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Topic: Grammatical aspect

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Grammatical tense

Tense

Aorist aspect

Perfect tense

Grammatical mood

Progressive tense

Aorist

Auxiliary verb

Imperative mood

Future tense

Ergative language

Grammatical voice

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	Aspect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aspect (computer science) is a feature that is linked to many parts of a program, but which is not necessarily the primary function of the program.
		Grammatical aspect is a component of the conjugation of a verb having to do with the internal temporal flow of an event.
		Aspect (geography) refers to the direction to which a mountain slope faces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aspect (234 words)

	Grammatical aspect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aspect is a somewhat difficult concept to grasp for the speakers of most modern Indo-European languages, because they tend to conflate the concept of aspect with the concept of tense.
		Grammatical aspect represents a formal distinction encoded in the grammar of a language.
		The aspect is indicated by the case of the object: accusative is telic and partitive is atelic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grammatical_aspect (3354 words)

	Grammatical aspect
		Grammatical aspect in linguistics is a property of a verb that defines the temporal flow of the described event or state.
		Arabic shows a contrast between dynamic and static aspect (the concepts 'ride' and 'mount' are shown by the same verb, rukubun, static in the former case and dynamic in the latter).
		It is important to note that linguistic aspect is distinct from tense,\nwhich pinpoints the time at which an action takes place, and is not\nrelated to its degree of completion (which might be a good way to describe\naspect in layman's terms).
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/g/gr/grammatical_aspect.html (499 words)

	Grammatical conjugation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection (regular alteration according to rules of grammar).
		Conjugation may be affected by person, number, gender, tense, aspect, mood, voice, or other grammatical categories.
		Below is the conjugation of the verb to be in the present tense, indicative mood, active voice, in English, German, Swedish, French, Italian, Latin, Portuguese, Spanish, Latvian, Polish, Hindi, and Persian.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grammatical_conjugation (402 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2002.06.36 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Fredrik Oldsjö, Tense and Aspect in Caesar's Narrative.
		Once aspect is de-contextualized, we have grammatical aspect -- the slippery semantics that seem to inhere in the "aspect stems" and have a variegated proto-Indo-European history -- and lexical aspect, representing the total temporal semantics of the verb with other elements of the phrase or clause in which it sits.
		On the one hand there is the conviction that aspect stems and their Aktionsarten have an affinity for certain tenses, and in the other hand there is the supposition that choice of tense (and thus aspect) is conditioned by rules at the narrative level.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2002/2002-06-36.html (4590 words)

	Perfective, Imperfective, and Iterative
		The problem is one of terminology, because you use "aspect" in two very different ways, as "grammatical aspect" and "lexical aspect".
		The only disagreement between me and Mari is that she says that aspect is universal and therefore Greek aspect has the same nature as the English counterpart, while I deny this.
		The differences between the aspects can be measured in three areas, 1) the distance between the viewer and the action, the angle of the intersection and the breadth of the intersection.
	lists.ibiblio.org /pipermail/b-greek/2002-May/021340.html (1195 words)

	Aspect - TheBestLinks.com - Astrology, Computer programming, Grammar, Grammatical aspect, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In computer programming, an aspect is a feature that is linked to many parts of a program, but which is not necessarily the primary function of the program.
		In linguistics, aspect is a grammatical feature having to do with the internal temporal flow of an event.
		In astrology, aspect is the relative angle between two heavenly bodies.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Aspect.html (175 words)

	Grammatical number - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Number, in linguistics, is a grammatical category used to express the quantity of objects referred to by a noun.
		The term number is also used to describe the distinction between certain grammatical aspects that indicate the number of times an event occurs (e.g.
		Synthetic languages typically distinguish grammatical number by inflection; in contrast, Analytic languages such as Chinese don't indicate number morphologically, but use contexts and quantifiers.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/g/r/a/Grammatical_number.html (1710 words)

	Tense and Aspect in English
		Grammatical aspect is encoded in the morphology of the verb.
		Inherent aspect is inherent to the verb or to the combination of the verb and some other parts of the sentence.
		grammatical aspect is encoded by the use of auxiliary verbs or by the lack of any auxiliary.
	arts.anu.edu.au /linguistics/courses/english/handouts/aspect_05.htm (1216 words)

	Diss Digest
		Although the discussions of verbal aspect and temporal reference from the field of linguistics have been included as much as has been deemed feasible, the writer is not trained in linguistics and treads such ground with full realization that he is a visitor in the territory.
		Aspect is the semantic category by which a speaker or writer grammaticalizes a view of the situation by the selection of a particular verb form in the verbal system.
		Although both perfective and imperfective aspects can be (and are) used, the writer is free to select the viewpoint that best suits his purposes, whether to narrate the construed events in summary fashion or to couch them in terms of process, and this irrespective of temporal reference.
	faculty.bbc.edu /rdecker/rd_diss.htm (10311 words)

	The Development of Aspectual Distinctions in L2 French Classroom Learning1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Aspect, unlike tense, is not a deictic category because it is not relative to the time of the utterance (but see Chung and Timberlake, 1985, and Klein, 1994, for an alternative position).
		The prototypical value of past-tense aspect is determined by cases in which the lexical aspectual value of the verb and the grammatical encoding of aspect coincide: Andersen's congruence principle.
		The cases where there was conflictive (incorrect) double marking of aspect (e.g., the combined use of an auxiliary signalling passé composé and the morphological ending of imparfait in the main verb) were not considered for the analysis of the data.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/cmlr/544/544-Salaberry.html (10486 words)

	Aspect - FrathWiki
		It is important to note that linguistic aspect is distinct from tense, which pinpoints the time at which an action takes place, and is not related to its degree of completion (which might be a good way to describe aspect in layman's terms).
		It is to be stressed that these are the structural expressions of aspect and can convey meanings that would be expressed by separate and different aspects in other languages.
		In some languages, aspect and tense are very clearly separated, making them more distinct to their speakers.
	wiki.frath.net /Aspect (552 words)

	Teaching the Expression of Time [tense, aspect, modality]
		The system of twelve ‘tenses’ is actually the formal realisation of the interaction between tense, grammatical aspect and modality.
		Aspect indicates whether the user’s view of an event is external (Perfect), or internal (Progressive).
		The actual time and duration of an event do not dictate choice of tense and aspect; the choice is largely subjective and context-sensitive, depending more on the time-point the user wants to focus on.
	www.gabrielatos.com /TTA.htm (1155 words)

	[No title]
		This theory suggests that there are two prototypes in tense and aspect: the first prototype relates past tense-perfective grammatical aspect and telic lexical aspect and the second one relates present tense-imperfective grammatical aspect and atelic lexical aspect.
		Greek is a language where tense and aspect are marked with distinct morphology and both grammatical and lexical aspect is encoded.
		Consequently, the child is free to choose the tense and the grammatical aspect that he/she is going to use.
	www.unige.ch /lettres/latl/chronos/delidaki.doc (613 words)

	Re: verbal aspect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		I present criteria for distinguishing tense from grammatical > aspect, and lexical from grammatical aspect, as well as criteria for > recognizing semantic meaning vs. the pragmatic implicatures associated > with a given form in a language.
		Specifically I > claim that the present and aorist are 'tenseless', encoding imperfective and > perfective aspect, respectively.
		The future I analyze as tense and not aspect.
	www.ibiblio.org /bgreek/archives/greek-3/msg00277.html (282 words)

	GURBANI DI BHASHA TE VYAKARAN (Punjabi) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Third section discusses the grammatical aspects of the bani (compositions) of Guru Tegh Bahadur and of four Bhagats, viz., Kabir, Namdev, Ravidas and Farid separately.
		Thus, many grammatical rules as found in the bani of Guru Tegh Bahadur are somewhat different from those of the bani of the first five Gurus.
		So, it is against the grammatical rules of Gurbani to reject the pronunciation of these short vowels (/u/ and /i/) at the endings of the words of Gurbani.
	www.sikhpoint.com /religion/resources/gurbanidibhasha.htm (1250 words)

	Articles - Grammatical aspect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Lexical aspect is sometimes called ´´Aktionsart´´;, especially by German and Slavic linguists.
		But present and past are expressed using direct modifications of the verb, which may then be modified further by the progressive aspect (also called the ´´continuous´´; aspect), the perfect aspect (also called the ´´completed´´ aspect), or both.
		The web site of SIL, for example, describes the "perfective aspect" as "an aspect that expresses a temporal view of an event or state as a simple whole, apart from the consideration of the internal structure of the time in which it occurs".
	www.zdiamond.net /articles/Grammatical_aspect (3305 words)

	UHMTueSemF2004
		Two hypotheses are considered: (a) the Distributional Bias Hypothesis, which attributes the aspect before tense phenomenon to input (Li 1989), and (b) the Cognitive Limitation Hypothesis, which attributes the phenomenon to underdevelopment of temporal concepts (Bronckart and Sinclair 1973).
		—ess occurred were identified and then coded for the inherent lexical aspect of the predicate as well as the grammatical aspect (if any).
		It was further found that this pattern of usage was not attested in the child-directed speech: the mothers tended to use the tense marker primarily with durative activity verbs to encode past tense (and not perfective aspect).
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /UHMTueSem/TuesdayF2004/UHMTueSemF2004-06-2.html (357 words)

	Re: Aktionsart vs. Aspect
		They use it in a very broad sense covering both lexical and grammatical aspect as well as both the writer's perception of an action and the writer's portrayal of that action.
		In my earlier note I made a distinction between Aktionsart as the term for type of action and Aspect as the term for how an action is presented, envisioned, etc. Let me now refine this a bit.
		In modern linguistics, those linguists who use the term at all [It is interesting that the term did not even appear in David Crystal's _Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics_, Blackwell, 1991.], tend not to ever use it to represent (1).
	www.ibiblio.org /bgreek/archives/97-05/msg00097.html (654 words)

	Features of Verbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		aspect is used both for the semantic distinctions that one might make and for the grammatical distinctions.
		The reason why the progressive grammatical aspect is incompatible with the stative inherent aspect is that the progressive indicates that something is changing through time.
		Some grammarians deny that English really has any grammatical aspect because it is not shown on inflections on the verb, as aspect in shown in, for Example Russian or Spanish.
	arts.anu.edu.au /linguistics/courses/english/lectures/verbal_features_2005.htm (8435 words)

	English Grammar
		Aspect: (internal dimensions) if the situation is fixed or changing, moment or duration, complete or ongoing, perceived or experienced.
		Grammatical Aspect (perspective) Experienced (from the inside) vs. Perceived (from outside, in retrospect)
		If the situation/action is experienced the progressive aspect is the perspective of the speaker/writer; if the situation is perceived the perfective aspect is the perspective of the speaker/writer.
	www.ingilish.com /tenseshandout.htm (283 words)

	[No title]
		Even though Chinese, as an aspect language, is rich in aspect markers, covert marking (LVM) is a frequent and important strategy in Chinese discourse.
		As far as grammatical aspect is concerned, English marks the progressive, the perfect, the perfect progressive and the simple aspect (cf.
		While the LVM forms are dominant in all of the four categories, aspect markers are more frequent in translations of the perfect of result and the perfect of experience than the latter two categories.
	www.lancs.ac.uk /postgrad/xiaoz/papers/lic_paper.doc (1796 words)

	[No title]
		Although these are only possible trends among the speakers, the study reveals the need to consider both the Aspect and the Discourse Hypotheses as complementary and necessary to explain tense and aspect systems of naturalistic L2 learners.
		In the conference paper I will report on the results of the study and discuss the findings in light of both the Aspect Hypothesis and the Discourse Hypothesis and discuss the possible influences of formal instruction on the acquisition of tense and aspect by learners of Spanish.
		The role of lexical aspect in the acquisition of tense and aspect.
	www.msu.edu /~slrf97/Abstracts/Rafael_Salaberry (898 words)

	Filologia 14 (2001) Stanley E. Porter and Matthew Brook O’Donnell
		Nevertheless, the systems at the grammatical end consist of a small, finite number of feature selections, and can thus be described as closed-systems, while systems at the lexis end consist of numerous sub-systems (consider, for instance, how many verbs of motion there are), and are described as open-systems.
		The contention of Verbal Aspect was that the Greek verbal network has aspect as one of its major system components, and that verbal aspect as a morphologically based semantic system functions largely independently of these other factors.
		He notes that "the discussion of grammatical categories in closed systems for any given language" highlights the fact that ""meanings" are deter-mined by their inter-relations in the systems set up for that language" ("Synopsis", p.
	www.bsw.org /project/filologia/filo14/Art01m.html (11691 words)

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