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Topic: Graeco-Bactrian

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bactria.html Diodotus and his successors were able to maintain themselves against the attacks of the Seleucids; and when Antiochus III the Great, had been defeated by the Romans ( 190 BC), the Bactrian king Euthydemus and his son Demetrius crossed the Hindu Kush and began the conquest of eastern Iran and the Indus valley. www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/b/ba/bactria.html

Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia These territories possibly are identical with the Bactrian satrapies of Tapuria and Traxiane. Following the departure of the Seleucid army, the Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded. Demetrius, the son of Euthydemus, started an invasion of India from 180 BCE, a few years after the Mauryan empire had been overthrown by the Sunga dynasty, under which Buddhism was persecuted. www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Graeco-Bactrian

Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Although outlying areas like Bactriana had always been restless under Achaemenid rule, Bactrian troops nevertheless fought on the Iranian side in the decisive Battle of Gaugamela ( 330 BC). By the fourth century B.C., Iranian control of outlying areas and the internal cohesion of the empire had become tenuous. Alexander and Greek Rule, 330 BC - ca. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pre-Islamic_period_of_Afghanistan

MENANDER - LoveToKnow Article on MENANDER 28, 6) relates that when Menander, one of the Bactrian kings, died on a campaign after a mild rule, all the subject towns disputed about the honor of his burial, till at last his ashes were divided between them in equal parts. The Buddhists praise the power and military, force, the energy and wisdom of Milinda ; and a Greek tradition preserved by Plutarch (Praec. www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/ME/MENANDER.htm

Masterpieces from Tajikistan(pp. 228-29) - MIHO MUSEUM Thus the modern Tajiks are the true descendants of the Sogdians, the Bactrians and the Ferghanians. These regions were inhabited by several various peoples: the Sogdians, the Bactrians and the Ferghanians, while Ustrushana was so deeply influenced by the Sogdian culture that each text found there had been written in Sogdian. It's worth mentioning that the Greek influence is traceable in the realistic rendering of the hunter, his complex movement in the three-dimensional space and the frame ornament. www.miho.jp /booth/html/doccon/00003074e.htm

Graeco-Bactrian The army combines the best of the Bactrian cavalry tradition with the Graeco-Macedonian pike phalanx, the heavy cavalry combines both elements of Macedonian cavalry traditions and Bactrian cavalry traditions. Bactrian and Saka Horse Archers are expert horse archers and take no minuses for moving and shooting. The area was under the control of the Seleucids for approximately half a century before it broke away to become an independent kingdom. www.inisfail.com /~ancients/greco-bactrian.html

Sairam Tourism - Various travels in Uzbekistan, Central Asia and along The Great Silk Road Bactrian camels, strong and tireless animals that often helped the traders to survive in waterless deserts and desolate plains, were used for conveyance of different goods: precious stones and gold, carpets and leather, porcelain and lacquered articles, glassware and weapons, and many other articles. In the first centuries A.D. the caravans that made their way from Ferghana oasis to China brought herds of horses which were highly appreciated in China. Silk, which gave name to this highway, was an important but not the only article of trade on caravan routes. www.sairamtour.com

essay.html Coins offer evidence that they adopted Bactrian and Pahlavi writing systems (both based on the Greek alphabet), and it is possible that many other cultural aspects of the Graeco-Bactrian kingdoms were also absorbed by the Hephthalites. But whatever their origins might have been, by the year 500 branch empires of the Hephthalites controlled an area stretching south from Transoxiana to the Arabian Sea, and as far west as Khurasan (the eastern-most part of the Sassanian empire), and all of northern India to the east. Song Yun, who served as official Wei envoy, and Buddhist pilgrim Huisheng wrote that Hephthalites had no script of their own, and that their language differs from that of the Juan-juan and the "Hu" (Turkic peoples who lived in what is now western China). depts.washington.edu /uwch/silkroad/exhibit/hephthalites/essay.html

Benjamin - The Migration of the Yuezhi through Sogdia - Transoxiana Eran ud Aneran Bactrian and Sogdian jugs and goblets were almost all fashioned on a potter's wheel, which differentiates them from Khorezmian ceramics, for example. Also characteristic of Bactrian and early Sogdian sites are arrowheads with barbed triangular flanges, which differ markedly from the triangular-flanged, straight-based arrowheads found in Khorezmia, Turkmenia and at Kaunchi culture sites (near Tashkent). Furthermore, both Sogdian and Bactrian imitation issues also constitute potential evidence for the Yuezhi during the 'five-yabghu period'. www.transoxiana.com.ar /Eran/Articles/benjamin.html

Gandara After 240, the Bactrian leaders -who were of Greek descent- revolted from their Seleucid overlords, but king Antiochus III restored order (206). It was a multi-ethnic society, in which Greeks, Bactrians, western Iranians and Indians lived together. Soon after, however, Antiochus was defeated by the Romans, and the Bactrian leader Euthydemus declared himself independent. www.livius.org /ga-gh/gandara/gandara.html

Ancient coins of Bactria and North-West India While the succession of the kings in the Bactrian series may be fixed with approximate certainty, in the Graeco-Indian series everything is uncertain—the determination of the different dynasties, their dates and their locality, and the order of succession. For about a century (B.C. 250-150) the coins of the independent Bactrian kingdom follow the Attic standard and are purely Hellenic in character, the portraits of the kings are strikingly realistic, and the figures of the various Greek divinities which form the reverse types betray the skilful hand of the Greek artist. B.C. 250) about half a century before the invasion of the Bactrian Greeks (B. Cat., Coins of the Andhra Dynasty, andc., p. www.snible.org /coins/hn/bactria.html

Bactrian and Indo-Greeks (250 BC - 55 BC) - DBA 50 It might alternatively be Bactrian light horse armed with javelins and bow or Saka horse archers. Bactrian and Indo-Greeks (250 BC - 55 BC) - DBA 50 Bactria is geographically located in the northern part of modern Afghanistan and in the south of the modern republics of Uzbekistan and Tadjikistan between the Hindu Kush Mountains and the Oxus River (now Amu Darya). www.fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/dba50ryan.html

Amazon.com: All Products Search Results: bactrian Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan: Legal and Economic Documents (Studies in the Khalili Collection of Islamic Art) The bactrian treasure of Qunduz (Numismatic notes and monographs) Three bactrian camels are silhouetted at dusk, Fine Art Print by George Mobley, 24x18 www.independentcommerce.com /icDirectory/keyword.asp?keyword=bactrian

Society of Ancients - Rules : Ancient Warfare The Bactrians were half uparmored to Armored Cavalry (AC) to give them some added protection.Skirmish cavalry were a noted part of the armies of the time. These would be Bactrian elephants with howdahs, archers and javelinmen for crew (again, these are what I had). I felt that from my reading, the Bactrian cavalry were more prevalent in Menander's army, besides that they had bows, though could not wedge. www.soa.org.uk /resource/rules/ancientwarfare.htm

The Berzin Archives - Historical Sketch of Buddhism and Islam in Afghanistan He reported that Buddhism was flourishing in the Bactrian portion of their empire, especially at Nava Vihara Monastery in Balkh. The stone cube referred to the platform on which a stupa stood, as was the custom in Bactrian temples. He explained that the main temple had a stone cube in the center, draped with cloth, and that devotees circumambulated it and made prostration, as is the case with the Kabah. www.berzinarchives.com /islam/history_afghanistan_buddhism.html

040116_vsGraecoBactrians.html Shocked and not far from their own victory the Carthaginians had to regret an other defeat by those bloody Bactrians. The few surviving knights pushed forward again to save at least their honour – and to the surprise to all the soldiers on both sides with overwhelming success: They crushed in and killed many of the Carthaginians. But the main question of that battle whether the superb conducting of the light horse maneuver by Maharbal was of any use at all. www.carthaginian.de /040116_vsGraecoBactrians.html

The Alekseev Manuscript - Chapter VIII - Iron Age in Eurasia Finally, when Antiochus III is defeated by the Romans in 190 BC, the Bactrian king Euthydemus and his son Demetrius cross the Hindu Kush and begin the conquest of eastern Iran and the Indus valley. Bactria is also regarded as the cradle of the Indo-European people based on the theory that the nations of Europe immigrated from Asia and that the Aryan languages (Indian and Iranian) are prototypes for the Indo-European. These people are also known as Turkic or Tartaric; Tartars are of Turkic origin such as Kazan Tatars and are members of one of the numerous Turkic peoples originating in Manchuria and Mongolia and now found mainly in the Tatar republic of the former USSR, the northern Caucasus, Crimea, and sections of Siberia. www.drummingnet.com /alekseev/ChapterVIII.html

Section 13 – The Kingdom of the Da Yuezhi 大月氏 (the Kushans) He states that it was Chang Ch’ien personally who identified the Bactrians with the Ta Hsia, the westernmost people he knew, but that he did not use the words ta and hsia to reproduce their actual name. It appears probable that the territories of these five Bactrian or Yuezhi xihou stretched in an arc from the western entrance of the Wakhan corridor to Termez. In short, we should speak of the xihou as princes/dynasties and make up another word to describe the areas of their authority (for which xihou-provinces, xihou-domains, or xihou-territories might do, reflecting that the xihou were subject to Yuezhi overlords, or at least to the wang family).” depts.washington.edu /uwch/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes13.html

New Page 1 This is implied because the reverse type most prominent on their coinage, a standing Zeus with the thunderbolt characteristic of the Bactrian king Heliocles, appears later in the Pushkalavati series on an issue of Azes I, while in the earlier generation such types were typical of Vonones. Similarly Tarn used the evidence of Maues’ Poseidon type on copper coins, symbolic of a naval victory, to infer that Maues forces an eastward crossing of the Indus in the face of Bactrian naval opposition. Either they risked annihilation by their recently-arrived, and more numerous, rivals on the steppe; or they had to break through the Bactrian defences and to cross the Oxus. home.comcast.net /~afghanistan_history/Maues.htm

040108_vsGraecoBactrians.html They engaged the Bactrian horses at once and beat them quickly and easily. The Carthaginian skirmishing line now broke off: On their left side, most of the Spanish went off to meet the Saka, on the right side, some of the Numidian troops turned back in order to give way for the onrushing Gallic cavalry. At this phase of the battle, the lancers began to loose formation. www.carthaginian.de /040108_vsGraecoBactrians.html

Society for the Preservation of Afghanistan's Cultural Heritage : Library Series Professor Sims-Williams is one of the world's leading experts on Bactrian and Soghdian texts. Amongst his many contributions to Bactrian Studies, Prof. Sims-Williams was responsible for the translation of the Rabatak inscription, which resulted in the rewriting of early Kushan dynastic history. spach.info /libraryseries4.htm

Greco-Bactrian rule of Pakistan Sind was also under the jurisdiction of the Bactrian rulers. www.geocities.com /pak_history/grecobactrian.html

The Rise and Fall of the Graeco Bactrian Kingdom / Sidky, H. The Rise and Fall of the Graeco Bactrian Kingdom / Sidky, H. Sidky, H. The Rise and Fall of the Graeco Bactrian Kingdom; www.saujanyabooks.com /BookDetail.asp?BookCode=26499

GREEK - Online Information article about GREEK Many of the coins of the earlier kings were issued in their Bactrian or Indian dominions. The weight is Attic, but the cities of Phoenicia were ultimately allowed to strike on their own standard. Seleucus I. (312280 B.C.) began by striking gold staters and tetradrachms with the types of Alexander the Great. encyclopedia.jrank.org /GRA_GUI/GREEK.html

Dublin Games Guild DBM Army Gallery The figures are Essex Bactrians and Persians with a couple of Lancashire Bactrians and Persians on the rear right hand side element. The CinC is an Essex mounted Greek general with a head swapped from a Crusades-era peasant to give the nice floppy hat that you often see on Bactrian coins. This list represents the kingdom of the Bactrian Greeks which broke away from the Seleucid empire around 250BC. www.iol.ie /~brennanr/dgg/gallery.html

Deep into the Greek Night It was crunch time, and the Graeco Bactrians were the pistachio nuts ! Game 3 found us playing deep into the night, and me facing a Graeco Bactrian army: The Kn (F) fought gallantly, but then suffered horribly against the knight mincing machine pushed into their faces - and with their inevitable demise, the central command of the Bactrians was burst and broken! www.madaxeman.com /game_reports/greece_05_5.htm

Vandalised Afghanistan Presumably, Nasten is not a Greek but an Iranian, most probably a Bactrian Iranian. So this coin was probably issued by a ruler named Nasten, son of Xatran. Almost all the pre-Islamic archaeological sites have been looted and destroyed in clandestine digging over the past 12 years. www.flonnet.com /fl1906/19060660.htm

Mythology's Myth*ing Links = Eurasia / Central Asia: Afghanistan, page 2 What emerged was a vibrant and indigenous culture born of the fusion of western-oriented Bactrian ideals with those from eastern-oriented India, interpreted by the forceful, free character born on the steppes of Central Asia. A local Bactrian governor eventually declared complete independence from Seleucid rule in 250 B.C. and his successors ultimately expanded Bactrian authority below the Hindu Kush to Kabul and to the cities of the Punjab where Mauryan power had steadily declined since the death of Ashoka.... Much of the work on excavations of Bactrian artifacts has been done by French Archaeologists. www.mythinglinks.org /eurasia~Afghanistan2.html

Untitled Document The popularity of this pose is evidenced by numerous coins of Graeco-Bactrian issue. This pose that Vajrap€Ši inherits is represented frequently on the coins of Euthydemos II and Demetrios I. "This design occurred not only in the Greek coins of the Bactrian Demetrius, but was perpetuated on the coppers of the Scythic kings of India: Azes, Vonones, Spalahores and Spalagadames." This ancient coinage posture "as a formulaic mode of representing the legendary figure is perhaps explained by association of both Apollo Lykeios and Herakles with gymnasia." www.uweb.ucsb.edu /~elmorem/vajrapani/war/war7.htm

Cuchulainn Trophy DBM Comp 2002 Report Charlie didn't realise that the Bactrians have a regular command structure so was quite surprised when they lept out of their deployment positions. By encouraging the Romans to fight on the diagonal length of the table their flanks were exposed or held by light troops which the Bactrians disposed of. Despite the Art(F) in the Roman lines the mass of Bactrian skirmishers prevented most of them contacting anything solid. iworg.com /comps/Cuchulainn02/cuchulainn02report.html

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