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Topic: Grain size

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	Metallurgical Testing, Metallography Examination, Image Analysis, Leco, Metallography, India
		A material's grain size is important as it affects its mechanical properties.
		In most materials, a refined grain structure gives enhanced toughness properties and alloying elements are deliberately added during the steel-making process to assist in grain refinement.
		Grain size is determined from a polished and etched sample using optical microscopy at a magnification of 100X.
	www.tcreng.com /services/metallography-tests.shtml (938 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Grain size
		The Krumbein and Monk equation is used to estimate the permeability (in darcies) of a sediment from a grain size analysis.
		This is true because grain size is a powerful tool for describing a site’s geomorphic setting, interpreting the geomorphic significance of fluid dynamics in the natural environment, and distinguishing local versus regional sediment transport mechanisms as well as because grain size is a dominant controlling factor in sediment geochemistry.
		The grain size distribution of a sediment sample is determined by any one of a number of techniques or combination of techniques depending on the range of sizes present in a sample.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Grain-size (0 words)

	ASTM and Grain Size Measurements
		Grain size measurement is also complicated by the different types of grains that can be present in metals, although their fundamental shapes are the same.
		The planimetric, or Jeffries method, defines the grain size in terms of the number of grains per unit area, the average grain area, or the average grain diameter, while the Heyn intercept method defines it in terms of the average intercept length.
		The brass grain size chart and grain size measurement information was deleted from Methods E 2 in the 1949 revision and this information was incorporated into a new standard, E 79-49T, Methods for Estimating the Average Grain Size of Wrought Copper and Copper-Base Alloys.
	www.metallography.com /grain.htm (0 words)

	Grain aliasing
		Examination of the grain structure of the negatives under a microscope doesn't show an awful lot of difference in the size of the individual specks of dye, apart from in the cyan layer, where the slower film shows a lot less dye spreading and clumping.
		the clumping together of individual grains or dye specks, is the main cause of aliasing and grain artefacts in scanning.
		Centre is a representation of the tri-linear sensor grid of the scanner CCD.
	www.photoscientia.co.uk /Grain.htm (0 words)

	Grain Size Distribution
		The Krumbein and Monk equation is used to estimate the permeability (in darcies) of a sediment from a grain size analysis.
		The purpose of this procedure is to determine the distribution of grain sizes in an unconsolidated sediment sample.
		Also it is independent of the grain size of the rest of the sediment, therefore it is not a good measure of overall average size.
	web.cecs.pdx.edu /~ian/geology2.5.html (3391 words)

	Sediment grain size analysis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This is true because grain size is a powerful tool for describing a site’s geomorphic setting, interpreting the geomorphic significance of fluid dynamics in the natural environment, and distinguishing local versus regional sediment transport mechanisms as well as because grain size is a dominant controlling factor in sediment geochemistry.
		The grain size distribution of a sediment sample is determined by any one of a number of techniques or combination of techniques depending on the range of sizes present in a sample.
		Grain size is the most important of these and is the main way in which sediment (and clastic sedimentary rocks) is classified.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /~martins/eda/grain_size_eda_06.html (456 words)

	distribution of radii for a single grain, exercise
		The grain size of a particle is crucial in determining whether it is transported in a current or when it comes to rest as a current diminishes.
		Grain size distribution is a fundamental determinant of intergrain porosity and permeability.
		Grain size is important in an array of chemical reactions because smaller grain sizes increase surface area and aggregate reactivity.
	maps.unomaha.edu /maher/GEOL2300/week1/grainsizeex.html (1071 words)

	Grain Size (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Grain size refers to the mean or effective diameter of individual mineral grains or particles.
		Soil texture refers not to the size of individual grains, but to the relative proportions of the three main particle size classes (sand, silt, and clay) we describe.
		Consequently, the lower the surface area, the less chemically active the soil may be, particularly with respect to weathering reactions, the adsorption of solutes, and the adsorption of organic matter.
	www.soils.umn.edu /academics/classes/soil5515/modules/parent_materials/grainsize.html (471 words)

	Select Your Wheel
		This grain is obtained by heating a mixture of white quartz sand and petroleum coke in an electric furnace.
		The structure of a wheel is the proportion of grain, bond and pores in a cubic inch of the abrasive wheel.
		Abrasive grain has many sizes and the size of the abrasive affects the volume percentage of the total mix, thus changing the volume percentage of the pores.
	www.grindco.com /selectyourwheel.htm (555 words)

	Indonesian Student Directory: Groningen
		Grain boundaries are modelled as being impenetrable to dislocations.
		The microstructural length scale on which we focus attention is the grain size, which is varied from 0.625 to 5 μm.
		Polycrystals with a sufficiently large grain size exhibit the same “smaller is harder” dependence on indentation depth as single crystals, but an inverse indentation depth dependence occurs for fine-grained materials.
	people.ppigroningen.nl (951 words)

	Copper Anodes for Plating Silicon Wafers
		Only very pure cathode material is used to produce these anodes.
		The anode copper is continuously cast to avoid inclusions and cycled through several forging and annealing cycles to reduce the grain size to an average of 120 microns.
		Copper anodes are available as blanks or finished machined to your specifications.
	www.anchorbronze.com /anodes.htm (102 words)

	Grain Size Distributions
		A grain size distribution plot is a special purpose graph generally used to depict the results of a sieve analysis, commonly known as a "gradation test".
		The sieve analysis determines the gradation (the distribution of aggregate particles, by size, within a given sample) in order to determine compliance with design, production control requirements, and verification specifications.
		Typically a grain size distribution plot shows grain sizes in millimeters on the X axis with a reversed (largest-to-smallest) logarithmic scale:
	www.dplot.com /grainsize.htm (123 words)

	WinSieve - Grain Size and Soil Classification Software
		Grain size analysis tests can include sieve data, washed sieve data, and hydrometer data as specified in ASTM Test Method D-422.
		Each grain size analysis chart is composed of three parts; a graph, an optional legend, and a header.
		Grain size analysis results for up to 5 tests can be plotted on a single graph.
	www.gaea.ca /en-us/dept_3.html (383 words)

	Grain Size Distribution
		The Krumbein and Monk equation is used to estimate the permeability (in darcies) of a sediment from a grain size analysis.
		The purpose of this procedure is to determine the distribution of grain sizes in an unconsolidated sediment sample.
		Also it is independent of the grain size of the rest of the sediment, therefore it is not a good measure of overall average size.
	www.cs.pdx.edu /~ian/geology2.5.html (3391 words)

	GroundwaterSoftware.com - WinSieve: Grain Analysis and Classification Software
		The distribution of grain sizes larger than 75 mm (retained on the No. 200 sieve) are determined using a sieve test, and the distribution of grain sizes smaller than 75 mm are determined using a hydrometer test.
		The grain size distribution as determined by sieve and hydrometer tests is normally presented as a curve on a semi-logarithmic plot.
		Grain size is presented on a logarithmic scale so that soils with the same degree of uniformity have the same distribution curve shape regardless of their positions on the graph.
	www.groundwatersoftware.com /software/gaea/sieve/sieve.htm (1535 words)

	Interrelationships of grain size, number and spikelet filling for enhanced yield potential in rice (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Grain size showed a negative linear relationship with grain number in the early duration group of rice cv.
		Grain size was not related to grain yield.
		The grain size was not related to grain filling periods and growth rate of grains.
	www.trophort.com /information/data/B02/S47/RAO84INT2811070.html (217 words)

	Grain Size (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The number of grain boundary intercepts is then counted, n, and the grain size, d, determined.
		Care must be taken when observing grain structure to note the presence of any anisotropy in grain shape, such as might be introduced by a mechanical forming process.
		The number of grain boundary intercepts is counted (n) and the grain size determined by dividing the circumference of the circle (l) by the number of intercepts.
	www.mse.mtu.edu /~drjohn/my3200/lab1/grainsize.html (705 words)

	Siliciclastics: Grain Size (Site not responding. Last check: )
		One of the textural properties of a rock is the size of the grains.
		The scales used to define grain sizes in sediments and sedimentary rocks are grade scales; that is, they are created by imposing arbitrary subdivisions on a natural continuum.
		The range in grain size in a siliclastic rock is commonly known as sorting.
	www.eos.ubc.ca /courses/eosc221/sed/sili/siligsize.html (178 words)

	Snow Grain Size Mapping (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Detection of grain size and change in grain size permits characterization of the thermal state of the snowpack, which in turn facilitates estimates of the timing and distribution of snowmelt.
		Size distributions of the grains and pore spaces are critical for modeling solute movement and concentration enhancement.
		Grain size is the primary control on the spectrally integrated albedo of snow which, because it is the highest reflecting natural surface, is a crucial component in the global radiation budget.
	www.icess.ucsb.edu /hydro/aviris/grain.html (391 words)

	Softening of nanocrystalline metals at very small grain sizes
		As the grain size is reduced a larger fraction of the atoms belongs to the grain boundaries, and grain boundary sliding becomes easier.
		The stress in the grain boundaries is seen to vary considerably on the atomic scale, and the average stress is approximately 10-20% lower than in the grains.
		2b): when the grain size is increased the maximal flow stress increases both because the stresses in the grains increase, and because the number of atoms within the grains becomes a larger fraction of the total number of atoms.
	dcwww.fys.dtu.dk /~schiotz/papers/nanoletter/nano.html (2380 words)

	Grain Size Analysis - Electron Backscatter Diffraction, Channelling Contrast Imaging and Other Tech
		Grain size is also important for quality control and for optimising structures, but for some materials, it can be difficult to reveal the grains.
		For accurate measurement of grain size from digital images, a good rule of thumb is that the grains should be at least 20 pixels wide.
		For reliable measurement of grain size, calibration of the SEM magnification (using a standard traceable to National standards), both vertically and horizontally, is critical.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=1694 (1562 words)

	Sandstones and Conglomerates
		Grain size and shape, bedding, and sedimentary structures can tell the geologist a lot about the sandstones history, and knowing this history is important in making interpretations about the ancient environment that the sandstone was deposited in.
		It is necessary to determine the average size of the grains present and the distribution of sizes, called sorting.
		Grain shape, usually determined by the degree of rounding of grains, is a reflection of the length of transport for a grain.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/everyday_geology/90404 (452 words)

	Sputtering Targets - Vibration Casting of AuSn and AuGe Sputtering Targets - Supplier Data by Willia
		Fine grain size is most commonly developed in a metal through the introduction of mechanical work and the addition of heat to allow recrystallization of the metal into small grains.
		Traditional cast targets exhibit a large varying grain size and a large eutectic structure that is detrimental to the performance of the target.
		The size of the grains formed is a function of both frequency and amplitude.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=2937 (1159 words)

	Hovedlaboratoriet: Mathematical treatment of size distribution data: Background (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the United States it is conventional to plot gain size on the abscissa with smaller grain sizes to the right and to plot cumulative percentage on the ordinate.
		The dashed lines show how the phi percentiles are interpolated: The 16th, 50th, and 84th percentiles are the grain sizes at which the 16th, 50th, and 84th percentage lines intersect the cumulative curve.
		The bell-shaped curve is generated from a histogram by theoretically increasing the number of size classes to infinity, which correspondingly reduces the class interval to zero.
	hjs.geol.uib.no /hovedlab/analysis_math_size_distribution_eng.html (2890 words)

	NGDC/WDC MGG, Boulder-Digital Grain Size Database
		Most size data have been checked for gross percentage mismatches and highly questionable data sets are noted.
		Many additional data sets available through NGDC contain grain size data that are not included in this database; some are in paper reports, other data are in diverse formats.
		Most digital grain size data are also available for direct download in the older, fixed-field "073" format, however, this format is no longer supported by NGDC since these data are available through the grain size database.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /mgg/geology/size.html (424 words)

	The basics of grain size (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Grain size within a lake system is generally related to the amount of energy that exists in a particular environment.
		Thus, as we move along the lake bottom away from shore and into deeper water, grains moved as bed load or held in suspension decrease in size.
		In order for clay sized grains to drop out of suspension, the water must be very still for an extended period of time.
	faculty.gvsu.edu /videticp/grainsize.htm (347 words)

	grain_size
		Causes are target surface relief, grain boundaries within the irradiated volume, and changes of index of refraction caused by chemical or structural heterogeneity within a mineral grain.
		Measurement results on single grains: the sum of Raman peak areas (normalized using the data from bulk crystal) decreases as a function of grain volume (as estimated from microscopic images of the grains).
		The relative ESV of a mineral is estimated as a function of the density of internal boundaries (related to grain thickness along the path of the laser beam), the index of refraction of the mineral (n), and the absorption coefficient (
	epsc.wustl.edu /haskin-group/Raman/grain_size.htm (462 words)

	Grain and sharpness in scans and enlarger prints
		Grain tends to be most objectionable in smooth areas like skies.
		Grain aliasing is a complex effect that increases the apparent grain size in some digital scans-- it makes individual grains larger and uglier than on comparable darkroom prints.
		Grain aliasing and scanner noise are often blamed for grainy appearance, when, in fact, straight unaliased film grain is the cause.
	www.normankoren.com /Tutorials/MTF8.html (3604 words)

	Impact of sediment supply grain size on braided alluvial architecture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A bimodal sediment mix was used, based on grain size samples taken from the coastal cliffs of the late Pleistocene Plains river gravels.
		grain size of the Canterbury gravels at the coast is approximately 20 mm (0.39 mm in the flume, see Jones et al., accompanying abstract).
		The preserved sedimentary sequence was sectioned and the alluvial architecture photographed, described and data measured, including depositional niche type, geometry, spatial distribution, grain size and internal sedimentary structure.
	www.brighton.ac.uk /env/personal/phil_ashworth/presentations/Moreton2000GSA.htm (362 words)

	NetLogo Models Library: MaterialSim Grain Growth
		Grain size is a very important characteristic for evaluating the mechanical properties of materials; it is exhaustively studied in metallurgy and materials science.
		GRAIN SIZE and LOG GRAIN SIZE: grain size (is atoms) and its log.
		Notice also that if you draw two grains, one concave and one convex, their boundary will tend to be a straight line, if you let the simulation run long enough.
	ccl.northwestern.edu /netlogo/models/MaterialSimGrainGrowth (1488 words)

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