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Topic: Grammatical category

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	Grammatical number
		In linguistics, number is a grammatical category that specifies the quantity of a noun or affects the form of a verb or other part of speech depending on the quantity of the noun to which it refers.
		Grammatical number is distinct from the use of numerals to specify the exact quantify of a noun; number is usually vague.
		Other possibilities are dual number, expressing the existence of precisely two instances of the noun, trial number for three of a noun, paucal number for few but not of a noun, or a collective number that expresses the whole class of the nouns (e.g., mankind).
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/g/gr/grammatical_number.html (799 words)

	Grammatical number - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Grammatical number is expressed by morphological and/or syntactic means.
		That is, it is indicated by certain grammatical elements, such as through affixes or number words.
		Grammatical number may be thought of as the indication of semantic number through grammar.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grammatical_number (1977 words)

	HLW: Grammatical Categories (Printer-Friendly) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Second, grammatical categories are in a sense forced on the speakers of a language.
		This category is one of thousands of categories of things that people know about and that all languages have words for (though not all languages agree on which specific categories of course).
		Grammatical morphemes can be added before, after, and within roots.
	www.indiana.edu /~hlw/Inflection/pf.html (9718 words)

	LINGUIST List 7.531: Grammatical gender and feminism, Gender switching
		Category of gender is one of the most remarkabl, wonderful grammatical categories in Slavic language.
		The category of gender is connected with the grammatical category animateness/unanimateness (about it already was marked in discussion on example of italian language and see 'The Gender-Animacy Hypothesis' JSL 3(1): 13-58, 1995).
		In Russian linguistics there are many publications connected with history of development and functioning this wondeful grammatical category of gender as on the level of standartized language, that and the level of oral speech (spooken Russion) and on the level of dialects (govor) 'krasivyj polotenec'(stand.-- 'krasivoje polotence' (beautiful towel).
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/7/7-531.html (822 words)

	HLW: Grammatical Categories: NPs
		Grammatical morphemes have two basic kinds of functions distinguished from one another in terms of how the morphemes relate to the lexical morpheme that they combine with.
		The other function of grammatical morphemes, the subject of the rest of this chapter, is similar to modification; the grammatical morpheme specifies some very abstract feature of the category that is the meaning of the lexical morpheme.
		Languages differ quite strikingly in terms of which grammatical categories are built into their morphology.
	www.indiana.edu /~hlw/Inflection/nouns.html (2829 words)

	Homonyms and Grammatical Class (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Second, homonyms from the same grammatical class might freely enter English, but their frequency of usage might be relatively low compared with homonyms from different grammatical classes.
		The mean number of grammatical category matches in these cycles was compared with the observed numbers in the two homonym sets.
		The mean number of grammatical category matches in the existence constrained analysis was 140.1 (standard deviation: 9.47), which was not significantly different from the 139 observed matches (t(49) = 0.84, p >.30).
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~kellym/homonym.html (3506 words)

	HUANG Intro Syntax Lecture Notes - Chapter 5 -
		The category XP is intended to represent several of the categories that an adverbial expression may take, and the asterisk is used to indicate that more than one instance of the category may appear, to account for the fact that a sentence may contain several adverbial expressions.
		Membership within a grammatical category is defined in terms of its form or its substitutability relationship with other members of the same category.
		Grammatical categories are those that are defined in terms of the paradigmatic relationship among members of each class.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~ctjhuang/lecture_notes/lecch5.html (4839 words)

	TESOL 402 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Grammatical categories are closed classes (we don’t make up new ones), and each grammatical category typically introduces a lexical category (DET introduces N, AUX introduces V, and DEG introduces Adj or Adv, etc).
		Grammatical categories have grammatical meanings, which means their meanings are usually determined by their syntactic relation to another word.
		Case is the grammatical term for the grammatical function of a noun phrase in the sentence.
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~annelob/TESOL402assignment1.htm (1895 words)

	Eurotyp Guidelines, ch. 3 [WP 5.1]
		Distinct glosses for different uses of the same L1 morpheme are admitted if they correspond to conventional grammatical category labels as described in R9, and there does not exist another morpheme in L1 that takes one of these labels.
		A grammatical formative of L1 will generally be rendered by a label or configuration of labels taken from the grammatical metalanguage and representing its grammatical meaning (category).
		Grammatical category labels are abbreviated, without a period at the end.
	wwwlot.let.uu.nl /Research/ltrc/eurotyp/h3.htm (1491 words)

	Terms used in Lectures (2)
		Grammatical category: A category that we must assume in order to explain the behaviour of different types of words and their interaction with other words.
		Number: A grammatical category which refers to how many entities are being referred to by a noun.
		Person: A grammatical category which makes reference to whether a participant in a sentence is the speaker or a group which includes the speaker (first person), the hearer or a group which includes the hearer (second person) and all others (third person).
	arts.anu.edu.au /linguistics/courses/english/handouts/terms_3(05).htm (807 words)

	Terms and definitions
		It is a virtual association which does not requires their effective presence and differs from a paradigmatic relation in that the latter only refers to linguistic units associated by substitutability.
		NOTE: A data category is to be used as an elementary descriptor in a linguistic structure or an annotation scheme.
		Data categories for the management of lexical resources and terminology are comparable to data element concepts in ISO/IEC 11179-3:2003.
	pauillac.inria.fr /~clerger/MAF/maf006.html (896 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Grammatical (Site not responding. Last check: )
		voice VOICE [voice] grammatical category according to which an action is referred to as done by the subject (active, e.g., men shoot bears) or to the subject (passive, e.g., bears are shot by men).
		An important focus of psycholinguistics is the largely unconscious application of grammatical rules that enable people to produce and comprehend intelligible sentences.
		The third grammatical treatise and Ole Worm's Literatura Runica.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Grammatical (637 words)

	Inflectional Paradigms (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For part of the exercise of placing the inflections of a given noun properly within their paradigm is the identification of the grammatical categories (and the properties within those categories) that should label each row and column of the paradigm.
		In a paradigm properly formed, there is a one-to-one agreement between grammatical categories and dimensions, with the properties of each category displayed along a separate dimension.
		Questions that arise concerning the labeling of grammatical properties include not only the choice between equipollent and privative, but among the privative choices, which term should be viewed as positively marked, and which should be viewed as unmarked.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~bender/permut.html (3417 words)

	NASSLLI 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lecture 4: A Mathematical Theory of Grammar Categories We study several axioms that constrain the form of possible human languages using, crucially, the notion of grammatical category.
		A2: Stability: For each category C, the property of being a phrase of category C is a stable invariant (properties, relations,...) preserved by stable automorphisms, ones that extend to extensions of the language in certain ways.
		A2 allows that structure maps change category, but it requires that they do so uniformly: whenever s and t have the same category then so do their images under an automorphism.
	www.stanford.edu /group/nasslli/courses/Universal.htm (366 words)

	SYSTRAN - Support - Dictionary Manager (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When the grammatical category of an entry is ambiguous, it is possible to specify it.
		It is possible to inform the system, using this advanced coding feature, of the correct inflection paradigm of an unknown entry by providing another entry that belongs to the same grammatical category and that inflects in the same manner.
		To use such semantic categories the dictionary must contain syntactic context entries that recall the categories.
	www.systransoft.com /Support/Dicts/UserGuide/advanced.html (751 words)

	An Analysis of the Role of Grammatical Categories
		The hypothesis of this research is that words of certain grammatical categories, such as nouns, make a greater contribution to the effectiveness of IR systems than do words from other categories.
		However, in order to focus specifically on the effect of grammatical categories in distinguishing documents, we also chose to do something that to the best of our knowledge has not been done before: create versions of documents in which all words not belonging to the grammatical category of interest were eliminated.
		If grammatical categories play different roles in distinguishing the content of documents for IR purposes, the two categories most likely to be useful are nouns (Ns) and Noun Phrases (NPs).
	www1.cs.columbia.edu /~devans/papers/acl1999/acl1999_submitted.htm (3415 words)

	Grammatical Conversion in English
		It is a curious and attractive subject because it has a wide field of action: all grammatical categories can undergo conversion to more than one word-form, it is compatible with other word-formation processes, and it has no demonstrated limitations.
		For example, 'mind' (3 and 4) and 'matter' (5 and 6) are cases of this grammatical sameness without connection by conversion—the verbs have nothing to do today with their respective noun forms in terms of semantics (ibid.: 243).
		There are evident cases of conversion from one part of speech to another, unclear cases in which the grammatical category is not definitely shifted, secondary changes within the same word and marginal cases where the change has produced slight modifications.
	accurapid.com /journal/31conversion.htm (6532 words)

	Using with Lucene
		We can see the token's text (termText), its grammatical category, its position in the input stream (startOffset and endOffset) and its relative position (positionIncrement) in regard to the previous token.
		In function of its grammatical categories, AraMorph may have shifted several prefixes (to the left) and/or suffixes (to the right) from the stem.
		In other terms, the grammatical decomposition my be different of the morphological decomposition deducted from the dictionaries.
	www.nongnu.org /aramorph/english/lucene.html (686 words)

	OEfinal
		A grammatical gender system uses inflections to indicate whether a referent’s gender is masculine, feminine or neuter.
		As such, there is a general consensus that “at some stage in its development, [grammatical gender] must have been an extension of natural gender into the sphere of language” (Ibrahim 30), allowing for a more articulate distinction of gender in human-animate nouns.
		to non-animates as well, it results in a reciprocal strengthening of grammatical gender in the subset of non-animates” (44).
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~cpercy/courses/6361ArchibaldBarber.htm (2165 words)

	Language Acquisition and Neurolinguistics Lab - Natalie Batman-Ratyosyan
		The acquisition of grammatical category morphemes is particularly interesting in Turkish because it is an agglutinative language.
		My master's thesis is on the early lexical acquisition and acquisition of functional category morphemes in Turkish-speaking children.
		There are imitation, grammaticality judgment and act-out studies were conducted with children ranging in age from 2 to 6 years.
	ruccs.rutgers.edu /~stromlab/nbr.html (318 words)

	GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL AND LINGUISTIC TERMS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		ABSOLUTE In English, a nominative absolute is a participial construction which, although explanatory in some way, has no grammatical relationship the to clause to which it is attached.
		CASE A category of noun endings showing a noun’s function in a sentence.
		The term grammatical gender refers to inanimate objects that are assigned a gender other than neuter.
	classics.furman.edu /~rprior/docs/GramRef.htm (2317 words)

	[No title]
		Grammatical morphemes-these are words or parts of words which express grammatical notions (like number, gender, etc.).
		A grammatical category is a linguistic category, not a real world category.
		Our answer would be the set of grammatical morphemes for the language; we would not consider how the language expresses something if there is no relevant dedicated grammatical morpheme.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /~tsanchez/LI10grcat.html (1447 words)

	What are Nouns?
		Remember: 'noun' is not a category of real things in the world; it is a grammatical category, a way of treating semantic categories for the purposes of grammar.
		Gender is a grammatical category that indicates the sex of the object referred to by the noun (its 'referent').
		So, if the noun is grammatically feminine, the adjective must be feminine; if the noun is grammatically masculine, the adjective must be, too.
	www.departments.bucknell.edu /russian/language/noun.html (1117 words)

	Word Formation: Lexical Derivation
		These features are markers of the grammatical and semantic categories to which the base belongs, e.g.
		Sometimes no grammatical function is added to a lexical base but it is simply recategorized, i.e.
		These rules do not change the meaning or the category of the lexical base but only restrict the reference to one subcategory or another.
	www.departments.bucknell.edu /linguistics/lectures/05lect10.html (691 words)

	Technical principles of the morphological analysis
		indicates the morphological category of the prefix, the stem and the suffix of the solution.
		indicates the grammatical category of the prefix, the stem and the suffix of the solution.
		The explanations about the morphological categories are available in this section section those about grammatical categories in this section.
	www.nongnu.org /aramorph/english/principles.html (528 words)

	Class javax.speech.Word
		class allows the specification of multiple pronunciations and multiple grammatical categories.
		Other grammatical category of word not specified elsewhere in this class.
		The category information is a guide to the word's grammatical role.
	java.sun.com /products/java-media/speech/forDevelopers/jsapi-doc/javax/speech/Word.html (321 words)

	Grammatical Subjects in home sign: Abstract linguistic structure in adult primary gesture systems without linguistic ...
		Grammatical Subjects in home sign: Abstract linguistic structure in adult primary gesture systems without linguistic input -- Coppola and Newport 102 (52): 19249 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
		semantic contrasts to mark the grammatical category of Subject.
		Study 2: Percentage of test events in which the noun phrase referring to the primary argument was in clause-initial position (that is, percentage of test events using word order to mark Subject rather than Topic).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/102/52/19249?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=newport&searchid=1137798596649_7638&FIRSTINDEX=0&journalcode=pnas (3513 words)

	What is a grammatical category?
		A grammatical category is a set of syntactic features that
		The term ‘grammatical category’ has been used to cover a wide variety of things, including what traditional grammars call "parts of speech."
		This page is an extract from the LinguaLinks Library, Version 5.0 published on CD-ROM by SIL International, 2003.
	www.sil.org /linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAGrammaticalCategory.htm (86 words)

	Names included in the category Candidatus
		According to this note, the category Candidatus should be used for describing procaryotic entities for which more than a mere sequence is available but for which characteristics required for description according to the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision) are lacking.
		In addition to genomic information such as sequences apt to determine the phylogenetic position of the organism, all information, including structural, metabolic, and reproductive features should be included in the description, together with the natural environment in which the organism can be identified by in situ hybridization or other similar techniques for cell identification.
		The names included in the category Candidatus are usually written as follows: Candidatus (in italics), the subsequent name(s) in roman type (with an initial cap for the genus name) and the entire name in quotation marks.
	www.bacterio.cict.fr /candidatus.html (5796 words)

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