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Topic: Gradient index lens

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	Gradient index optics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gradient index optics is the branch of optics covering optical effects produced by a gradual variation of the refractive index of a material.
		An example of gradient index optics is the common mirage of a pool of water appearing on a road on a hot day.
		The variation in temperature (and thus density) of the air causes a gradient in its refractive index, causing it to increase with height.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gradient_index_optics (452 words)

	Lens - Wikipedia
		It is the refractive index of the lens material and the curvature of the two surfaces that give a particular lens its particular properties.
		If the lens is biconvex or plano-convex, a collimated or parallel beam of light passing along the lens axis and through the lens will be converged (or focussed) to a spot on the axis, at a certain distance behind the lens (known as the focal length).
		The beam after passing through the lens appears to be eminating from a particular point on the axis in front of the lens; the distance from this point to the lens is also known as the focal length, although it is negative with respect to the focal length of a converging lens.
	nostalgia.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lens (1501 words)

	Lens (optics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		If the lens is biconvex or plano-convex, a collimated or parallel beam of light travelling parallel to the lens axis and passing through the lens will be converged (or focused) to a spot on the axis, at a certain distance behind the lens (known as the focal length).
		The beam after passing through the lens appears to be emanating from a particular point on the axis in front of the lens; the distance from this point to the lens is also known as the focal length, although it is negative with respect to the focal length of a converging lens.
		A modern variation of this is the use of a lens in combination with a photovoltaic cell to concentrate sunlight and improve the efficiency of the device.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lens_(optics) (2595 words)

	Gradient index aspherical lens - Patent 5986818
		A gradient index lens as claimed in claim 1, wherein another resin layer having a refractive index different from that of said resin layer is formed on a surface of said resin layer.
		A gradient index lens as claimed in claim 12, wherein another resin layer having a refractive index different from that of said resin layer is formed on a surface of said resin layer.
		The gradient index of the base lens 1 may be an arbitrary gradient index such as radial gradient index (the direction of gradient index is a direction vertical to the optical axis) and axial gradient index (the direction of gradient index is parallel to the optical axis).
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5986818.html (4978 words)

	Lens
		A lens works by refracting (bending) the light that passes through it, in a similar manner to a prism.
		If the lens is biconvex or plano-convex, a collimated or parallel beam of light passing along the lens axis and through the lens will be converged (or focused) to a spot on the axis, at a certain distance behind the lens (known as the focal length).
		One important use of lenses is as a prosthetic[?] for the correction of visual impairments[?] such as myopia and farsightedness[?].
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/le/Lense.html (1514 words)

	Lens (optics) - Gurupedia
		A lens is a device for either concentrating or diverging light, usually formed from a piece of shaped glass.
		Rays passing through the outer margins of the lens are focussed at different points, either further from the axis (positive coma) or closer to the axis (negative coma).
		In general, a bundle of parallel rays passing through the lens at a fixed distance from the centre of the lens are focussed to a ring-shaped image in the focal plane, known as a comatic circle.
	www.gurupedia.com /l/le/lens_(optics).htm (1808 words)

	U.S. Patent: 5298741 - Thin film fiber optic sensor array and apparatus for concurrent viewing and chemical sensing of ...
		An optional component of the fiber optic sensor is the presence of a Gradient Index or "GRIN" lens joined to and optically aligned with the distal optic array surface of the unitary fiber optic array.
		Moreover, the pitch, lens diameter, lens length, focal length, design wavelength, refractive index profile, axial index, and other GRIN lens parameters and capabilities may be individually chosen and varied to meet the specific demands of the user or the application--but the lens will typically take physical form as shown by FIG.
		The refractive index of the material forming a GRIN lens varies radially, from a maximum on the axis to a minimum at the outer surface; and a refractive index profile is commonly provided for each GRIN lens to indicate its capabilities.
	www.everypatent.com /comp/pat5298741.html (9536 words)

	GRINTECH GmbH "Gradient Index Optics Technology"
		The way a GRadient INdex (GRIN) lens works may be explained best by considering a conventional lens: An incoming light ray is first refracted when it enters the shaped lens surface because of the abrupt change of the refractive index from air to the homogeneous material.
		The geometrical gradient constant g characterizes the steepness of the index gradient and with the lens length z
		is the refractive index at the margin of the profile, and d is the diameter or the thickness, respectively, of the lens.
	www.grintech.de /e_main_grin.htm (1278 words)

	Scale Model of Human Eye
		Rays pass from the cornea into the watery fluid known as the aqueous humor which has an index of refraction of about 1.336, so most of the refraction is at the cornea-air interface.
		The term cataract is used to describe the condition of clouding or darkening of this lens.
		When the inner lens of the eye becomes darkened or opaque, the condition is called a cataract.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/vision/eyescal.html (329 words)

	Electronic Spectacles for the 21st Century
		The principle of operation of a lens fabricated from an array of liquid crystals is contrasted with a conventional lens in Fig.
		Given the appropriate gradient of the refractive index, the optical path length for each ray could be made the same as for corresponding rays in a conventional lens.
		To use the same lens to correct the patient's vision, wavefronts from visual objects would be pre-distorted by the liquid-crystal lens by an amount which is equal, but opposite, to the aberrations in the eye.
	research.opt.indiana.edu /Library/elecspex/elecspex.html (3427 words)

	Segmented axial gradient lens (US5541774)
		The lens has an optical axis and is composed of a plurality of segments.
		The index profiles can then be chosen to augment the optical power of the lens assembly as well as to reduce the aberrations.
		In still another embodiment, two segmented axial gradient lenses are mounted in a lens system with their orientations rotated 90 degrees about the optical axis from each other to provide independent manipulation of a beam in two transverse orthogonal directions.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn10=US05541774 (521 words)

	Aviation Maintenance
		Gradient Lens has pushed the envelope on rigid borescope design, using technology to make possible the low-cost Hawkeye system.
		Gradient Lens president Doug Kindred joined the company in 1990 as a materials scientist and helped develop the gradient index relay technology, which is also used in the Hawkeye.
		Gradient Lens is careful to make sure the Hawkeye borescope system works with just about any type of borescope adapter on the market.
	www.aviationtoday.com /cgi/am/show_mag.cgi?pub=am&mon=0601&file=0601gradientlens.htm (930 words)

	bioceramics
		The refractive index varies along the axis of propagation of light in an axial gradient index medium.
		A change in refractive index along with a change in the dispersion (Abbe number) of the glass layers in some Gradium glasses makes possible the separation of different incident wavelengths that are perpendicular to the refractive index gradient.
		Lens array-an array of several converging lenses embedded in a plano-plano gradient index glass.
	www.ceramicbulletin.org /months/sep98/gradium2.html (1235 words)

	Fiber Optic Technology -- former Fiberoptic Products News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The lens is thus a spherical lens with a radius of curvature (Rc).
		A challenge for this type of lens is the misalignment between the center of curvature of the spherical lens and the optical axis.
		Since the gradient index fiber is fused to the pigtail, the lenses can be made on PM fibers.
	www.fiberoptictechnology.net /scripts/ShowPR.asp?PUBCODE=025&ACCT=0000100&ISSUE=0404&RELTYPE=PR&PRODCODE=0000&PRODLETT=F (2287 words)

	PIRA 6A40.00 REFRACTIVE INDEX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Index of refraction is determined by measuring the distance between minima with a movable plane mirror in a container of liquid.
		A mixture of crushed glass and a liquid with the same index of refraction as glass is warmed in a container and exhibits colors.
		A small gradient index lens is passed around the class.
	www.physics.ncsu.edu /pira/6optics/6A40.html (765 words)

	Zaidi, Mol Vis 2002; 8:472-476.
		A change in lens gradient of refractive index (which is dependent on α-, β-, and δ-crystallin concentration and arrangement), could underlie this observation.
		Frozen lens samples used for αA- and δ-crystalllin analysis were rehydrated with dilution buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 20 mM EDTA, 0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.4) to an initial concentration of 1 μg/μl total protein in all cases unless otherwise specified.
		Lens total soluble proteins at a concentration of 0.06 μg/μl or 0.05 μg/μl for αA- and δ-crystallin respectively, were subjected to SDS-PAGE and were transferred to PVDF membranes and incubated with appropriate antibodies as described above.
	www.molvis.org /molvis/v8/a57 (2472 words)

	Grin Lens, China Grin Lens products- China Grin Lens Manufacturer, supplier
		Gradient Index (Grin) lens is a cylindrical lens, in which refractive index continuously decreases fromm the central axis to the peripheral surface.
		Especially in optical communcations Grin Lens is one of the most basically components of varriety active and passive device, such as fiber optic linker, fiber optical coupling, WDM optical attennuator, optical islator, optical switch, fiber optical collimator, EDFA, fiber optical raster and optical combination with high coupling effiency and low insert loss.
		Gradient Index lens is an important optical element in out-put light focus and coupling from the laser have a nearly relation with the DPSS Laser
	www.made-in-china.com /china-products/productviewgfpEICQcjnrL/Grin-Lens.html (331 words)

	GRIN LENS - Gradient Index Lenses
		GRadient INdex lens or GRIN lens is used to focus and collimate light sources.
		As illustrated in Fig 1., conventional lens focus light beam by bending lights at its surface through controlling the lens shape and smoothness of its surface.
		Through a precisely controlled radial variation of the lens material’s index of refraction from the optical axis to the edge of the lens, GRIN lens can smoothly and continually redirect light beam to point of focus without the need to tightly-control the surface curvature.
	www.grin-lens.com (287 words)

	photo.net Forum: aspherical?
		So the radius of curvature of an aspherical lens is not constant but varies with the distance from the center axis.
		BTW I really should refer to 'lens' as a 'lens element' in this case since I am talking about a single piece of glass and not what photographers refer to as a lens (a collection of several pieces of glass and the entire mechanical housing).
		Another option is to use a gradient index lens element or GRIN lens element.
	www.photo.net /bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=000DsG (933 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A gradient index rod lens unit for use in a microchemical system including a converging lens that converges exciting light and detecting light onto a sample, and a measuring device that measures intensity of the detecting light passing through a thermal lens generated in the sample, said gradient index rod lens unit comprising:
		a plurality of cylindrical gradient index rod lenses arranged in series, each of the gradient index rod lenses having a refractive index varying from an optical axis thereof toward a periphery thereof;
		wherein at least one of the plurality of gradient index rod lenses is different in chromatic aberration from the other gradient index rod lenses.
	www.uspto.gov /web/patents/patog/week36/OG/html/1298-1/US06941041-20050906.html (176 words)

	References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		H. Hopkins and H. Tiziani, "A theoretical and experimental study of lens centring errors and their influence on optical image quality," British Journal of Applied Physics 17, pp.
		De Bernardi et al., "Effects of potassium concentration and induced stress on the refractive index profile of K+-Na+ ion-exchanged glass waveguides," J. Mod.
		McLaughlin and D. Moore, "Models for the thermal expansion coefficient and temperature coefficient of the refractive index in gradient-index glass,: Appl.
	www.optics.rochester.edu:8080 /workgroups/moore/references.htm (726 words)

	important terms
		the distance from the center of a lens to the focal point (the point where light striking the lens parallel to the optical axis is focused)
		the ratio of the focal length of the lens to the diameter of the lens
		a lens in which the index of refraction decreases as a function of distance from the optical axis
	www.physics.rutgers.edu /ugrad/202/terms.html (2691 words)

	Physics of the Selfoc Lens
		The index of refraction is highest in the center of the lens and decreases with radial distance from the axis.
		Although the value of this parameter must be determined through indirect measurement techniques, it is a characterization of the lens' optical performance.
		The paraxial (first-order) behavior of these materials is modeled by assuming sinusoidal ray paths within the lens and by allowing the quadratic term in Equation 1 to vanish in the ray-tracing calculations.
	www.nsgeurope.com /physics.shtml (352 words)

	6005
		This report presents the forecast of fiber optic collimator Lens and collimator Gradient Index (GRIN) lens Assemblies.
		The optical collimator lens is packaged with an optical fiber to form an Assembly.
		The consumption value forecast for collimator lens, by each world region is detailed and for fiber optic collimator assemblies is detailed.
	www.electronicast.com /fcast/4030.html (80 words)

	GUESS Research Group HomePage - Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In these systems a diffractive lens simultaneously executes the functions of a focusing objective and the dispersive element of dynamical autofocusing device.
		In the second case, it consists of a diffractive and homogeneous lens with spherical surfaces.
		When designing the diffractive lens structure, one must consider that semiconductor lasers have a heat instability of emission frequency and emission wavelength spread from one sample to another.
	www.guess.h1.ru /archives.shtml (1566 words)

	Online Hawkeye Ordering from Gradient Lens Corporation
		Gradient Lens Corporation (GLC) manufactures Hawkeye Borescopes using our innovative and patented endoGRINS relay technology.
		Don't be mislead by others claiming their borescopes can provide similar value to the Hawkeye line.
		Our patented endoGRINS gradient index relay lens is the heart of our Hawkeye Pro and Classic borescopes.
	hawkeyeblue.com (289 words)

	Lenses - Gradient Index Relay Microlenses
		These Microlenses are formed from gradient index glass as rods whose length is equal to an integral number of pitches.
		In this way an image formed on one end of the lens is transferred to the remote end from where it may be viewed or transferred to another medium.
		And if you don't see exactly the lens that you need give us a call.
	www.photonlines.com /optosigma/grainremi.html (173 words)

	Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Gradient-Index Lens Diffraction by Matrix Optics
		We present the diffraction patterns observed in the gradient-index (GRIN) lens sensor experiment.
		Then the diffraction pattern of radial GRIN lens is explored by using matrix optics.
		The theoretical results agree with the experimental results of 27.9-mm-long GRIN lens with 2-mm diameter diffraction patterns.
	stacks.iop.org /0256-307X/20/374 (210 words)

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