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Topic: Grain refinement

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	Grain Refinement in Aluminum Alloys by Means of Electromagnetic Vibrations
		Under these conditions, grain structures of castings and ingots change from columnar-dendritic to equiaxed dendritic or globular when they are solidified in the presence of a sufficiently intense forced convection, which generally promotes both the evacuation of superheat and the homogenization of the melt temperature.
		The dotted line corresponds to the onset of a significant grain refinement provoked by the oscillating flow, and the hachured area corresponds to the critical threshold zone of cavitation.
		In this experiment, the first operation corresponds to grain refinement, consisting mainly of the presence of an agglomeration of nondendritic crystals and due only to hydrodynamic effects in the absence of cavitation phenomena, whereas the second operation is executed under the cavitation conditions.
	www.tms.org /pubs/journals/JOM/9802/Vives/Vives-9802.html (3739 words)

	Grain refinement of steels - SINTEF
		Grain refinement of steels is important because as-cast steels are prime examples of materials where the properties achieved depend upon the characteristics of the solidification microstructure.
		SINTEF is working on grain refinement of steels in close co-operation with the Norwegian ferroalloy industry and the European steel industry.
		Example of the effect of a grain refiner on the microstructure of cast AISI 329 stainless steel.
	www.sintef.no /content/page1____6255.aspx (199 words)

	Grain refinement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Grain refinement is a set of techniques used in metallurgy to ensure that the crystallites (grains) that make up a metallic object are sufficiently small, so as to increase its strength.
		One common technique is to induce a very small fraction of the melt to solidify at a much higher temperature than the rest; this will generate seed crystals that act as a template when the rest of the material falls to its (lower) melting temperature and begins to solidify.
		TiB2 is a common grain refiner for Al alloys; however, novel refiners such as Al3Sc have been suggested.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grain_refinement (172 words)

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