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	Grade separation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Grade separation is the process of aligning a junction of two or more transport axes at different heights (grades) such that they do not disrupt the flow of traffic on one another when they cross.
		Grade separation drastically increases the capacity of a road compared to an identical road with at-grade junctions.
		Roads with grade separation generally allow traffic to move freely, with less interruptions, and at higher overall speeds; hence why speed limits are typically higher for grade-separated roads.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grade_separation (801 words)

	Rail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A grade separation is created when a bridge or tunnel is built to allow the roadway to pass over or under the rail line, completely separating automobiles and other traffic from trains.
		Grade separation is required for new road construction and recommended for existing grade crossings when "design thresholds" are exceeded.
		Grade separation is expensive and can be disruptive to neighborhoods, if businesses or homes adjacent to the intersection must be condemned or relocated.
	www.wsdot.wa.gov /rail/projects/gradecrossing.cfm (486 words)

	Orthoseek \| Orthopedic Topics \| Shoulder Separation
		Grade I separation occurs when the ligaments holding the joint together (the acromio-clavicular capsule and ligaments) are bruised, but still mostly intact.
		Grade II separation occurs when the acromio-clavicluar ligaments are disrupted, and the cartilage in the joint may be injured.
		Grade III separation occurs when the acromio-clavicular ligaments, as well as the coraco-clavicular ligaments which are essential for stability of the ACV joint, are disrupted.
	www.orthoseek.com /articles/shouldersep.html (387 words)

	Old Time Trains (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Grade separation between railways and roads to provide safer passage for both types of traffic is accomplished primarily by two methods; a bridge to carry trains over a road underpass, first known as a subway or, a bridge to carry the road above the tracks.
		In Toronto the first major grade separation was a subway constructed in 1897-98 on Queen Street West at Dufferin Street, the dividing point between the City of Toronto and the Village of Parkdale, a costly construction project at the time, so costly it helped bring about the amalgamation of Parkdale.
		Parkdale Grade Separation ran along the GTR main line between Toronto and Hamilton stretching from Strachan Avenue to Mimico a distance of six miles and involving 13 level crossings that were replaced by four bridges and nine underpasses.
	www.trainweb.org /oldtimetrains/Various/grade/separations.html (715 words)

	Adult Health Advisor 2005.4: Shoulder Separation
		A shoulder separation occurs when you tear the ligaments that hold your collarbone (clavicle) to the joint where it meets the shoulder blade.
		A grade II sprain has slight separation of the clavicle from the shoulder, and grade III has a greater separation.
		Grade I separations and some grade II and grade III separations may be placed in a sling or shoulder immobilizer.
	www.med.umich.edu /1libr/aha/aha_shldsep_sma.htm (802 words)

	ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT SEPARATION
		A shoulder separation is a fairly common injury, especially in an athletic population.
		A shoulder separation is actually a dislocation of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint, the joint between the scapula (shoulder blade) and the clavicle (collarbone).
		Treatment for a Grade 1 or Grade 2 shoulder separation usually consists of a sling and pain medication until the sprain, or tearing, of the ligaments heals.
	www.muir-orthopedic.com /patient_ed_docs/ajs_pe_doc.htm (680 words)

	Indiana Code 8-6-3
		(1) Where a grade crossing is eliminated by grade separation, the structure and approaches for the number of lanes on the existing highway and in accordance with the current design standards of the governmental entity having jurisdiction over the highway involved.
		separation and the costs and expenses incurred by said railroad or railroads, and in excess of the amount, if any, to be borne by the railroad or railroads, as in this chapter provided, shall be paid by the state, county, or municipality, as the case may be, to such railroad or railroads making such changes.
		(a) Where a grade separation results from a railroad relocation project funded in substantial part by the federal government, the shares of the cost of the grade separation shall be allocated among all the participating governmental units and affected railroads as they may agree.
	www.in.gov /legislative/ic/code/title8/ar6/ch3.html (916 words)

	Wikinfo \| Grade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		in traffic, grade separation is the process of aligning a junction of two or more transport axes on different levels.
		Grade is a Hardcore punk rock band of the Emo genre.
		in pathology, grading (tumors) is a measure of the aggressiveness of a tumor, using either a numeric grade ("Grade 2") or a descriptive grade ("high grade").
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=grade (393 words)

	NCDOT Rail Division > Safety Programs
		The grade separation guidelines are based on use of an exposure index which is the product of the number of trains per day and the projected average daily highway traffic at the end of the design period.
		Separations should be constructed in RURAL areas when the exposure index is 15,000 or more.
		Separations should be constructed in URBAN areas when the exposure index is 30,000 or more.
	www.bytrain.org /safety/polproc/gradesepguide.html (501 words)

	701-R-2000 -- Authority to reconstruct the grade separation - Alberta Infrastructure
		With respect to the apportionment of the costs for the reconstruction of the grade separation, AI submits that a 25 percent contribution from CN towards the reconstruction cost is reasonable and equitable as the railway has contributed to the problems on the road allowance, and as the roadway is senior to the railway.
		With respect to the subway structure, CN submits that, the median span is required for safety purposes and, as such, it should form part of the basic grade separation and should not be considered as an additional facility to be paid 100 percent by the railway company.
		With respect to grade separations, every case is assessed on its own merits to determine whether the Agency’s Guidelines apply and the Agency may issue decisions that vary from the Guidelines depending on the circumstances surrounding each particular grade separation project.
	www.cta-otc.gc.ca /rulings-decisions/decisions/2000/R/701-R-2000_e.html (2497 words)

	Order Instituting Investigation to establish a Grade Separation Priority List
		For a project that eliminates an existing crossing or alters or reconstructs an existing grade separation, an allocation of 80% of the estimated cost of the project is made, with the local agency and railroad each contributing 10%.
		For a project that plans a grade separation of a proposed new crossing (currently no existing crossing), an allocation of 50% of the estimated project costs is made, with the remaining 50% contributed by the local agency.
		Projects for the elimination of existing grade crossings shall not be combined with projects to eliminate proposed grade crossings, as a single nomination.
	www.cpuc.ca.gov /PUBLISHED/Report/8325.htm (5789 words)

	City of San Bruno (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		On July 17, 2002, a Town Hall meeting was held at which JPB staff described the grade separation alternatives, along with the possibility of leaving the crossing as it is. The presentation was posted on the City's web site for citizen review.
		The resulting recommendations of the Ad Hoc Committee included: that the City Council support a grade separation project, that Alternate 5 be selected as the preferred alternative, and that a Citizens Advisory Committee (CAC) be formed to work with JPB and to provide public input.
		In addition to the public safety benefits, the proposed grade separation project affords a unique opportunity to both the community and the railroad to achieve many other long-term improvements that would otherwise be difficult, if not impossible, to achieve without the grade separation project.
	sanbruno.ca.gov /city_services/public_works/projects/Grade_Separation (1335 words)

	[No title]
		On projects which eliminate an existing crossing or alter or reconstruct an existing grade separation, an allocation of 80% of the estimated cost of the project is made, with the local agency and railroad each contributing 10%.
		Projects for the elimination of existing grade crossings and for the elimination of proposed grade crossings shall not be combined in a single nomination.
		For Proposed crossing:(check one) At grade crossing is In the narrative section, practical and feasible show sufficient evidence At grade crossing is not that construction of an practical and feasible at-grade crossing is, or is not physically practical and feasible 19.
	www.dot.ca.gov /hq/LocalPrograms/lam/forms/msword/g19forms.doc (5164 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		2.1 For railroad-highway grade separation projects for which contribution from a railroad corporation or corporations is requested, the Applicant shall submit the information required at paragraph 2.2 of these rules in addition to that required by Rule 51(c)(3) of the Commission's Rules of Practice and Procedure.
		The provisions, administration, or enforcement of the rules and regulations for railroadhighway grade separation applications will not result in any increased revenues to or expenditures by any agencies or political subdivisions of the State, because there are no fees, charges, or other fiscal requirements in these rules.
		The adopted rules state an allocation formula for grade separations, but also provide that the Commission may impose a different allocation if it is demonstrated by substantial evidence of benefit and need to be appropriate.
	www.dora.state.co.us /PUC./decisions/19xx/C88-0374_6329.doc (899 words)

	Railroad Grade Separation Project at Norfolk Southern Railroad Crossing in North Ridgeville
		The Transportation Review Advisory Council's (TRAC's) Railroad Grade Separation Subcommittee agreed to provide funding for the grade separation on SR-83 (Wooster Avon Lake Road) over the Norfolk Southern Railroad (NS RR) tracks in the City of North Ridgeville.
		The most proximate grade separated crossing, with respect to travel distance, is at NS RR and Butternut Ridge Road (approximately 4 miles).
		Grade separations reduce queues and result in less congestion, which produce an air quality benefit.
	www.noaca.org /rrgradesep.html (471 words)

	Fitch Road Norfolk Southern (NS) Railroad Grade Separation
		The Fitch Road Grade Separation is listed in the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century legislation, Ohio Demonstration Projects, dated 7/10/98.
		Construct a railroad grade separation at Fitch Road and the Norfolk Southern railroad tracks.
		A railroad grade separation project is also being considered for Stearns Road, to the west, in Olmsted Township.
	www.noaca.org /fitchroad.html (577 words)

	SANBAG: Grade Separations
		San Bernardino Associated Governments was awarded $95 million through the state-funded Traffic Congestion Relief Program in July 2000 to separate heavily traveled roads from railroad freight traffic throughout San Bernardino County.
		Grade separations involve the division of vehicle traffic and railroad traffic by building bridges over or under the railroad tracks, or rerouting the train tracks over or under existing streets.
		Construction plans for grade separation projects and other transportation projects have been placed on hold.
	www.sanbag.ca.gov /projects/grade.html (215 words)

	Grade (slope) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A grade (or gradient) is the pitch of a slope, and is often expressed as a percent tangent, or "rise over run".
		It is used to express the steepness of slope on a hill, roof, or road, where zero indicates level (with respect to gravity) and increasing numbers correlate to more vertical inclinations.
		The ambiguities and the small differences that result may permit these two inconsistent approaches to coexist unrecognized, especially where grades considered are 15% or less.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grade_(geography) (348 words)

	NCDOT Rail Division > Safety Programs
		Replacement of the at-grade crossing with a grade separation will be evaluated and considered as part of the planning and engineering process.
		Traffic Separation Studies may recommend the relocation and reconstruction of at-grade crossings of the Southeast Corridor only when they meet near term safety needs, mitigate the closure of multiple crossings as part of a comprehensive safety improvement project, and are equipped with enhanced warning and traffic control devices.
		Right of way should be preserved as part of such projects to allow for eventual grade separations when train speeds exceed 90 miles per hour.
	www.bytrain.org /Safety/polproc/hwysehsrc.html (605 words)

	Industrial Property with Electrical Power Plant: Pacific Northwest, Pacific Rim, West Coast
		The Fibre Way Grade Separation is the first phase of the Industrial Rail Corridor, a $21 million Port of Longview rail infrastructure project designed to improve the connection between main-line rail and the Port's industrial sites and marine facilities.
		The grade separation consists of a vehicular overpass at Fibre Way that separates rail traffic on the Industrial Rail Corridor from vehicular traffic traveling to and from Longview Fibre Company.
		Funding for the grade separation was provided by Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) funds, state Freight Mobility Strategic Investment Board funds and Transportation Improvement Board funds, Cowlitz County sales tax rebate funds and the Port's own funds.
	www.portoflongview.com /page.asp?view=887 (313 words)

	grade definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		She'll be in the tenth grade this year.
		assign grade to something: to assign a mark or rating to something such as a student's work
		The Latin word gradus "step," from which grade is derived, and its related verb gradi "to walk, go," are also the sources ofEnglishaggression,congress,degrade,degree,digress,gradient,gradual,ingredient,progress,retrograde, andtransgress.
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_/grade.html (325 words)

	Menlo Park Railroad Grade
		This project evaluates the engineering feasibility of replacing the existing grade crossings of the Caltrain tracks by building grade separations of the roadways from the tracks at Ravenswood, Oak Grove, Glenwood and Encinal Avenues.
		Findings of the study were presented in a general public session on September 10, 2002, to a joint meeting of the City Planning and Transportation Commissions on April 9, 2003 and at a City Council Work Session on June 10, 2003.
		On September 9, 2003, the Council affirmed the concept of split-level grade separations, with tracks partially elevated and roadways partially depressed, as the preferred design.
	www.ci.menlo-park.ca.us /departments/trn/railgrade_project.html (377 words)

	Assembly Bill 453, Agenda #29, Unique 4480, (Benoit) - Grade separation projects
		This bill would require, in order for an allocation for construction costs, or for preconstruction costs if not already allocated, to be made, that a local agency furnish evidence satisfactory to the department that all matters prerequisite to the award of a construction contract can be accomplished within two years after the allocation.
		The legislation was amended following legislative debates to remove the funding level provisions and insert language requiring the CPUC to submit a report to the Legislature on the sufficiency of the $15 million fund.
		separation projects may be used for the purposes of this subdivision.
	www.cpuc.ca.gov /PUBLISHED/Report/45553.htm (1885 words)

	City of Fremont - Grade Separation Project
		The City of Fremont is leading the project management and construction efforts for the Washington Boulevard/ Paseo Padre Parkway Grade Separation Project.
		The main contract for the Washington Boulevard/Paseo Padre Parkway Grade Separation Project is expected to be advertised in October 2006.
		The contractor is expected to be selected by January 2007 with construction of the main contract expected to begin in March 2007.
	www.fremont.gov /Construction/GradeSeparationProject/default.htm (293 words)

	II. INTERCHANGES (GRADE SEPARATION)
		The consistent use of 1,200 mm x 750 mm (48 in x 30 in) FREEWAY ENTRANCE signs for positive guidance as described as an option in section 2E-40 of the MUTCD (Federal Highway Administration, 1988), using a minimum letter height of 200 mm (8 in) with series D or wider font, is recommended.
		Where adjacent entrance and exit ramps intersect with a crossroad, the use of a median separator is recommended, with the nose of the separator delineated with yellow reflectorized paint and extending as close to the crossroad as practical without obstructing the turning path of vehicles.
		In addition, a mounting height (from the pavement to the bottom of the bottom sign) of between 450 mm and 900 mm (18 in and 36 in) is recommended, using the lowest value for this range that is practical when the presence of snow or other obstructions is taken into consideration.
	www.tfhrc.gov /safety/pubs/97135/rec2.htm (1231 words)

	Rail Grade Separation Program Application
		List any redundant at-grade crossings (other than the proposed grade separation) which can be closed to vehicular traffic in conjunction with the proposed grade separation.
		Measured in miles from the at-grade crossing in question, list the distance that a vehicle must travel to access the nearest grade separation.
		Include a narrative description of the current community impacts of the at-grade crossing and an explanation of how the proposed grade separation would reduce these impacts and improve the community's quality of life.
	www.dot.state.oh.us /railapp.htm (508 words)

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