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	Grace Hopper - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Rear Admiral Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (born Grace Brewster Murray) (December 9, 1906 - January 1, 1992) was an early computer programmer and the developer of the first compiler for a computer programming language.
		Grace Hopper and associates, while working on a Mark II computer at Harvard University, discovered a moth stuck in a relay and thereby impeding operation, whereupon she remarked that they were "debugging" the system.
		The annual Grace Murray Hopper Award for outstanding young computer professionals was established in 1971 by the Association for Computing Machinery in her honor.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Grace_Hopper (608 words)

	Grace Hopper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar College with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics in 1928 and pursued her graduate education at Yale University, where she received an MA degree in the same two subjects in 1930 and in 1934 became the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics.
		Hopper began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931; by 1941 she was an associate professor.
		Grace Murray Hopper Park, located on South Joyce Street in Arlington, Virginia, is a small memorial park in front of her former residence and is now owned by Arlington County, Virginia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper (1243 words)

	Grace Murray Hopper
		Grace Brewster Murray was born on December 9, 1906 in New York City.
		In 1930 Grace Murray married Vincent Foster Hopper.
		Admiral Hopper and her team extended this improvement on binary code with the development of her first compiler, the A-O. The A-O series of compilers translated symbolic mathematical code into machine code, and allowed the specification of call numbers assigned to the collected programming routines stored on magnetic tape.
	www.cs.yale.edu /homes/tap/Files/hopper-story.html (1433 words)

	Grace Murray Hopper
		Grace Murray Hopper, a computer scientist and mathematician, was introduced during a lecture on the Ohio State University campus in 1987 as the "third programmer on the first computer in the United States." The computer was the Mark I, a piece of hardware 51-feet (16 m) long.
		Hopper was a graduate of Vassar College with a bachelor of arts degree in mathematics and physics.
		Hopper retired from the navy in 1986 as a rear admiral.
	www.harcourtschool.com /activity/biographies/hopper (243 words)

	Remembering Grace Murray Hopper: A Legend in Her Own Time (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Hopper's love of gadgets caused her to immediately fall for the biggest gadget she'd ever seen, the fifty-one foot long, 8 foot high, 8 foot wide, glass-encased mound of bulky relays, switches and vacuum tubes called the Mark I. This miracle of modern science could store 72 words and perform three additions every second.
		Grace Hopper was a keynote speaker for the conference in its earlier years, drawing a standing-room-only crowd.
		Hopper enchanted her audiences with tales of the computer evolution and her uncanny ability to predict the trends of the future.
	www.chips.navy.mil /links/grace_hopper/file2.htm (1971 words)

	Grace Murray Hopper: Pioneer Computer Scientist
		Grace Brewster Murray graduated from Vassar with a B.A. in mathematics in 1928 and worked under algebraist Oystein Ore at Yale for her M.A. (1930) and Ph.D. She married Vincent Foster Hopper, an educator, in 1930 and began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931.
		Hopper had come from a family with military traditions, thus it was not surprising to anyone when she resigned her Vassar post to join the Navy WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service) in December 1943.
		Hopper was appointed to the Harvard faculty as a research fellow, and in 1949 she joined the newly formed Eckert-Mauchly Corporation.
	www.sdsc.edu /ScienceWomen/hopper.html (496 words)

	Hopper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Hopper was awarded her doctorate by Yale University in 1934 for a thesis New Types of Irreducibility Criteria which was supervised by Oystein Ore. Hopper attended New York University as a Vassar Faculty Fellow in 1941.
		Hopper's reason for designing a compiler was, she wrote later, because she was lazy and hoped that the introduction of compilers would allow the computer programmer to return to being a mathematician.
		When Hopper retired from the Navy in August 1986, at 80 years of age, she was the oldest active duty officer in the United States.
	www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Mathematicians/Hopper.html (1654 words)

	The My Hero Project - Grace Murray Hopper
		It is not surprising that during her brilliant career Hopper would encounter a great tide of cynicism about the value of her compilers, and male chauvinism to a woman's participation in the field of computer science.
		Hopper was a great believer in raising the standards of the computer industry and the quality of information that computers were destined to handle.
		Grace Hopper was an inspiration to women everywhere, for she persevered and succeeded in a field in which few women had dared to enter at the time.
	myhero.com /hero.asp?hero=gracehopper (1210 words)

	Admiral Grace Murray Hopper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		On December 9, 1906 Grace Murray Hopper was born in New York City to Walter Fletcher Murray and Mary Campbell Horne Murray.
		Grace was the oldest of three children and was named after her mother's best friend, Grace Brewster.
		In 1930 Grace Murray married Vincent Foster Hopper, and English instructor at New York University.
	www.engr.psu.edu /wep/EngCompSp98/Kbaxter/hopper.html (905 words)

	RADM Grace Murray Hopper
		Hopper, nicknamed "Grand Old Lady of Software" and "Amazing Grace", appeared to be making a reluctant exit as she was honored on the USS Constitution, the Navy's oldest commissioned warship.
		Hopper's retirement ceremony, described as the grandest ever held on the old ship, featured a band, a bouquet of 43 roses - one for each year of her Navy career - and seamen scampering up rigging to salute the diminutive admiral.
		The guided missile destroyer USS Hopper, DDG 70, christened on 6 January 1996 and commissioned on 6 September 1997, was named for Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, whose pioneering spirit in the field of computer technology led the Navy into the age of computers.
	www.milhist.net /global/hopper.html (582 words)

	Brewster Academy - Grace Murray Hopper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Captain Hopper was among a third generation of Murrays to have lived in Wolfeboro as a seasonal resident.
		Her brother, Dr. Roger F. Murray, an economist and former associate dean of the Graduate School of Business, Columbia University, was a full-time resident of Wolfeboro, as are other members of his family.
		Grace Murray Hopper (born 1906, New York City) is a mathematician who while working with the world's first digital computer in the 1940s, developed the concept of automatic programming with a compiling system using words instead of mathematical symbols.
	www.brewsteracademy.org /Pages/Technology/gmhopper.html (2303 words)

	Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper
		Hopper was the eldest of three children, followed by sister Mary, 3 years younger and brother Roger, 5 years younger.
		Grace Hopper died in her sleep on New Years day, not in the year in which she wished but in 1992.
		Grace Hopper lived through an entire century of change this is why she always lectured not to fear change.
	ei.cs.vt.edu /~history/Hopper.Danis.html (1771 words)

	Ada and Grace: Practical Visionaries
		Grace Hopper was the first woman to have a Navy destroyer named after her (USS Hopper), and the Institute for Women and Technology began the Grace Murray Celebration of Women in Computing in 1994.
		As a disciplinary descendant, Grace Murray Hopper followed Ada's path by focusing on mathematics; she was one of the first women to receive a Ph.D. in Mathematics from Yale University in 1934.
		Hopper and her staff also created Flow-matic, the first programming language to use English words, and Flow-matic was eventually incorporated in COBOL (common-business-oriented-language), the first programming language designed for commerce.
	research.umbc.edu /~shattuck/wmst390ada.html (2648 words)

	Grace Murray Hopper
		Grace Murray Hopper was born in New York, New York on December 9, 1906.
		Grace Murray graduated from Vassar with a B.A. in mathematics in 1928.
		Admiral Grace Murray Hopper had come from a family with military traditions and it came as no surprise when she resigned her Vassar post to join the Navy WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service) in December 1943.
	www.mtsu.edu /~amelton/h.htm (1048 words)

	Grace Hopper
		Grace Hopper was born Grace Brewster Murray, the oldest of three children.
		Grace Murray Hopper spent much of her inventive career proving that something that's never been done before isn't impossible.
		Hopper was awarded her doctorate by Yale University for a thesis New Types of Irreducibility Criteria which was supervised by Oystein Ore.
	www.thocp.net /biographies/hopper_grace.html (2010 words)

	Grace Murray Hopper
		In 1966 Hopper was promoted by the Navy to commander, but she had reached the legal limit of twenty years for serving as a reservist and on December 31, 1966, she retired.
		In 1985, Grace Hopper was appointed Rear Admiral by President Ronald Reagan.
		Grace Hopper died in her sleep on January 1, 1992, at the age of eighty-five.
	www.distinguishedwomen.com /biographies/hopper.html (1276 words)

	Grace Murray Hopper - TOUCHED BY GRACE - CIO Magazine Dec. 15 1999/Jan. 1 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Of course, I had heard about Grace Hopper, the inventor of Cobol and discoverer of the infamous first bug in a computer (it was a moth).
		Grace's "Dare and Do" slogan must have touched me that day in 1984, for five years later I founded a Cobol company with my brother, Drake Coker.
		Grace Hopper's longevity and continuous innovation are the perfect metaphor for Cobol.
	www.cio.com /archive/010100_hopper.html?printversion=yes (516 words)

	Grace Murray Hopper
		Grace Brewster Murray Hopper was born in New York City on December 9, 1906, to Walter Fletcher Murray and Mary Campbell Horne Murray.
		During her work with Mark II, Hopper was credited with coining the term "bug" in reference to a glitch in the machinery.
		Hopper taught herself how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide in octal, a number system with base eight that uses digits 0 through 7, in order to facilitate the process.
	www.agnesscott.edu /lriddle/women/hopper.htm (1466 words)

	Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Her nickname in the navy was "Amazing Grace." People listened to her because she had the technical skills and the vision.
		Hopper had an edge over everyone in the computer business because she believed that there was always a way to improve on the technology.
		Hopper considered her greatest accomplishment to be all the young people she trained.
	www.hopper.navy.mil /grace/grace.htm (962 words)

	Inventor Grace Murray Hopper
		Hopper, Grace Murray (1906-1992), American Navy officer, mathematician, and pioneer in data processing, born in New York City and educated at Vassar College and at Yale University.
		In 1930 Grace Brewster Murray married Vincent Foster Hopper.
		Hopper retired from the navy in 1986 and served as a senior consultant with Digital Equipment Corporation.
	www.ideafinder.com /history/inventors/hopper.htm (749 words)

	Hopper, Grace Murray -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Grace Hopper was the first person to conceive of the use of compilers in computers.
		Grace Murray Hopper taught mathematics at Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, from 1931 to 1943 before joining the U.S. Naval Reserve.
		Grace Patricia Kelly was born on Nov. 12, 1929, in Philadelphia, Pa. A graduate of the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, Kelly worked in theater and television before making her film debut in ‘High Noon' (1952).
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9326636?tocId=9326636 (632 words)

	Grace Hopper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Grace's father, in addition to being an inspiration for Grace, encouraged her to abandon the usual feminine roles of that period.
		In 1966, Hopper was once again told by the Navy that she was too old to remain in the reserves, and was asked to resign.
		Initially, Hopper was asked to return to active duty for only six months, but it was not long before her orders were changed to "indefinite." Under her direction, the Navy produced a COBOL certifier that was available to everyone.
	wayne.home.texas.net /~wayne/grace1.html (3589 words)

	A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Grace Murray Hopper
		Grace Murray Hopper may have been ahead of her time.
		Howard Aiken directed the work, which boiled down to creating the first programmable digital computer -- the Mark I. For Hopper, a mathematician with no background in computing, it was a crash course in the complexities and frustrations of programming, and the beginning of her life's work.
		Hopper taped the offending creature into her log book and noted beside it, "first actual bug found." She is credited with the terms "bug" and "debug" for computer errors and how to fix them.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/databank/entries/btmurr.html (594 words)

	may
		Grace Hopper was born in 1906 as Grace Brewster Murray.
		Grace went on to study mathematics and received her PhD from Yale university at the age of 26.
		Grace taught herself octal arithmetic and became proficient at it; she sometimes even balanced her chequebook in octal by mistake.
	www.pims.math.ca /education/2001/women/june (996 words)

	Grace Murray Hopper, Rear Admiral, United States Navy
		Grace Murray (Hopper) was born in New York City on 9 December 1906.
		The broader principle, one that Grace insisted upon throughout her life, was that computers should be available to anyone who needed them.
		Grace went on to spend two decades reorganizing the computing resources of the U.S. Navy, putting in as many as 300 days a year traveling and giving lectures.
	www.arlingtoncemetery.net /ghopper.htm (1257 words)

	Technology, Invention, and Innovation Collections
		Hopper retired from UNIVAC in 1972, having returned to active service in the U.S. Navy from which she eventually retired with the rank of Rear Admiral.
		Grace Murray Hopper donated her materials to the National Museum of American History, Section of Mathematics in 1967 and 1968.
		Invitation to Dr. Grace Hopper: "President Conant requests the honor of your presence at luncheon in the Warburg Room of the Fogg Museum of Art on Tuesday, January the seventh at twelve-fifteen o'clock on the occasion of the Opening of The Computation Laboratory"; RSVP to Prof.
	www.americanhistory.si.edu /archives/d8324.htm (2997 words)

	National Women's Hall of Fame - Women of the Hall
		The woman who became known as "Amazing Grace" and "The Grandmother of the Computer Age" was born before Ford launched his first Model T and before women had the right to vote.
		A leader and pioneer in the technology that has transformed information flow forever, Hopper was also the first woman to attain the rank of Rear Admiral in the U.S. Navy.
		Grace Hopper: the first woman to program the first computer in the United States.
	www.greatwomen.org /women.php?action=viewone&id=79 (304 words)

	SJSU Virtual Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Some of her work was concerned with the development of compilers, which are computer programs that translate computer languages used by programmers into a form accessible to computers.
		During her lifetime, Grace Hopper contributed to the development of COBOL, a computer language widely used in business.
		Grace Murray Hopper retired from the U.S. Navy in 1986 as a rear admiral.
	www.sjsu.edu /depts/Museum/hop.html (173 words)

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