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Topic: Gram positive bacteria

	bacteria
		Bacteria may be conveniently divided into two further groups, depending upon their ability to retain a crystal violet-iodine dye complex when cells are treated with acetone or alcohol.
		Bacteria, being prokaryotes, do not have a true, membrane-bound nucleus; they do, however, carry a single chromosome that is circular in structure.
		Bacteria have been reported as surviving in this way for 4,800 years in the stonework of Peruvian pyramids, for 11,000 years in the gut of a mastodon preserved in a peat bog in Ohio, and for 18 months on the surface of the Moon (see Surveyor 3).
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/B/bacteria.html (1430 words)

	Bite Sized tutorials, the gram stain
		Gram's Stain is a widely used method of staining bacteria as an aid to their identification.
		If the bacteria have been removed from a culture on solid media or it is from a soil or faeces sample it will have to be mixed with a drop of bacteria-free saline solution.
		Bacteria in the smear which are Gram-positive are unaffected by the counterstain.
	www.ncl.ac.uk /dental/oralbiol/oralenv/tutorials/gramstain.htm (1029 words)

	Medmicro Chapter 2
		The principal surface layers are capsules and loose slime, the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria and the complex cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria, plasma (cytoplasmic) membranes, and mesosomal membrane vesicles, which arise from invaginations of the plasma membrane.
		In bacteria, the cell wall forms a rigid structure of uniform thickness around the cell and is responsible for the characteristic shape of the cell (rod, coccus, or spiral).
		There are two groups of bacteria that lack the protective cell wall peptidoglycan structure, the Mycoplasma species, one of which causes atypical pneumonia and some genitourinary tract infections and the L-forms, which originate from Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria and are so designated because of their discovery and description at the Lister Institute, London.
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch002.htm (5515 words)

	Bacteria, gram positive bacilli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Gram stains are the, "real world of clinical microbiology," and represent the routine view of what clinicians actually see of bacterial organisms.
		You'll want to visit: http://www.bact.wisc.edu/MicrotextBook/disease/anthrax.html where you can view both a gram stain and the original light micrographs taken by Dr Robert Koch of the anthrax bacillus which was the very first bacterium shown to be the agent of a disease in 1877.
		If the physician does not establish a rat bite in the patient's clinical history, a serendipitous finding of gram variable rods on gram stain which can not be cultured may or may not result in a specimen being sent to a specialized reference laboratory, where it may or may not be successfully identified.
	www.buddycom.com /bacteria/gpr.html (3048 words)

	Antibiotic Resistance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Bacteria stained purple are Gram positive, and bacteria stained red are Gram negative.
		Gram positive bacteria have a thick cell wall of peptidoglycan and other polymers.
		Gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane of phospholipid and bacterial lipopolysaccharide outside of their thin pepticoglycan layer.
	www.cs.ubc.ca /~vchan/bacteria/bacteria3.html (256 words)

	Resistance Increasing in Gram-Positive Bacteria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		NEW ORLEANS, Sept. 16, 1996 -- Unless swift action is taken, antibiotic-resistant bacteria will become an increasing issue in U.S. hospitals and communities, according to experts presenting at a satellite symposium prior to the 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC).
		"Bacteria are remarkably agile in developing or acquiring new ways to outsmart antimicrobial agents," said Robert C. Moellering, M.D., Chairman, Department of Medicine, New England Deaconess Hospital in Boston.
		This coagulase-negative bacteria found primarily in skin tissue was once considered a non-threatening contaminant.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/c646.htm (1087 words)

	Gram Positive and Negative Bacteria
		Bacteria can be differentiated into Gram positive or Gram negative by testing them with the “Gram stain”.
		Both Gram positive and negative bacteria contain peptidoglycan in the cell wall, but in the Gram negative, various other layers protect it and so the stain cannot reach it to cause the colouration.
		In Gram negative bacteria, the peptidoglycan is still outside of the inner membrane, but now there is a more complex outer membrane present.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /diamonddove/04a_Gram/Gram.htm (304 words)

	Gram-positive - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gram-positive bacteria are classified as bacteria that retain a crystal violet dye during the Gram stain process.
		The actinobacteria are another major group of Gram-positive bacteria; they and the Firmicutes are referred to as the high and low G+C groups based on the guanosine and cytosine content of their DNA.
		In Gram-positive bacteria, the S-layer is attached to the peptidoglycan layer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gram_positive (439 words)

	Loyola Univ. Health Univ. Health Sys- Microbiology & Immunology: GRAM STAIN TECHNIQUE
		The Gram stain procedure was originally developed by the Danish physician Hans Christian Gram to differentiate pneumococci from Klebsiella pneumonia.
		The difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is in the permeability of the cell wall to these "purple colored iodine-dye complexes" when treated with the decolorizing solvent.
		To prepare a "thick smear" the specimen is spun at high speed and a large drop of sediment (or multiple drops, drying in between each drop) is placed in the center of the slide and allowed to air dry.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/DeptWebs/microbio/med/gram/tech.htm (595 words)

	Gram Positive Bacterial Unknown for Microbiology
		The gram positive unknown that was assigned to me was in solution with a gram negative unknown that also had to be identified.
		The chances of picking one gram positive cell with all the other gram negative cells was very small and so a separate streak was done with the gram negative bacteria for their identification.
		The gram-positive bacteria were gram stained using the method outlined in the lab manual on page 61.
	www.angelfire.com /sc/arnoldj/grampos.html (988 words)

	Bacteria
		Bacteria are microscopic organisms whose single cells have neither a membrane-bounded nucleus nor other membrane-bounded organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.
		Bacteria that are not decolorized by the alcohol/acetone wash are Gram-positive.
		Although the Gram stain might seem an arbitrary criterion to use in bacterial taxonomy, it does, in fact, distinguish between two fundamentally different kinds of bacterial cell walls and reflects a natural division among the bacteria.
	home.comcast.net /~john.kimball1/BiologyPages/E/Eubacteria.html (3047 words)

	Domain Bacteria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Bacteria are prokaryotes, meaning they lack a nucleus and some other cell structures such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
		Bacteria exist virtually everywhere and it is hard to find a place where they do not exist.
		Bacteria are both harmful and useful to the environment, animals, and humans and their role is significant in diseases and infections.
	www.kn.sbc.com /wired/fil/pages/huntdomanbabi.html (551 words)

	Dr. Tritz: Bacteria
		Not all bacteria form capsules but in those that do the capsule is the interface between the bacterial cell and the external environment.
		The capsule of bacteria may be penetrated by structures arising from the cell wall or plasma membrane such as cell wall specific polysaccharide, cell wall teichoic acid, plasma membrane lipoteichoic acid, flagella and pili.
		Bacteria occur as spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli) or spirals.
	www.kcom.edu /faculty/chamberlain/Website/Lects/Bacteria.htm (2925 words)

	Bacteria, gram-positive cocci (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The term streptococcus ("twisted berry") refers to the bacteria's characteristic grouping in chains resembling a string of beads." "Streptococci can also be classified by the type of carbohydrate contained in the cell wall, a system called the Lancefield classification." Encyclopedia Britannica Agglutination and immunofluorescent antibody microscopic methods can quickly identify Lancefield groups.
		The encapsulated, gram-positive coccoid bacteria have a distinctive morphology on gram stain, the so-called, "lancet shape," which actually looks more like a blunt arrow head.
		The spinal fluid is obtained by performing a spinal tap, in which a needle is inserted into an area in the lower back where fluid in the spinal canal is readily accessible.
	www.buddycom.com /bacteria/gpc.html (1214 words)

	Gram-positive definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		This is characteristic of bacteria that have a cell wall composed of a thick layer of a particular substance (called peptidologlycan).
		The Gram-positive bacteria include staphylococci ("staph"), streptococci ("strep"), pneumococci, and the bacterium responsible for diphtheria (Cornynebacterium diphtheriae) and anthrax (Bacillus anthracis).
		The gram-staining characteristics of bacteria are denoted as positive or negative, depending upon whether the bacteria take up and retain the crystal violet stain or not.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9585 (233 words)

	Gram Stain
		In 1884, Hans Christian Gram, a Danish doctor working in Berlin, accidentally stumbled on a method which still forms the basis for the identification of bacteria.
		In Gram-positive bacteria, the purple crystal violet stain is trapped by the layer of peptidoglycan which forms the outer layer of the cell.
		In Gram-negative bacteria, the outer membrane prevents the stain from reaching the peptidoglycan layer in the periplasm.
	www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk /video/Gram.html (402 words)

	Bacteria
		Induction of the immune response by the O-polysaccharide (somatic antigen) portion of the lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
		In enteric bacteria the tightly fitting hydrophilic lipopolysaccharides, metal ligands, and proteins of the outer membrane outer surface form a hydrophilic barrier to lipophilic molecules.
		The growth cycle of a culture of bacteria is divided into four phases: lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, decline phase.
	www.kcom.edu /faculty/chamberlain/Website/Tritzmed/LECTS/BACTERIA.HTM (3188 words)

	Bacterial colonies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It shows some common bacteria that can be isolated from human sources or other environments.
		The Gram reaction is named after the Danish physician, Christian Gram, who developed this staining technique in 1884.
		The region between the peptidoglycan and LPS layers is termed the periplasmic space (coloured grey in the figure); it is a fluid or gel-like zone containing many enzymes and nutrient-carrier proteins.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/shape.htm (933 words)

	Gram Positive Bacteria
		GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA are characterised by having as part of their cell wall structure peptidoglycan as well as polysaccharides and/or teichoic acids.
		While in Gram-negative bacteria the peptidoglycan is simple in structure and comparatively uniform throughout most genera, in Gram-positive bacteria there is a very big variation in structure and composition.
		THE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES of the Gram-positive bacteria have not been extensively studied apart from those of the streptococci, where they are the basis of their serological subdivision.
	www.microbionet.com.au /grampositivebacteria.htm (399 words)

	Gram Positive Bacteria Part I. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Super absorbent tampons may be left in place longer which allows bacteria to set up housekeeping longer and churn out more toxins, and attract a lot of oxygen.
		All humans carry this bacteria in the deep layers of the skin.
		“Clostridia and Bacillus (Gram Positive Spore Forming Bacilli)” all the way until the start of “Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) –which is the subject of the next hour.
	www.uhmc.sunysb.edu /microbiology/grampos1.html (1786 words)

	EPORAP3
		Other variables affecting the growth of the bacteria may also considered such as temperature, substrates, and additions.
		Optimal time constants for gram-positive bacteria are reported to be between 2.5 and 7.5 ms.
		Be certain the sample is in contact with both sides of the cuvette by tapping the cuvette lightly on a solid surface.
	wheat.pw.usda.gov /homepage/lazo/methods/epp/epgramp.html (521 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		As previously mentioned, Gram-positive bacteria are characterized by their blue-violet color reaction in the Gram-staining procedure.
		The blue-violet color reaction is caused by crystal-violet, the primary Gram-stain dye, complexing with the iodine mordant.
		A distinguishing factor among Gram-positive bacteria is that roughly 90% of their cell wall is comprised of peptidoglycan and a Gram-positve bacteria can have more than 20 layers of peptidoglycan stacked together to form the cell wall.
	medic.med.uth.tmc.edu /path/00001444.htm (164 words)

	BACTERIA - KINGDOMS ARCHAEBACTERIA AND EUBACTERIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Bacteria are used in food preparation and in environmental, chemical and mining processes.
		Bacteria are used in Sewage Treatment, and as Decomposers, breaking down the remains of organic matter in dead plant and animal waste.
		Bacteria are used to help clean up environmental disasters caused by humans, such as chemical and oil spills.
	www.sirinet.net /~jgjohnso/monerans.html (3384 words)

	Chapter Abstracts: Genomics of GC-Rich Gram-Positive Bacteria
		Rather than work with individual genes, we now prefer to consider several genes at a time, and try to get an integrated picture of the cell or of the organism as a whole.
		The aim of this chapter is to present briefly the genomic data available for this group of bacteria and to examine how global approaches can be used in the domains mentioned above: genome architecture, differentiation and secondary metabolism.
		Bacteria have evolved at least four pathways to transport proteins out of the cytoplasm.
	www.horizonpress.com /hsp/abs/absfggp1.html (950 words)

	Surface Proteins of Gram-Positive Bacteria and Mechanisms of Their Targeting to the Cell Wall Envelope -- Navarre and ...
		The cell wall of many gram-positive bacteria is modified by O-acetylation of MurNAc at C-6 (790).
		Gram-positive bacteria synthesize several compounds that decorate their peptidoglycan exoskeleton (694).
		Retention is signaled by the positively charged residues within the charged tail of the sorting signal.
	mmbr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/63/1/174 (8526 words)

	The problem with gram-negative bacteria
		Reptile bites are often more difficult to resolve than herp herp keepers and their physicans realize because of the presence of gram-negative as well as gram-positive bacteria in the reptile's mouth, which then gets transfered into the bite wound.
		The distinctive feature of gram-negative bacteria is the presence of a double membrane surrounding each bacterial cell.
		Although all bacteria have an inner cell membrane, gram-negative bacteria have a unique outer membrane.
	www.anapsid.org /gramnegative.html (237 words)

	A Flow-Cytometric Gram-Staining Technique for Milk-Associated Bacteria -- Holm and Jespersen 69 (5): 2857 -- Applied ...
		Gram-negative bacteria are decolorized by ethanol, whereas gram-positive
		bacteria and gram-negative bacteria with a destabilized lipopolysaccharide
		Percentages are calculated as the number of events in the red region (gram negative) or green region (gram positive) divided by the total number of events.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/69/5/2857 (3479 words)

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