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Topic: Gradient index optics

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Refractive index

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	Gradient index optics - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Gradient index optics is the branch of optics covering optical effects produced by a gradual variation of the refractive index of a material.
		An example of gradient index optics is the common mirage of a pool of water appearing on a road on a hot day.
		The variation in temperature (and thus density) of the air causes a gradient in its refractive index, causing it to increase with height.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Gradient_index_optics (385 words)

	Two row reduction/enlargement gradient index lens array - Patent 4571022
		The gradient index fibers of each row are aligned in the length direction so that the fiber axis lies along respective symmetrical planes.
		The present invention relates to gradient index optical fibers and, more particularly, to a two-row bundled array of such fibers forming a lens array which transmits an image of an object at an object plane to an image plane at a magnification other than unity.
		It is also known in the art to construct a gradient index lens array capable of forming reduced or enlarged images of a document.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4571022.html (2232 words)

	Gradient index optics
		Gradient index optics is the branch of optics covering optical effects produced by a gradual variation of the refractive index of a material.
		An example of gradient index optics is the common mirage of a pool of water appearing on a road on a hot day.
		The variation in temperature (and thus density) of the air causes a gradient in its refractive index, causing it to increase with height.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/gradient_index_optics (383 words)

	Encyclopedia: Optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Optics (appearance or look in ancient Greek) is a branch of physics that describes the behavior and properties of light and the interaction of light with matter.
		The ray in geometric optics is perpendicular to the wavefront in wave optics.
		Nonlinear optics is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of light in nonlinear media, that is, media in which the polarization P responds nonlinearly to the electric field E of the light.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Optics (2403 words)

	Learn more about Optics in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Optics is a branch of physics that describes the behavior and properties of light and the interaction of light with matter.
		The field of optics usually describes the behavior of visible, infrared and ultraviolet light; however since light is an electromagnetic wave, analogous phenomena occur in X-rays, microwaves, radio waves, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation.
		The ray in geometric optics is perpendicular to the wavefront in physical optics.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /o/op/optics.html (425 words)

	Gradient index optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Gradient index optics is the branch of optics covering opticaleffects produced by a gradual variation of the refractive index ofa material.
		An example of gradient index optics is the common mirage of a pool of waterappearing on a road on a hot day.
		The variationin temperature (and thus density) of the air causes a gradient in its refractive index, causing it to increase with height.
	www.therfcc.org /gradient-index-optics-25088.html (311 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Certain optical fibres (gradient- or graded-index fibres) are also made with a radially-varying refractive index profile; this design strongly reduces the modal dispersion of a multi-mode optical fibre.
		As a result of diffusion, Na would be partially exchanged with Li, with a larger amount of exchange occurring at the edge.
		Thus the sample obtains a gradient material structure and a corresponding gradient of the refractive index.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Gradient_index_optics (403 words)

	Gradient index optics -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Gradient index optics is the branch of (The branch of physics that studies the physical properties of light) optics covering optical effects produced by a gradual variation of the (The ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to that in a medium) refractive index of a material.
		An example of gradient index optics is the common (An optical illusion in which atmospheric refraction by a layer of hot air distorts or inverts reflections of distant objects) mirage of a pool of water appearing on a road on a hot day.
		GRIN lenses are commonly used where many very small lenses are needed to be mounted together, such as in (A copier that uses photographic methods of making copies) photocopiers and (An electronic device that generates a digital representation of an image for data input to a computer) scanners.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/gr/gradient_index_optics.htm (512 words)

	Fiber Optics
		Gradient index fibers have an index of refraction that is highest along the axis and lower farther away from it.
		The advantage of a gradient index fiber is that the rays inside the fiber all have the same path length so that a pulse of light injected at one end retains its shape when it emerges at the other.
		The most basic application of fiber optics is the conduction of light, either to illuminate hard to reach places, or to conduct light out of such places.
	physics.tamuk.edu /~suson/html/4323/fiber.html (1319 words)

	Articles - Refractive index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The refractive index of certain media may be different depending on the polarization and direction of propagation of the light through the medium.
		If the index varies quadratically with the field (linearly with the intensity), it is called the optical Kerr effect and causes phenomena such as self-focusing and self phase modulation.
		If the refractive index of a medium is not constant, but varies gradually with position, the material is known as a gradient-index medium and is described by gradient index optics.
	www.afinest.com /articles/Refractive_index (1122 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The index of the center region is higher than the surrounding cell, so the light gets trapped in the rhabdom and travels down the long tube, getting converted into a neural signal.
		Gradient index lenses occur naturally in many of nature's eye, including humans and many species of insects and crustaceans.[2,4]
		In a true system wave optics would be required to model the fiber optic structures and the diffraction limited spot size at the image plane (start of the rhabdomere array).
	xray.optics.rochester.edu /workgroups/cml/opt307/greg (1509 words)

	Miniature Optics in the Hospital Operating Room (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The first-order optics of a fiberoptic endoscope is straightforward.
		The radial refractive index gradient of the Selfoc material is designed to periodically focus an image along its length.
		The brightness of the image in the endoscope is ultimately determined by the optical invariant of the relay section, which is proportional to the numerical aperture and diameter of the relay lens.
	www.lighthouseoptics.com /tutorials-leiner.htm (3324 words)

	GRINTECH GmbH "Gradient Index Optics Technology"
		The way a GRadient INdex (GRIN) lens works may be explained best by considering a conventional lens: An incoming light ray is first refracted when it enters the shaped lens surface because of the abrupt change of the refractive index from air to the homogeneous material.
		The geometrical gradient constant g characterizes the steepness of the index gradient and with the lens length z
		is the refractive index at the margin of the profile, and d is the diameter or the thickness, respectively, of the lens.
	www.grintech.de /e_main_grin.htm (1278 words)

	Optics InfoBase
		Specific topics include laser materials and design; nonlinear optics and wavelength conversion; optical and infrared spectroscopy; optoelectronics; integrated optics; fiber-optic technology; laser instrumentation, measurements, and metrology; laser materials processing; atmospheric optics and propagation; lidar and remote sensing; ocean optics and propagation; and atmospheric scattering and meteorological optics.
		The Biomedical Optics division publishes papers related to medical, biological, and physiological optics, including optical technologies for sensing, imaging, and manipulation of cells and tissues.
		Specific topics include tissue optics, diffuse optical imaging, spectroscopic imaging and diagnosis, optical microscopy (including confocal, multiphoton, and optical micromanipulation technologies), endoscopic imaging, optical coherence tomography, molecular imaging, optical nanotechnology, lasers in medicine, remote sensing of physiological parameters, ophthalmic optics, and vision.
	www.opticsinfobase.org /journal/ao/topics.cfm (154 words)

	Optics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Optics is a branch of physics that describes the behaviour of light and the interaction of light with matter.
		Optics also covers the study of the properties of optical radiation.
		The field of optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, infrared and ultraviolet light; however since light is a electromagnetic wave, analogous phenomena occur in X-rays, microwaves, radio waves, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation.
	www.city-search.org /op/optics.html (721 words)

	GRIN LENS - Gradient Index Lenses
		GRadient INdex lens or GRIN lens is used to focus and collimate light sources.
		Through a precisely controlled radial variation of the lens material’s index of refraction from the optical axis to the edge of the lens, GRIN lens can smoothly and continually redirect light beam to point of focus without the need to tightly-control the surface curvature.
		In fiber optics applications, Grin Lens with flat or angle polished surfaces are used to collimate light emitted from an optical fiber or to focus an incident beam into an optical fiber.
	www.grin-lens.com (287 words)

	[No title]
		Home > Products > Optics > Cylindrical and Specialty Lenses > Gradient Index Micro Lenses
		Gradient index micro lenses (GRIN lenses) have a radially varying index of refraction that causes an optical ray to follow a sinusoidal propagation path through the lens and improves aberration correction.
		Founded in 1969, Newport is a pioneering single-source solutions provider of laser and photonics components to the leaders in scientific research, life and health sciences, microelectronics, industrial manufacturing, and homeland security markets.
	www.newport.com /Gradient-Index-Micro-Lenses/141056/1033/catalog.aspx (197 words)

	Duncan T. Moore
		He is an expert in gradient-index optics, computer-aided design, and the manufacture of optical systems.
		Dr. Moore is also the founder and former president of Gradient Lens Corporation of Rochester, NY, a company that manufactures the high-quality, low-cost Hawkeye boroscope.
		Moore holds a Ph.D. in Optics (1974) from the University of Rochester.
	www7.nationalacademies.org /sbir/1DMooreBio.html (383 words)

	Oxford University Press
		The principles of geometrical optics have been emphasized and a serious attempt has been made to leave no gaps in the development, so that all material is seen to be derived from a few fundamental principles.
		The principles of gaussian optics and first-order layout and design are emphasized, based on the tracing of two paraxial rays and the associated optical invariant.
		In addition to Gaussian optics and aberrations, the basic principles of several types of optical instruments and components are treated, including gradient index and diffractive optics.
	www.oup.com /ca/isbn/0-19-508931-6 (521 words)

	Mirage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The kind most commonly seen (known as inferior mirage, because the inverted image lies below the upright one) is produced by the refraction of light when it passes into a layer of warm air lying close to a heated ground surface.
		This is an example of gradient index optics.
		In deserts, mirages may give the appearance of a lake or other large body of water in the distance; this is actually an image of the sky being refracted back up from the warm air lying over the sand.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/M/Mirage.htm (273 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Gradient-Index Optics: Fundamentals and Applications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The book can be used both as a classroom text for students in physics and engineering and as a reference for specialists.
		A description of the phenomena, components and technology used in GRIN Optics are presented.
		The relationship to lenses, waveguides, optical connections, spatial solitons and vision is demonstrated.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/3540421254 (306 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, SBIR Program Diversity and Assessment Challenges: Report of a Symposium (2004)
		He said he had believed that “by 1975 everyone in the world would be using gradient index optics.” The basis of that belief, and of others with whom he worked at Western Electric, in Princeton, New Jersey, was the then-rapid development of picture phones.
		In 1980, Dr. Moore started a company with the goal of commercializing some of the gradient index materials, and he received an SBIR award from the National Science Foundation.
		The objective of the company was to make axial gradients, and the theory, which had been proved in practice, was that the technology would halve the number of lenses needed for any complicated lens system, such as a camera or spotting scope.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309091233/html/93.html (5302 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The index of refraction is highest in the center of the lens and decreases with radial distance from the axis.
		In contrast to the optics of homogeneous materials, gradient-index optics involve smoothly-varying ray trajectories within the GRIN media.
		The paraxial (first-order) behavior of these materials is modeled by assuming sinusoidal ray paths within the lens and by allowing the quadratic term in Equation 1 to vanish in the ray-tracing calculations.
	www.nsgamerica.com /physics.cfm (348 words)

	Optical Sciences Center News for February 17, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Arizona Optics Industry Association (AOIA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to bringing together optics related businesses, institutions, and professionals for their mutual benefit.
		AOIA acts to foster the continued growth of the optics industry in Arizona and is often referred to as the Optics Cluster.
		Aside from holding and locking optics, allowing for alignment and focus, the system has to be compact.
	www.optics.arizona.edu /News/02-17-05.htm (1705 words)

	Gradient
		In vector calculus, the gradient of a scalar field is a vector field which points in the direction of the greatest rate of change of the scalar field, and whose magnitude is the greatest rate of change.
		In the above two images, the scalar field is in fl and white, fl representing higher values, and its corresponding gradient is represented by blue arrows
		To that extent, the gradient is a particular case of the Jacobian.
	www.kiwipedia.com /gradient.html (116 words)

	Gradient Index Lens Research - Storming Media
		The possibilities of making gradient index germanium by alloys with silicon have been shown.
		Second, methods have been developed for the measurement of the gradient index materials in the infrared portion of the spectrum.
		This includes a series of recommendations which will be necessary to complete to make gradient index systems useful for Army applications.
	www.stormingmedia.us /73/7343/A734321.html (150 words)

	OpticsForTeens : Career Profile : Duncan Moore
		His role at Infotonics allows him to help other researchers by providing resources for research and development as well as bring products like the pill camera and a microgenerator that fits in the heel of your shoe to the marketplace for you to use.
		But one summer he got a job with a company that worked on a picture phone, and he became very interested in the science of optics, which he went on to study at the University of Rochester.
		If you are interested in one area of science like optics, be sure to take courses and learn more about other fields such as biology and chemistry.
	www.opticsforteens.org /careers/bios/bio_moore.asp (519 words)

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