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	Grace Murray Hopper
		Grace Brewster Murray Hopper was born in New York City on December 9, 1906, to Walter Fletcher Murray and Mary Campbell Horne Murray.
		During her work with Mark II, Hopper was credited with coining the term "bug" in reference to a glitch in the machinery.
		Hopper taught herself how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide in octal, a number system with base eight that uses digits 0 through 7, in order to facilitate the process.
	www.agnesscott.edu /lriddle/women/hopper.htm (1523 words)

	Grace Hopper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		She married Vincent Hopper in 1930 and was divorced in 1945.
		Hopper began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931, and by 1941 she was an associate professor.
		Grace Murray Hopper Park, located on South Joyce Street in Arlington, Virginia, is a small memorial park in front of her former residence (River House Apartments) and is now owned by Arlington County, Virginia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grace_Hopper (1432 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Rear Admiral Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (born Grace Brewster Murray) (1906-1992) was an early computer programmer and the developer of the first compiler for a computer programming language.
		Grace Hopper and associates, while working on a Mark II computer at Harvard University, discovered a moth stuck in a relay and thereby impeding operation, whereupon she remarked that they were "debugging" the system.
		She retired from the Navy in 1986, and shortly thereafter was hired as a senior consultant to Digital Equipment Corporation, a position she retained until her death.
	wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/g/gr/grace_hopper.html (490 words)

	Remembering Grace Murray Hopper: A Legend in Her Own Time (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hopper's love of gadgets caused her to immediately fall for the biggest gadget she'd ever seen, the fifty-one foot long, 8 foot high, 8 foot wide, glass-encased mound of bulky relays, switches and vacuum tubes called the Mark I. This miracle of modern science could store 72 words and perform three additions every second.
		Grace Hopper was a keynote speaker for the conference in its earlier years, drawing a standing-room-only crowd.
		Hopper enchanted her audiences with tales of the computer evolution and her uncanny ability to predict the trends of the future.
	www.chips.navy.mil /links/grace_hopper/file2.htm (1971 words)

	Grace Murray Hopper Park - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Grace Murray Hopper Park is a 1.5 acre public park on South Joyce Street in Arlington, Virginia.
		The park is named after U.S. Navy's Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper who lived at the River House for approximately 20 years and was a pioneer noted for her contributions to the development of computer systems, including the invention of the COBOL, which is an acronym for "COmmon Business Oriented Language".
		The USS Hopper is named in her honor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper_Park (280 words)

	Grace Hopper Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Grace Hopper, who rose through Navy ranks to become a rear admiral at age eighty-two, is best known for her contribution to the design and development of the COBOL programming language for business applications.
		Hopper defined what she called a "neutral corner" as a little segment at the end of the computer memory which allowed her a safe space in which to "jump forward" from a given routine, and flag the operation with a message.
		Hopper, who campaigned for standardization of computers and programming throughout her life, arguing that the lack of standardization created vast inefficiency and waste, was disturbed by this prospect.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/grace-hopper (1880 words)

	Grace Murray Hopper
		Grace Brewster Murray was born on December 9, 1906 in New York City.
		Admiral Hopper and her team extended this improvement on binary code with the development of her first compiler, the A-O. The A-O series of compilers translated symbolic mathematical code into machine code, and allowed the specification of call numbers assigned to the collected programming routines stored on magnetic tape.
		After four decades of pioneering work, Admiral Hopper felt her greatest contribution had been "all the young people I've trained." She was an inspirational professor and a much sought-after speaker, in some years she addressed more than 200 audiences.
	cs-www.cs.yale.edu /homes/tap/Files/hopper-story.html (1433 words)

	Grace Hopper
		Rear Admiral Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (born Grace Brewster Murray) (1906-1992) was an early computer programmer and the developer of the first compiler for a computer programming language.
		At the end of the war she was discharged from the Navy, but she continued to work on the development of the Mark II and the Mark II Calculators.
		Grace Hopper and associates, while working on a Mark II computer at Harvard University, discovered a moth stuck in a relay and thereby impeding operation, whereupon she remarked that they were "debugging" the system.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/gr/Grace_Hopper.html (525 words)

	Grace Murray Hopper: Pioneer Computer Scientist
		Grace Brewster Murray graduated from Vassar with a B.A. in mathematics in 1928 and worked under algebraist Oystein Ore at Yale for her M.A. (1930) and Ph.D. She married Vincent Foster Hopper, an educator, in 1930 and began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931.
		Hopper had come from a family with military traditions, thus it was not surprising to anyone when she resigned her Vassar post to join the Navy WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service) in December 1943.
		Hopper was appointed to the Harvard faculty as a research fellow, and in 1949 she joined the newly formed Eckert-Mauchly Corporation.
	www.sdsc.edu /ScienceWomen/hopper.html (496 words)

	Grace Murray Hopper Award - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although many awards have added Grace Hopper's name to them since her death in 1992, the original Grace Murray Hopper Awards have been awarded by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) since 1971.
		The award goes to a young (age 35 or less) computer professional who makes a single, significant technical or service contribution.
		The ACM homepage for the Grace Hopper Awards
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper_Award (103 words)

	Inventor of the Week: Archive
		Born Grace Brewster Murray on December 9, 1906 in New York City, she was the eldest of three children, and shared with her mother an affinity for mathematics.
		Hopper made a life-altering decision in 1943 when she decided to join the World War II effort and enlist with Navy WAVES, for Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service, in December of that year.
		Hopper retired from the Naval Reserves in 1966; however, in 1967 she took military leave from Sperry when she was called back into active duty to help the Navy standardize high-level computing languages.
	web.mit.edu /invent/iow/hopper.html (818 words)

	Hopper biography
		Hopper was awarded her doctorate by Yale University in 1934 for a thesis New Types of Irreducibility Criteria which was supervised by Oystein Ore. Hopper attended New York University as a Vassar Faculty Fellow in 1941.
		Hopper's reason for designing a compiler was, she wrote later, because she was lazy and hoped that the introduction of compilers would allow the computer programmer to return to being a mathematician.
		When Hopper retired from the Navy in August 1986, at 80 years of age, she was the oldest active duty officer in the United States.
	www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /Biographies/Hopper.html (1747 words)

	Grace Hopper Page
		Hopper had an edge over everyone in the computer business because she believed that there was always a way to improve on the technology.
		Hopper and her team extended this improvement on binary code with the development of her first compiler, the A-O. The A-O series of compilers translated symbolic mathematical code into machine code, and allowed the specification of call numbers assigned to the collected programming routines stored on magnetic tape.
		Hopper believed that the major obstacle to computers in non-scientific and business applications was the dearth of programmers for these far from user-friendly new machines.
	tergestesoft.com /~eddysworld/hopper.htm (2186 words)

	[No title]
		Grace Murray Hopper - A Life Story It was 1906 in New York City when the great pioneer in data processing, Grace Murray Hopper, was born to the parents Walter Fletcher Murray and Mary Campbell Horn Murray.
		Grace Murray was born on December 17, 1906.
		Grace Murray Hopper was born on December 9, 1906.
	www.lycos.com /info/grace-hopper.html (577 words)

	[No title]
		Probably Grace's best known relationship to ACM is via the award that was established in her name in 1971 by the UNIVAC Division of' the Sperry Rand Corporation and is administered by ACM.
		Grace Murray Hopper was born in New York City on December 9, 1906.
		Hopper is known for coining the term “bug” from an instance when a moth became lodged in a circuit causing a glitch in the first large-scale computer.
	www.lycos.com /info/grace-hopper--computers.html (379 words)

	Remembering Grace Hopper
		Grace was speaking at a group meeting of a professional computer organization. I believe it was the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).
		Grace, who was nearly 70 years old when I saw her, was a retired US Navy officer.
		When questioned who she was with at an airport, Grace replied "the US Navy." The person at the airport said, "You must be the oldest one we have." This effectively shows Grace’s patriotism, even at an older age.
	www.b-eye-network.com /view/1849 (1019 words)

	About Grace Hopper - Grace Hopper Celebration of Women and Computing (GHC 2006)
		The “nanoseconds”; she handed out were lengths of wire, cut to not quite 12 inches in length, equal to the distance traveled by electromagnetic waves along the wire in the space of a nanosecond–one billionth of a second.
		Hopper’s work also foreshadowed or embodied enormous numbers of developments that are still the very bones of digital computing: subroutines, formula translation, relative addressing, the linking loader, code optimization, and symbolic manipulation.
		The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing is presented by the Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology and the Association for Computing Machinery.
	www.gracehopper.org /about/grace-hopper (790 words)

	The My Hero Project - Grace Murray Hopper
		It is not surprising that during her brilliant career Hopper would encounter a great tide of cynicism about the value of her compilers, and male chauvinism to a woman's participation in the field of computer science.
		Hopper was a great believer in raising the standards of the computer industry and the quality of information that computers were destined to handle.
		Grace Hopper was an inspiration to women everywhere, for she persevered and succeeded in a field in which few women had dared to enter at the time.
	myhero.com /myhero/hero.asp?hero=gracehopper (2019 words)

	Grace Hopper - Picture - MSN Encarta
		A pioneer in data processing, Grace Hopper received credit for creating the first compiler in 1952.
		Hopper helped to develop two computer languages and to make computers attractive to businesses.
		One of the most prominent women in the computer industry, Hopper died in 1992.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461568028_761563087_-1_1/Grace_Hopper.html (44 words)

	Grace Hopper - ExampleProblems.com
		Hopper began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931; by 1941 she was an associate professor.
		Hopper retired from the Naval Reserve with the rank of Commander at the end of 1966.
		Grace Murray Hopper Park, located on South Joyce Street in Arlington, Virginia, is a small memorial park in front of her former residence and is now owned by Arlington County, Virginia.
	www.exampleproblems.com /wiki/index.php/Grace_Hopper (1255 words)

	Amazing Grace Hopper
		Grace Hopper, is the Navy's oldest active officer.
		Admiral Hopper, whose great-grandfather was a rear admiral in the Civil War, joined the Naval Reserve in December, 1942, armed with a Ph.D. from Yale University, a decade as a mathematics professor at Vassar College and midshipman training at Smith College.
		In 1966, Admiral Hopper retired form the Naval Reserve as a commander, but she was recalled less than a year later to impose a standard on the Navy's many computer languages.
	home.att.net /~rworthington/History/Hopper_Amazing_Grace.htm (931 words)

	Grace Hopper, computer pioneer
		Grace Brewster Murray was born 9 December, 1906 in New York City.
		Hopper was convinced that programs could be written in English and then translated into binary code by another piece of software called a compiler, and set about proving it.
		In her talks Grace Hopper often used analogies and examples which, like herself, have become the stuff myths are made of.
	www.bikwil.com /Vintage11/Grace-Hopper.html (1553 words)

	Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper
		Hopper was the eldest of three children, followed by sister Mary, 3 years younger and brother Roger, 5 years younger.
		Grace Hopper died in her sleep on New Years day, not in the year in which she wished but in 1992.
		Grace Hopper lived through an entire century of change this is why she always lectured not to fear change.
	ei.cs.vt.edu /~history/Hopper.Danis.html (1771 words)

	The My Hero Project - Grace Murray Hopper
		It is not surprising that during her brilliant career Hopper would encounter a great tide of cynicism about the value of her compilers, and male chauvinism to a woman's participation in the field of computer science.
		Hopper was a great believer in raising the standards of the computer industry and the quality of information that computers were destined to handle.
		Grace Hopper was an inspiration to women everywhere, for she persevered and succeeded in a field in which few women had dared to enter at the time.
	www.myhero.com /myhero/hero.asp?hero=gracehopper (2019 words)

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