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	Gram staining - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gram staining (or Gram's method) is an empirical method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups based on the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls.
		The method is named after the inventor, the Danish scientist Hans Christian Gram (1853-1938), who developed the technique in 1884 to discriminate between pneumococci and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria.
		Gram stains are performed on body fluid or biopsy when infection is suspected.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gram_staining (817 words)

	Learn more about Gram staining in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Gram staining is a method for staining samples of bacteria that differentiates between the two main types of bacterial cell wall.
		Gram negative bacteria have a thin cell wall made of a layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipids.
		As a rule of thumb (which has exceptions), Gram-negative bacteria are more dangerous as disease organisms, because their outer membrane acts as "camouflage"; the human body does not contain peptidoglycan and in fact produces an enzyme called lysozyme which attacks the open peptidoglycan layer of Gram-positive bacteria.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /g/gr/gram_staining.html (331 words)

	Bite Sized tutorials, the gram stain
		Gram's Stain is a widely used method of staining bacteria as an aid to their identification.
		Although it may seem strange, the reason why bacteria with these two major types of bacteria cell walls react differently with Gram's stain appears to be unconnected with the wall structure itself.
		The bacterial smear is then treated with Gram's solution which consists of 1 part iodine, 2 parts potassium iodide, and 300 parts water.
	www.ncl.ac.uk /dental/oralbiol/oralenv/tutorials/gramstain.htm (1029 words)

	AllRefer.com - Gram's stain (Biology, General) - Encyclopedia
		Gram's stain, laboratory staining technique that distinguishes between two groups of bacteria by the identification of differences in the structure of their cell walls.
		The Gram stain, named after its developer, Danish bacteriologist Christian Gram, has become an important tool in bacterial taxonomy, distinguishing between so-called gram-positive bacteria, which remain colored after the staining procedure, and gram-negative bacteria, which do not retain dye.
		In the staining technique, cells on a microscope slide are heat-fixed (killed) and stained with a basic dye, crystal violet, which stains all bacterial cells blue; then they are treated with an iodine-potassium iodide solution that allows the iodine to enter the cells and form a water-insoluble complex with the crystal violet dye.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/G/Gramssta.html (369 words)

	Loyola Univ. Health Univ. Health Sys- Microbiology & Immunology: GRAM STAIN TECHNIQUE
		The Gram stain procedure was originally developed by the Danish physician Hans Christian Gram to differentiate pneumococci from Klebsiella pneumonia.
		At lower concentrations, the Gram stain of a clinical specimen seldom reveals organisms even if the culture is positive.
		Smears that are not properly fixed tend to be washed away during staining and washing resulting in the absence of stained bacteria.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/DeptWebs/microbio/med/gram/tech.htm (595 words)

	Bacteria, gram positive bacilli
		Gram stains are the, "real world of clinical microbiology," and represent the routine view of what clinicians actually see of bacterial organisms.
		You'll want to visit: http://www.bact.wisc.edu/MicrotextBook/disease/anthrax.html where you can view both a gram stain and the original light micrographs taken by Dr Robert Koch of the anthrax bacillus which was the very first bacterium shown to be the agent of a disease in 1877.
		If the physician does not establish a rat bite in the patient's clinical history, a serendipitous finding of gram variable rods on gram stain which can not be cultured may or may not result in a specimen being sent to a specialized reference laboratory, where it may or may not be successfully identified.
	www.buddycom.com /bacteria/gpr.html (3048 words)

	Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine: Gram-positive Neisseria meningitis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Cerebrospinal fluid drainage from a subsequently placed ventriculoperitoneal shunt was found to have a protein level of 1168 mg/dL (normal range, 12-60 mg/dL), glucose level less than 10 mg/dL (normal range, 38-85 mg/dL) with a nucleated cell count of 2970 cells and a red blood cell count of 6 cells.
		Gram stain of the cerebrospinal fluid (Figure) was interpreted as gram-positive diplococci.
		Gram stain involves colorizing, decolorizing, and counterstaining bacterial organisms to sort them into grampositive (resists decolorization and retains primary dye) and gram-negative (decolorized and takes up counterstain) categories.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3725/is_199905/ai_n8831684 (386 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Anaerobes-General Comments: Obligate anaerobes include a wide array of Gram positive and Gram negative organisms that require an oxygen free environment for growth, can (but not always) be damaged by the presence of oxygen, but frequently survive in oxygen containing environments for extended periods of time.
		Important Gram positive anaerobes Clostridium species are the most dominant of the Gram positive anaerobes in disease causation.
		Gram-Negative Anaerobes Introduction Gram negative anaerobes are some of the most numerous organisms inhabiting the GI tract, oral cavity, and female genital tract.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/MedEd/mech/lectures/hec47.doc (2693 words)

	Infection Control Today - 09/2003: Gram-negative and Gram-positive Bacteria
		In the lab, it is possible to distinguish between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria by use of gram staining.
		Gram was a pharmacologist and pathologist fascinated by botany, which led him to the microscope and the beginnings of pharmacology.
		Gram positives may also be found there, but also can reside on mucous membranes such as mouth, vagina or the skin.
	www.infectioncontroltoday.com /articles/391Clinical.html (1651 words)

	Gram Stain
		In 1884, Hans Christian Gram, a Danish doctor working in Berlin, accidentally stumbled on a method which still forms the basis for the identification of bacteria.
		Gram didn't know - he simply worked empirically.
		We now know that the Gram reaction is based on the structure of the bacterial cell wall.
	www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk /Video/Gram.html (427 words)

	Gram Stain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Purpose The Gram stain is the most commonly used differential stain for determining cell morphology.
		The Gram stain, which divides most clinically significant bacteria into two main groups, is the first step in bacterial identification.
		Athough some chains are discernible on this slide, much of the bacteria is too dense or "clumped" to see the true arrangement pattern.
	www.austincc.edu /microbugz/12gramstain.html (182 words)

	Michael Caparon
		Research in my laboratory is directed at understanding the complex interactions that occur between pathogenic gram positive bacteria and their human hosts during infection.
		Perez-Casal, J., Caparon, M. and Scott, J. Mry, a trans -acting positive regulator of the M protein gene of Streptococcus pyogenes with similarity to the receptor proteins of two-component regulatory systems.
		Positive transcriptional control of mry regulates virulence in the group A streptococcus.
	www.microbiology.wustl.edu /dept/fac/caparon.html (1155 words)

	Gram Stain Technique (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It is used to distinguish between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which have distinct and consistent differences in their cell walls.
		Gram-positive cells may become gram negative through mechanical damage, conversion to protoplasts, or aging, in which autolytic enzymes attack the walls.
		In the Gram stain, the cells are first heat fixed and then stained with a basic dye, crystal violet, which is taken up in similar amounts by all bacteria.
	www.life.umd.edu /classroom/bsci424/LabMaterialsMethods/GramStain.htm (467 words)

	flagella
		Gram negative bacteria (such as E. coli and S. typhimurium) have 3 distinct surface layers: inner and outer phospholipid membranes, between which lies the rigid peptidoglycan cell wall.
		Between the hook and the motor there is a rigid drive shaft which rotates within molecular bearings located in the bacterial membranes: the L ring in the outer membrane and the P ring in the peptidoglycan layer.
		The walls of gram positive bacteria lack both outer layers, and in these species the L and P rings are also absent.
	www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk /illingworth/motors/flagella.htm (1860 words)

	Bacteria, gram-positive cocci
		While both S aureus and S epidermidis are normal inhabitants of the skin, epidermidis had been considered the lesser of the two in virulence.
		If there is an area of clear or "beta," hemolysis, the possibility of the presence of group A organisms exists, although the same type of hemolysis pattern may also be exhibited by some other organisms such as some gram negative rods which may also be present.
		Streptococcus pneumoniae is a member of the Viridans group, so called because of green or, "alpha," hemolysis on sheep blood agar, causes lower respiratory infection pneumonia and upper respiratory infections bronchitis, laryngitis, otitis media (middle ear) and sinusitis.
	www.buddycom.com /bacteria/gpc.html (1214 words)

	Bacterial colonies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		However spirochaetes have a different type of motility from that of the common spiral bacteria.
		The Gram reaction is named after the Danish physician, Christian Gram, who developed this staining technique in 1884.
		Bacterial cells are dried onto a glass slide and stained with crystal violet, then washed briefly in water.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/shape.htm (933 words)

	CDC - Nonhemolytic, Nonmotile Gram-Positive Rods Indicative of Bacillus anthracis
		The pain, which had started a few days previously, was constant, localized to the left lower quadrant of the abdomen, and described as dull and moderately to severely intense.
		Once the Bacillus colonies from our patient were identified as catalase positive, nonhemolytic, nonmotile gram-positive rods, the organism was transported to the New York City Department of Health laboratory for further testing, as mandated by LRN.
		Although the patient’s symptoms did not correlate with classic anthrax disease, a fatal case of inhalational anthrax mimicking intraabdominal sepsis had been recently reported (21).
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol9no8/03-0205.htm (2001 words)

	Gram-positive Mercury Resistance Genes in Gram-negative Oral Bacteria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		We screened Gram-negative bacteria isolated from oral specimens collected from healthy children in the Casa Pia Schools, Lisbon, Portugal, for their ability to grow on 100-200 mM mercury and look for Gram-positive merA genes.
		Methods: Those that were positive were screened using DNA-DNA hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), hybridization of the PCR product and selective sequencing of the PCR product to confirm the presence of the Gram-positive merA genes.
		Results: Eight Gram-negative genera, Citrobacter, Neisseria, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Serratia were positive for Gram-positive merA genes.
	iadr.confex.com /iadr/2004Hawaii/techprogram/abstract_39742.htm (288 words)

	InterPro: IPR001899 Surface protein from Gram-positive cocci, anchor region
		No significance is attached to the position of the node on a particular inner-circle, other than convenience, though some attempt has been made to group nodes.
		The nodes themselves are either true taxonomy nodes and have a NCBI taxonomy number or are artificial nodes created for this display; of which there are three: 'Unclassified', 'Other Eukaryota (Non-Metazoa)' and the 'Plastid Group'.
		In the case of some PTMs, the signatures are either general rules or weak patterns, resulting in a large number of matches.
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR001899 (2792 words)

	Genome Biology \| Full text \| The ESAT-6 gene cluster of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other high G+C Gram-positive ...
		Up to 12 different genes representing different gene families were identified in the five gene cluster regions and were designated families A to L according to their position in region 1 (Table 2).
		The gene positions of members of families C, D, G and H are maintained in all five regions (see Figure 1), whereas most of the families that are not present in region 4 seem to be more flexible with regard to their position within the gene clusters (families A, B, I and L).
		The phylogenetic relationships between corresponding clusters in the different mycobacteria are maintained throughout the different protein-family trees, and agree with the proposed phylogenetic order (or taxonomic position) of the mycobacterial species according to 16S rRNA data (see Figure 6).
	genomebiology.com /2001/2/10/research/0044 (6114 words)

	Bacteria
		The Gram stain is named after the 19th century Danish bacteriologist who developed it.
		Bacteria that are not decolorized by the alcohol/acetone wash are gram-positive.
		Although the Gram stain might seem an arbitrary criterion to use in bacterial taxonomy, it does, in fact, distinguish between two fundamentally different kinds of bacterial cell walls and reflects a natural division among the bacteria.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/E/Eubacteria.html (3008 words)

	Surface Proteins of Gram-Positive Bacteria and Mechanisms of Their Targeting to the Cell Wall Envelope -- Navarre and ...
		-alanyl residue at position 4 of the adjacent wall peptide.
		and a tail of mostly positively charged residues (216).
		Retention is signaled by the positively charged residues within the charged tail of the sorting signal.
	mmbr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/63/1/174 (8700 words)

	Gram Positive and Negative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		------------------------------------------------ No, the term Gram positive and negative have nothing to do with charge.
		They are used to describe the response of bacterial cells to a staining procedure developed by Gram.
		If the bacteria stain dark purple one calls them Gram-positive, if they are red one calls them 'negative'.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/mole00/mole00282.htm (118 words)

	Pattern searches for the identification of putative lipoprotein genes in Gram-positive bacterial genomes -- Sutcliffe ...
		at positions -3 to +1 that is referred to as the lipobox sequence
		PS00013 pattern at the -3 and -2 positions (Sutcliffe and
		frequency of leucine at the -3 position, and alanine or serine
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/148/7/2065 (5808 words)

	Investigational Antibiotic May be a Weapon in War Against Resistant Bacteria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Robert C. Moellering, M.D., Shields Warren-Mallinckrodt professor of medical research at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, reported on the safety and efficacy of Synercid in severely ill patients -- such as those who have undergone organ transplantation, hematologic disorders, mechanical ventilation or dialysis.
		Enrollment criteria for these patients included positive cultures for pathogens resistant to all clinically appropriate antibiotics but thought to be susceptible to Synercid, and signs and symptoms of infection.
		Moellering reported a clinical response rate (cure and improvement) of 73.8 percent in 195 clinically evaluable patients, and a bacteriologic response rate (pathogens eradicated and presumed eradicated) of 70.9 percent.
	pslgroup.com /dg/2d70a.htm (557 words)

	16S Ribosomal DNA Sequence-Based Analysis of Clinically Significant Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci -- Song et al. 41 ...
		positions along the gene, at Escherichia coli bp 49 to 1470.
		sequences; these were assigned a phylogenetic position by building
		the clinical significance of a positive culture and is important
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/41/4/1363 (3586 words)

	Genome Biology \| Full text \| NEAT: a domain duplicated in genes near the components of a putative Fe3+ siderophore ...
		The taxonomic specificity of this domain and its predicted extracellular position could make it an interesting target for designing new drugs against some highly pathogenic bacteria.
		Iron transport into the cell is very important for the growth of an organism.
		Several components of the putative transporter were found in contiguous genomic positions of four pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria, three of which are associated with food-borne diseases (Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus).
	genomebiology.com /2002/3/9/research/0047 (2161 words)

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