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	Grammatical gender - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In linguistics, grammatical genders, also called noun classes, are classes of nouns requiring different agreement forms on determiners, adjectives, verbs or other words.
		Gendered pronouns and their corresponding inflections vary considerably across languages: there are languages that have different pronouns and inflections in the third person only to differentiate between humans and inanimate objects, like Hungarian and Finnish.
		Also not to be confused with grammatical gender is the variety of gender-describing common names some tribal languages have for intersexual or transgender individuals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grammatical_gender (2379 words)

	Glossary of Grammatical Terms
		a grammatical construction in which two typically adjacent nouns referring to the same person or thing stand in the same syntactical relation to the rest of a sentence.
		a grammatical case that denotes ownership or a relation analogous to ownership.
		It is the grammatical center of a predicate.
	www.cs.cf.ac.uk /fun/welsh/Glossary.html (2316 words)

	Grammatical Errors In The Qur'an (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In this stage, generally, grammatical rules are held by the writers, poets, orators and other users, as the standard for the correctness of their written or spoken words.
		In the first stage, grammatical rules are derived from the usage of writers, poets etc., and every grammatical rule along with every deviation from such a rule, which can be substantiated by the usage of such writers and orators is held to be correct.
		This tendency of accepting new grammatical rules because of new styles introduced by modern writers is far less in peoples who are more conscious and conservative about maintaining the purity of their language, as compared to those who are not.
	debate.domini.org /newton/learner.html (6041 words)

	HLW: Grammatical Categories: Morphemes
		Because words on the grammatical end of the lexical-grammatical continuum have such vague meanings, they do not contribute as much to the overall meaning of a sentence as nouns, verbs, and adjectives do.
		Morphemes near the lexical end of the lexical-grammatical continuum are called lexical morphemes; morphemes such as the, -s, and re- near the grammatical end of the continuum are called grammatical morphemes.
		Note that grammatical morphemes include forms that we can consider to be words like the, a, and, and of and others that make up parts of words like -s, -ed, un-, and re-.
	www.indiana.edu /~hlw/Inflection/morphemes.html (3246 words)

	Grammatical article - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the etymologies of many languages, definite articles formerly were demonstrative pronouns or adjective; compare the fate of the Latin demonstrative ille in the Romance languages, becoming French le, la and les, Spanish el and la, and Italian il, lo and la.
		Many European languages that have grammatical gender usually have their article agree with the gender of the noun (French le 'the' masculine, la feminine).
		The third grammatical treatise and Ole Worm's Literatura Runica.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /the.htm (902 words)

	Grammar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A descriptive grammar is a grammar that describes the language as it is actually used by people, regardless of whether prescriptive grammars would consider a construction correct or not.
		Descriptive grammars are bound to a particular speech community, and attempt to provide rules for any utterance considered grammatically correct within that community.
		For example, in many dialects of English, the use of double negatives is very common, even though prescriptive English grammars explicitly reject double negatives as ungrammatical.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grammar (853 words)

	Babies Know Their Grammatical Morphemes
		Two, grammatical morphemes are probably the most important aspects of language, signalling what a noun is or what a verb is. Nouns are things that have 'the' and 'a' in front of them, and verbs are things that have '-ing' and '-ed' after them.
		In the first study of its kind, Gerken found that two-year-olds (who didn't themselves use grammatical morphemes in their baby talk) were more likely to select the right picture when prompted with sentences containing correct morphemes.
		Replacing grammatical morphemes with nonsensical syllables stimulated a different pattern of brain response from correct readings, suggesting that the toddlers were well aware of the difference.
	www.scienceagogo.com /news/19980512022758data_trunc_sys.shtml (650 words)

	Homonyms and Grammatical Class (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Second, homonyms from the same grammatical class might freely enter English, but their frequency of usage might be relatively low compared with homonyms from different grammatical classes.
		The latter were assumed to provide an estimate of the population tendency for homonyms to share grammatical class given the null hypothesis that no biases exist against grammatical similarity within homonyms.
		The mean number of grammatical category matches in the existence constrained analysis was 140.1 (standard deviation: 9.47), which was not significantly different from the 139 observed matches (t(49) = 0.84, p >.30).
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~kellym/homonym.html (3506 words)

	Universality of grammar and grammatical universals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Grammatical categories and markings, which we take for granted, are therefore by no means universal, and this is most evident when we compare different languages, language stages and language types.
		Some grammatical morphemes are to be expected with high probability in a certain context, but they are not obligatory or redundant in so far as there are also alternative formations or markings so that among other things also stylistic and connotative considerations can play a role when they are selected by the speaker.
		Grammatical categories are therefore by no means already to be considered as the basic categories of our thinking and experiencing and cannot be such; and this is the reason why there are for example no grammatical morphemes for size, form, weight, age, speed, rhythm, etc. either.
	www.phil.uni-erlangen.de /~p2gerlw/ressourc/dauses1.html (6801 words)

	[No title]
		The three tests of grammatical subjecthood are applied to experiencer-verbs (termed ÔlikeÕ verbs here), to verbs with goals and themes (termed ÔfindÕ verbs), and to passives of underived and derived ditransitives to establish that either of the two non-suppressed subcategorized arguments of these three classes of constructions can pass the grammatical subjecthood tests.
		Whereas the grammatical subjects can be reflexive binders and syntactic controllers in most languages, in these languages, both the grammatical subjects and/or the logical subjects may play these syntactic roles.
		Grammatical Function Identity of the Two Objects: Evidence from Conjunction Reduction In section 3.1, conjunction reduction was introduced as a test of grammatical subjecthood.
	www-lfg.stanford.edu /bresnan/Joshi/Sub_Obj.DOC (12327 words)

	Grammatical subject / subject
		She is drawing a distinction between what are called a surface subject (grammatical subject) and a deep subject.
		The deep subject of a sentence in the passive voice becomes the grammatical subject when the passive sentence is rephrased in the active voice.
		"Grammatical subject", said of a passive construction, is used to mean "subject of the sentence, but not the agent of the action".
	www.englishforums.com /English/GrammaticalSubjectSubject/wljq/Post.htm#42652 (714 words)

	Basic English and Grammatical Reform, 1937, C.K. Ogden
		In other words, any improvements in grammatical usage to which it may give rise will be indirect; but from the standpoint of grammar as a science—if the reader will kindly put himself for awhile in the position of those other rhinosceroi—it has certain suggestions to make which involve far-reaching changes.
		For purposes of reforming, developing, or improving a language, the sort of grammatical theory on which language education has hitherto been based is about as useful as a classification of candles for the production of electric light.
		Context and sense must be clearly understood, and the ordinary view of translation as a horizontal equivalent of the original, which makes schoolmasters wonder why their model pupils are less intelligent than they seem, gives way to a demand for the equivalent, at another level, of what has actually been said.
	www.crockford.com /wrrrld/begr.html (8821 words)

	The Grammatical Foundations of Style
		Initially, we started by discussing some of the grammatical patterns in the smallest constituents of grammar (morphemes) and we have traced the development of grammatical patterns through the word, phrase, clause, and clause complex, finishing with a discussion of grammatical patterns that arise within texts as a whole.
		Grammatical metaphors are created through the grammatical process of 'derivation' by which a verb or an adjective is converted into a noun, often by adding an ending to the verb or adjective.
		Gradience in grammatical function has often been dismissed as examples of 'structural ambiguity' or 'multiple analysis,' cf.
	papyr.com /hypertextbooks/grammar/style3.htm (1805 words)

	HLW: Grammatical Categories
		Each such form represents a grammatical category, a way of grouping things or situations or contexts on the basis of one of the abstract properties.
		Second, grammatical categories are in a sense forced on the speakers of a language.
		In this chapter we'll look at how grammatical categories "slice up" the world by dividing it into a set of very abstract semantic categories; what form they take in language; and how they vary across languages.
	www.indiana.edu /~hlw/Inflection/intro.html (390 words)

	LINGUIST List 7.613: Grammatical Gender
		Grammatical gender is a surface manifestation of this deep inner mechanism which is at work in all languages.
		According to my theory, such a language is one which has somehow opted to specialise in the domain of "objects as objects" and to hell with the subject and all of the messy dialectical ramifications that result from such a complicated (European) problematic.
		Algonquian languages all have grammatical gender, but it is a distinction between animate versus inanimate, which pervades all aspects of both noun and verb morphology.
	www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/7/7-613.html (2539 words)

	Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations: The Grammatical Fiction of PI §307
		Wittgenstein counters that the only fiction involved in the discussion of S is a grammatical construction that cleverly substitutes itself for the existence of S. I wish to analyze his reasoning for this and, further, to "unpack" Wittgenstein's implicit denial that he is a behaviorist.
		When we say that we "know" all of the rules of chess, the grammatical fiction conjures up the image of an action since the verb seems to indicate that something is going on.
		Yet, he is not outright denying essence to the sensation--pain doesn't disappear with the grammatical expressions--only that something about which nothing can be said is meaningless at best and ontologically equivalent to nothing at worst.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/james_still/w_fiction.html (1358 words)

	Grammatical Shift For The Rhetorical Purposes: Iltifat And Related Features In The Qur'an
		Along with iltifāt I shall discuss analogous features of this nature, involving grammatical shift for rhetorical purposes; though some of these were not generally labelled as iltifāt, they were none the less considered as related to it.
		The grammatical concept of 2nd person is here given an added effect which is maintained in a number of the following verses.
		Yes indeed; We are able to shape again his fingers.'(Q. It is the singular that is fitting for 'I swear'; the sudden shift to the plural expresses, as it were, multiplicity of power in answer to the pre-Islamic Arabs' incredulity at the idea of putting scattered bones together again at the resurrection.
	www.islamic-awareness.org /Quran/Text/Grammar/iltifaat.html (11687 words)

	LINGUIST List 7.537: Grammatical gender
		That grammatical gender and physiological sex are two distinct categories is true, but that is only one side of the medal.
		Grammatically seen, German _Sekreta"rin_ is the feminine counterpart to masculine _Sekreta"r_ "secretary", but the former only refers to the lady sitting at the desk in the ante-room stenographing, typing, and handling the calender timetable and incoming calls etc., whereas the latter mainly refers to a relatively high-positioned executive.
		Her name is Maria." which, in turn, demonstrates the connection between the grammatical and the physiological....
	www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/7/7-537.html (1784 words)

	What is the point of grammatical gender? (page 2) \| Antimoon Forum
		Ved and Travis are right--you don't learn things such as grammatical gender in school, just like English speakers don't learn grammatical infections or irregular verbs at school...it all comes naturally from being surrounded by the language growing up.
		Adam, I think you may be confusing natural spoken language too much with the written language--remember that even in nonliterate societies they have no problems learning the rules of their grammar and speak their language perfectly well even if they've never spent a day of their life in school.
		On another note, one must stop thinking of grammatical gender as being an analogue of natural gender, but rather one should view it as just a type of noun class system involving a relatively small number of noun classes which just happen to be to some extent linked with natural gender, in places.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/posts/6777-2.htm (923 words)

	The `good grammatical explanation': How do language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		We conclude that the belief in the unequivocy of grammatical explanations is itself problematic; and that teachers would be better served if the precariousness and complexity of the notion of giving grammatical explanations were explicitly acknowledged.
		This is seen, for example, in the speed with which a teacher moves from a grammatical explanation of usage to a show of modelling of use.
		It may be that a fine grasp of the grammatical complexities is at odds with a reductionist urge to simplify.
	www.distance-learning.org /gazette_articles/articles/Wajnryb_article.html (2744 words)

	John Benjamins: Book details for Grammatical Metaphor [CILT 236]
		This volume aims to raise and debate problematic issues in the study of lexico-grammatical metaphor, and to foreground the potential of further study in the field.
		There is a need to highlight the SFL perspective on metaphor; other traditions focus on lexical aspects, and from cognitive perspectives, while SFL focuses on the grammatical dimension, and socio-functional aspects in the explanation of this phenomenon.
		Grammatical metaphor in SFL: A historiography of the introduction and initial study of the concept
	www.benjamins.com /cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=CILT_236 (316 words)

	Using Bible Software for New Testament Grammatical Analysis
		Grammatical tagging schemes range along a spectrum from formal (morphological) to functional classifications.
		Many grammatical constructions require that two or more words be in close proximity, though not necessarily side by side.
		The grammatical tags were primarily selected by James L. Boyer, then Chairman of the Department of NT and Greek at Grace Theological Seminary.
	www-writing.berkeley.edu /chorus/bible/essays/ntgram.html (4714 words)

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