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	Gram staining
		Gram staining is a method for staining samples of bacteria that differentiates between the two main types of bacterial cell wall.
		Gram negative bacteria have a thin cell wall made of a layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipids.
		As a rule of thumb (which has exceptions), Gram-negative bacteria are more dangerous as disease organisms, because their outer membrane acts as "camouflage"; the human body does not contain peptidoglycan and in fact produces an enzyme called lysozyme[?] which attacks the open peptidoglycan layer of Gram-positive bacteria.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/gr/Gram's_stain.html (232 words)

	Medical Chemical Corporation
		The gram stain permits the separation of all bacterial species into two large groups, those which retain the primary dye (gram-positive), and those which lose the primary dye and take the color of the secondary dye (gram-negative).
		The mechanism of gram stain is based on the distinctive chemistry and physical properties of the cell wall, possibly the lipid content.
		Organisms being stained by the gram method are usually taken from a solid or liquid medium on (in) which they have been cultured from their original source (e.g.
	www.med-chem.com /procedures/GramStain.html (347 words)

	Gram's stain - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Gram's stain laboratory staining technique that distinguishes between two groups of bacteria by the identification of differences in the structure of their cell walls.
		In the staining technique, cells on a microscope slide are heat-fixed (killed) and stained with a basic dye, crystal violet, which stains all bacterial cells blue; then they are treated with an iodine-potassium iodide solution that allows the iodine to enter the cells and form a water-insoluble complex with the crystal violet dye.
		After the staining procedure, cells are treated with a counterstain, i.e., a red acidic dye such as safranin or acid fuchsin, in order to make gram-negative (decolorized) cells visible.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-gramssta.html (449 words)

	Gram staining - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gram staining (or the Gram's method) is an empirical method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) based on the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls.
		Gram staining is one of the most useful staining procedures in bacteriological laboratory.
		Gram stains are performed on body fluid or biopsy when infection is suspected.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gram_staining (579 words)

	Bite Sized tutorials, the gram stain
		Gram's Stain is a widely used method of staining bacteria as an aid to their identification.
		This stains all the bacteria on the slide a dark purple colour.
		This is achieved by treating the smear with a compound which stains the Gram-negative cells a colour which contrasts markedly with the blue-fl colour of the Gram-positive cells.
	www.ncl.ac.uk /dental/oralbiol/oralenv/tutorials/gramstain.htm (1029 words)

	Cell Differentiation by Gram's Stain
		The Gram staining method, named after the Danish bacteriologist who originally devised it in 1844, Hans Christian Gram, is one of the most important staining techniques in microbiology.
		Staining techniques are widely used to visualize those components that are otherwise too difficult to see under an ordinary light microscope either because of the lack of color contrast between the object under examination and the background or because of the limited resolving power of the light microscope.
		In Gram's method, which is based on the ability of a cell in retaining the crystal violet dye during solvent treatment, it is the difference in the microbial cell wall that is amplified.
	www.glue.umd.edu /~nsw/ench485/lab9b.htm (1389 words)

	Staining and Interpretation of Bacterial Smears
		The Gram stain is routinely used as an initial procedure in the identification of an unknown bacterial species.
		Spores are often detectable in Gram stains or by phase contrast microscopy of living cells, however differential staining methods may be necessary to confirm or reject the presence of spores in a culture.
		As with the Gram stain, a spore stain distinguishes spores on the basis of cell wall properties.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~bioslabs/bios318/staining.htm (2298 words)

	Lab: Whole Cell Staining Protocols (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Simple staining is the use of a single stain to increase the contrast between the bacteria and the background when viewed with a microscope.
		In order to stain such bacteria, the primary stain must be forced into the cell; once inside, the stain is retained by the cell, even in the presence of a decolorzing agent such as acid alcohol.
		In the acid fast stain, the primary stain (basic fuchsin) is mixed with phenol to form carbol fuchsin, which is soluble in the lipoidal material present in the cell walls of mycobacteria; heat treatment enhances penetration of the primary stain into the bacteria's cytoplasm.
	clnet.dyndns.org /microbio/l-stain-whole.html (1248 words)

	Gram stain history and mechanisms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Gram staining method, named after the Danish bacteriologist who originally devised it in 1882 (published 1884), Hans Christian Gram, is one of the most important staining techniques in microbiology.
		Gram staining is based on the ability of bacteria cell wall to retaining the crystal violet dye during solvent treatment.
		The length of the decolorization is critical in differentiating the gram-positive bacteria from the gram-negative bacteria.
	www.uphs.upenn.edu /bugdrug/antibiotic_manual/Gram1.htm (513 words)

	Gram Stain
		Gram negative and gram positive organisms are distinguished from each other by differences in their cell walls.
		Gram negative cells also take up crystal violet, and the iodine forms a crystal violet-iodine complex in the cells as it did in the gram positive cells.
		Gram negative cells also have an outer layer which gram positive organisms do not have; this layer is made up of lipids, polysaccharides, and proteins.
	www2.austin.cc.tx.us /microbugz/html/gram_stain.html (390 words)

	Lab 2 Bacteriology
		Nigrosin and India Ink are acidic stains that are an acidic stain that is used as a negative stain.
		Gram staining is invaluable for the direct examination of sputum, cerebrospinal and other normally sterile body fluids, abscess fluids, soft tissue infection specimens, and male urethral exudates.
		Crystal violet is applied followed by Gram's iodine (a mordant which fixes the stain in or on the cell wall to form an insoluble complex with the stain).
	www3.umdnj.edu /micrsweb/lab2bacteria/lab2introduction.html (1466 words)

	Loyola Univ. Health Univ. Health Sys- Microbiology & Immunology: GRAM STAIN TECHNIQUE
		The Gram stain procedure was originally developed by the Danish physician Hans Christian Gram to differentiate pneumococci from Klebsiella pneumonia.
		The cells that are previously stained with crystal violet and iodine are next treated with a decolorizing agent such as 95% ethanol or a mixture of acetone and alcohol.
		Smears that are not properly fixed tend to be washed away during staining and washing resulting in the absence of stained bacteria.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/DeptWebs/microbio/med/gram/tech.htm (595 words)

	An Introduction to Bacterial Classification
		Staining methods are designed to make a staining agent bind to the cell wall of the bacteria.
		In testing for gram stain response, microbiologists first spread some bacteria on a slide, then fire it by passing the slide through a flame briefly.
		Gram staining is nearly always the first step in identifying a new sample or species of bacteria.
	www.earthlife.net /prokaryotes/phyla.html (888 words)

	Staining (biology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Stains and dyes are frequently used in biology and medicine to highlight structures in biological tissues for viewing, often with the aid of different microscopes.
		Stains may be used to define and examine bulk tissues (highlighting, for example, muscle fibers or connective tissue), cell populations (classifying different blood cells, for instance), or organelles within individual cells.
		Gram staining uses crystal violet to stain cell walls, iodine as a mordant, and a fuchsin or safranin counterstain to mark all bacteria.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Staining_(biology) (2120 words)

	Gram staining
		Gram staining A technique to distinguish between two major bacterial groups, based on whether or not their cell wall retains the Gram stain.
		Stain retention is determined by the structure of the cell wall.(From Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture)
		Following isolation on solid media (and, for bacterial cultures, Gram staining to determine the testing protocol) the organism is introduced to a wide variety...
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/Gram_staining.html (78 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The first step in Gram staining that differentiates between the Gram positive and Gram negative is the application of 95% Ethyl Alcohol where in Gram negative bacteria, the CV-I complex will be washed up but not in Gram positive bacteria.
		Streaking methods, gram staining and all biochemical tests should make it easier for the identification of unknown bacterial cultures by narrowing down the genus that do not correspond to the test result.
		Gram staining showed that the bacteria are Gram positive bacteria because the cells are purple in color under the oil microscope after staining.
	homepages.wmich.edu /~c1ciptad/micro1.doc (4583 words)

	Bacteria
		To gram stain, an investigator smears a sample of bacteria on a slide, soaks it in a violet dye and then treats it with iodine.
		The cell walls of gram-negative bacteria have a very low affinity for the violet stain, which is rinsed out by the alcohol.
		Gram positive cell walls are about five times as rich in peptidoglycan as gram-negative cell walls.
	fig.cox.miami.edu /Faculty/Dana/gram.html (293 words)

	COPAN USA - Agar and Gram Stain
		Gram staining protocols can be difficult to reproduce from one lab to another as this procedure is hard to quantitate.
		Gram staining is more of an art form than a science as each microbiologist has their particular style and technique for preparing a Gram stain.
		The agar gel is sterile and if you Gram stain volumes of agar instead of sample squeezed from the swab tip you risk missing completely the heart of the sample or giving a report on a specimen that was dramatically diluted with sterile agar.
	www.copaninnovation.com /agar_gramstain/index.html (2851 words)

	Hans Christian Joachim Gram Biography \| World of Microbiology and Immunology
		Gram's method aided microscopic study of bacteria, as well as provided a means of differentiating and classifying bacteria cells.
		Gram remained in Berlin working as an assistant in a hospital until 1891, when he was appointed as a professor of pharmacology at the University of Copenhagen.
		In 1889, Gram married Louise I. Lohse, and in 1892, advanced to the position of chief of internal medicine at the Royal Frederiks Hospital.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/hans-christian-joachim-gram-wmi (498 words)

	LAB MANUAL, EXERCISE #5: More Streaking & Gram Stain
		The gram characteristic is almost as fundamental to a bacterial description as its morphology.
		The media the cells are grown in and the environmental conditions may also effect the outcome of a gram stain because these ultimately reflect on the chemical nature of the cell.
		Your gram negative sample should be red and the gram positive blue.
	www.slic2.wsu.edu:82 /hurlbert/micro101/pages/101lab5.html (1196 words)

	Micro Lab Notebook
		Gram positive bacteria are more permeable to many of the most common antibiotics, probably because they lack the outer membrane of the Gram negatives.
		The Gram stain exploits the basic differences in the outer layers of bacteria so that certain bacterial groups retain the initial stain while others readily lose this dye during the decolorization process.
		The Methylene Blue Stain is considered to be a simple stain, in contrast with the Gram and Acid-Fast Stains, which require a counterstaining step.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/micro/basic.html (1865 words)

	Gram-staining Procedure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The specimen should be mounted and heat fixed on a slide before you procede to stain it.
		Gram positive cells will incorporate little or no counterstain and will remain blue-violet in appearance.
		Gram negative bacteria, however, take on a pink color and are easily distinguishable from the Gram positives.
	medic.med.uth.tmc.edu /path/00001445.htm (393 words)

	gram stain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Gram stain reagents are added at one open end of the slide and are drawn through the space under the slide by means of an absorbent paper towel.
		The reagent sequence is similar to that in the standard Gram Stain but the timing is somewhat longer to compensate for a possible dilution effect of the aqueous phase of the biofilm.
		The bacteria stain as in a traditional Gram Stain, but because of the thickness of the preparation and the presence of water the slides do look different from a typical Gram Stain.
	www.personal.psu.edu /faculty/j/e/jel5/biofilms/gramstain.html (409 words)

	Utility of Gram Staining for Evaluation of the Quality of Cystic Fibrosis Sputum Samples -- Nair et al. 40 (8): 2791 -- ...
		Sputum gram stain assessment in community-acquired bacteremic pneumonia.
		Gram stain and culture of morning and 24 h sputum in the diagnosis of bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: a dogma disputed.
		Utility of Gram stain in evaluation of sputa from patients with cystic fibrosis.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/40/8/2791 (2802 words)

	Staining Microorganisms
		In the staining procedure aniline dyes are coupled with iodine to the bacterial cell wall to form a dye-iodine complex.
		In the case of GRAM-positive organisms the dye-iodine complex cannot subsequently be dissolved from the cells with decolourizing agents such as alcohol or acetone; the cell remains blue-violet.
		The decolourated cells are then stained pink to red as a result of counterstaining with carbol fuchsin, or orange with safranine.
	service.merck.de /microbiology/tedisdata/nodes/5053.html (289 words)

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