at the head of a formidable army, the king would not give his sanction to his great general's desire to use it for the reconquest of England.
	www.infothis.com /find/Alessandro_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma_and_Piacenza (966 words)

	Don of Austria Juan (Pepys' Diary)
		In early November, mutineers sacked the city of Antwerp in what came to be called "the Spanish Fury." At Ghent the delegates signed a Pacification that granted limited tolerance and authorized the raising of an army to deal with Philip’s mutinous troops, whom they demanded be removed.
		As most were tired of wrangling and bloodshed, the States General accepted Don John as Governor General, and in May 1577 he made his Joyous Entry into Brussels, promising to respect its historic privileges, which by extension had become the privileges of the seventeen provinces.
		This is not the hero of Lepanto and the scourge of the Netherlands, who died in 1578, but Don Juan José de Austria, Count of Oñate (1629-1679), a natural son of Philip IV and an actress.
	www.pepysdiary.com /p/6420.php (4821 words)

	::The Revolt of the Spanish Netherlands::
		William of Orange, Egmont and Admiral Horn, the Admiral of the Netherlands, all withdrew from the Council of State in protest but both Egmont and Horn were known to be loyal to the crown so they were not expected to do anything too extreme.
		Refugees from the north of the Netherlands had formed a piratical force known as the "Sea Beggars", and Coligny, the leader of the French Huguenots, suggested that William should offer protection to them.
		William still wanted a united Netherlands based on religious toleration and he tried to restrain the activities of the Sea Beggars by dismissing their leader in 1573.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /revolt_of_spanish_netherlands.htm (5032 words)

	Reference for Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor - Search.com
		Combining the heritage of the German Habsburgs, the House of Burgundy, and the Spanish heritage of his mother, Charles transcended ethnic and national boundaries.
		Charles was born in the Flemish city of Ghent in 1500.
		In 1556, Charles abdicated his various titles, giving his Spanish empire (Spain, the Netherlands, Naples and Spain's possessions in the Americas) to his son, Philip II of Spain.
	www.search.com /reference/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (3716 words)

	Denial & Recovery: Legal Policies Perpetrated Against the Roma in the Habsburg Monarchy
		Although this analysis will focus on the period of the Habsburg monarchy in those lands they ruled, one must consider that most of the laws aimed at the Roma would be duplicated from one country to the next, not just within the monarchy’s realm, nor necessarily beginning with the monarchy’s legislation.
		The Habsburg monarchy, furthermore, could not come to grips with a population that lived a culture so distinct from that of the rest of its people.
		This was after the split of the Habsburgs when one branch of the family controlled Spain and the other, the Holy Roman Empire of Austria and its territorial possessions.
	lgi.osi.hu /ethnic/relations/1/roma.html (6849 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Austrian Netherlands : Joseph II., 1780-1790
		Joseph made, incognito, an inspection tour of the Southern Netherlands (1781); he granted religious toleration to protestants (1781) and declared them qualified for public office, to enjoy civic rights, to attend universities, to construct their 'temples'.
		Netherlands in nine circles, thus creating the present provinces of Antwerpen, West and East Flanders.
		Vice Governor Count Murray, on Sept. 21st 1787, accepted the demands of the Estates of Brabant, which included declaring invalid any decrees/reforms by Joseph in violation with the Blijde Inkomste.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/lowcountries/austneth3.html (1133 words)

	NETHERLANDS - Online Information article about NETHERLANDS
		Charlemagne, himself a Netherlander by descent and ancestral possessions, after a severe struggle, thoroughly subdued the Frisians and Saxons, and compelled them to embrace Christianity.
		During the 9th and loth centuries the Netherlands suffered cruelly from the attacks of the Northmen, who ravaged the The -n- shores and at times penetrated far inland.
		Namur, Cambrai and the other southern munici- districts of the Netherlands, but nowhere else the pallties.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /NAN_NEW/NETHERLANDS.html (4428 words)

	Governor of Maryland Definition / Governor of Maryland Research (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Governor of Maryland, currently Robert Ehrlich, heads the executive branch of the U.S. state of Maryland Maryland is a state in the eastern mid-Atlantic region of the United States.
		Like most state chief executives in the United States, the Maryland governor is elected by the people to serve a four-year term.
		A governor is constitutionally prohibited from serving further than two consecutive terms.
	www.elresearch.com /Governor_of_Maryland (118 words)

	Charles V biography - S9.com
		He became the ruler of ruler of the Burgundian Netherlands.
		He was also the natural candidate to succeed of the electors, but with the help of the wealthy Fugger family, he was elected on the 28th of June this year.
		Two of them gave birth to two future Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands:Johanna Maria van der Gheynst bore Margaret of Parma and Barbara Blomberg bore John of Austria.
	www.s9.com /Biography/Charles-V15000000-15580000 (628 words)

	Albert VII, Archduke of Austria - New WikiPedia , the free encyclopedia
		After the death of Archduke Ernst in 1595, Albert was sent to Brussels to succeed his elder brother as Governor General of the Habsburg Netherlands.
		Meanwhile the archducal regime ensured the triumph of the Catholic Reformation in the Habsburg Netherlands.
		The foundation of the first convents of Discalced Carmelites in the Southern Netherlands depended wholly on the personal initiative of the Archdukes and bore witness to the Spanish orientation of their spirituality.
	www.globalwarming-awareness2007.wroclaw.pl /en/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria.html (2182 words)

	Parma - FUTEF
		Related Categories: 1545 establishments; House of Bourbon-Parma; House of Habsburg; Parma; Contemporary Italian history; House of Habsburg-Lorraine; Former countries on the Italian Peninsula; History of Austria
		Margaret of Parma (28 December 1522 - 18 January 1586), duchess of Parma and governor of the Netherlands from 1559 to 1567, was the illegitimate daughter of Charles V. Her mother, Johanna Maria van der Gheynst, a servant of Charles de Lalaing, Seign...
		Related Categories: History of Italy; House of Habsburg; 1586 deaths; House of Farnese; Parma; 1522 births; History of Spain; Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands
	futef.com /search?query=cats:[Parma] (551 words)

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