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	Construction grammar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Radical Construction Grammar is totally non-reductionist, and Croft argues that constructions are not derived from their parts, but that the parts are derived from the constructions they appear in.
		Embodied construction grammar, which is being developed by Benjamin Bergen and Nancy Chang, adopts the basic constructionist definition of a grammatical construction, but emphasizes the relation of constructional semantic content to embodiment and sensorimotor experiences.
		There is a growing interest in the diachronic aspect of grammatical constructions and thus in the importation of methods and ideas from grammaticalization studies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Construction_grammar (1834 words)

	[No title]
		Grammatical structure is ultimately an abstraction (via parable) of Òsmall physical stories,Ó such as the flow of energy from subject to object in a transitive construction (Turner 1996).
		Three parameters can be used to construct a typology of inter-case relationships: (1) the number of cases involved, (2) the type of semantic relationship (contiguous, overlapping, virtually synonymous), and (3) the factors contributing to the semantic relationship (various kinds of construal, including metonymic reduction).
		These contrasts involve grammatical constructions that are entirely different in their composition, and thus the contrast is a complex one.
	www.unc.edu /depts/slavdept/lajanda/PerpignanJandafinal51.doc (5148 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The grammatical construction is a symbolic pairing of form and conventionalized meaning, and, thus, a syntactic pattern is a schematic template that expresses a conceptual content that is not derived from the lexical units that specify the positions in the template.
		Construction grammar does not make a sharp distinction between semantic and pragmatics (including discourse-functional, socio-cultural, and stylistic properties), which are both seen as integrated parts of the content of a construction.
		As a construction is instantiated, its meaning may be specified, negated, altered, or completely changed in accordance with the atomic constructions that specify the positions in the template.
	www.humaniora.sdu.dk /~kej/congram.htm (837 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Frames, holes, and constructions: The case of the English "V a hole through X" construction This paper is a contribution to the discussion of the status of meaningful constructions in Construction Grammar.
		In the context of a larger model of construction acquisition and use, we describe two empirically motivated operations needed for constructional reorganization: merging, in which two constructions with similar structure are generalized into a more abstract construction; and composition, in which multiple constructions with overlapping elements are consolidated into a single construction.
		In this "normal" transitive construction the experiencer argument is a partitive object in the normal object position after the verb and the subject of the verb is is a normal nominative subject and the verb agrees with the subject.
	www.ling.helsinki.fi /users/joostman/abstractsICLC2001CG.htm (3441 words)

	Mirjam Fried
		Relationship between morphology and syntax, constructional idioms that function as lexical units, for instance particle verbs in Germanic languages, AN phrases that function as compounds, and periphrasis in general.
		constructions as description of language use; grammaticization as the development of new constructions; the specificity or generality of constructions; frequency effects on constructions; the conservativeness vs. productivity of constructions; phonological effects within constructions.
		The interplay of syntax, morphology, and phonology; realizational morphology, constructional syntax.
	www.constructiongrammar.org /people.htm (476 words)

	interdisciplines : La co-évolution du langage et de la théorie de l'esprit : Constructions underlying theory of mind ...
		The objective of this paper is to argue for the idea that the notion of "construction" as a mapping between representations can be extended from language and grammatical constructions to the domain of social behavior and theory of mind.
		Phrasal constructions can also be abstract and generative, as in the English transitive construction in which the arguments AGENT, ACTION and OBJECT can be instantiated by an open set of nouns and verbs to generate diverse sentences such as “John kicked the ball” and “The cat chased the dog”.
		In the construction framework, the initial state is characterized by the Bill’s possession of the apple, and John’s approach behavior.
	www.interdisciplines.org /coevolution/papers/2/2/2/language/fr (4590 words)

	CRL Newsletter Vol. 3, No. 6 July 1989 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In sec- tion 3.2, I discuss a case in which a grammatical structure is clearly based on the semantics of the noun class that it affects.
		In this section, I have shown that semantic differences in possession are reflected in the grammat- ical organization of the language, and that a strictly syntactic analysis of PSR ascension cannot account for the restrictions to which PSR-ascension structures are subject without arbitrary and otherwise unmotivated lexical specifications.
		This hypothesis accords with the claim of CG that grammatical constructions are meaningful.
	crl.ucsd.edu /newsletter/3-6/Article1.html (5386 words)

	Jan Lindström
		This paper takes as its starting point the view advocated by construction grammar that grammatical constructions are essentially instruments of interaction and that linguistic knowledge cannot be abstracted away from the context of use.
		Certain constructions are surely more apt for a contextually sensitive description, which in turn is evidence for that we need a tool for such a description in cases where this is not only possible but necessary.
		The theoretical pursuit of the paper is exemplified by case studies of three quite different construction types, as they are observed in Swedish conversational data: the conjunction men att ‘but (that)’, the left-dislocation construction, and the formal idiom x-och-x ‘x-and-x’, i.e.
	webhost.ua.ac.be /tisp/viewabstract.php?id=351 (385 words)

	Michael Israel - Teaching
		Major topics include the nature of figurative language; the grammatical encoding of viewpoint; speech acts and performativity in language; the relation between sentence structure and the flow of information in a text; and the role of presupposition and implicature in the creation of textual meaning.
		Our general focus will be on the basic principles and analytic techniques of cognitive linguistics, with special emphasis on the notion of grammatical constructions We will survey a variety of grammatical phenomena and introduce students to some of the major issues in linguistic theory.
		Major topics will include the role of constructions as a basic unit of grammar, the role of frames and mental spaces in meaning construction, the role of construal operations as part of conceptualization, and the ways in which cognition in general can be said to be "embodied".
	www.wam.umd.edu /~israel/teaching.html (1478 words)

	Modality and Conditional Constructions in Brazilian Portuguese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Regularities in the formation of a composite expression are represented in the grammar by hierarchies of schematic constructions, characterized in adequate levels of abstraction; both subschemas or specific expressions may instantiate a particular schema...
		Grammatical constructions are, therefore, complex categories, which are represented in the form of schematic networks.
		Linguistic expressions are conceived as surface manifestations of these subjacent and highly abstract constructions; sentences give partial and highly underspecificated instructions for: domain constructions; partitioning and subdivision of information in different domains; structuring of elements and relations inside domains; and the construction of connections between domains and between elements in different domains.
	www.shakespeare.uk.net /journal/1_3/ferrari1_3.html (4733 words)

	Welcome to Routledge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This study presents a semantic framework for analyzing all aspectual constructions in terms of the event-state distinction, and describes the grammatical expression of aspectual meaning in terms of a theory of grammatical constructions.
		In this theory, grammatical constructions, like words, are conventionalized form-meaning pairs, which are best described not only with respect to their intrinsic semantic values, but also with respect to the functional opposition in which they participate.
		Michaelis argues that many of the otherwise puzzling grammatical constraints which characterize the English present-perfect construction can be motivated in terms of the functional opposition between present perfect and past tense.
	www.routledge-ny.com /books.cfm?isbn=0415156785 (247 words)

	Fluid Construction Grammar
		Lexical and grammatical inventories consist of constructions, that is, pairings of form and meaning.
		Templates are constructions that are different in at least three ways: some parts of the syntactic or semantic structure are left out, variables are used instead of units and values, and syntactic and semantic categories are used as constraints on the possible values of the semantic and syntactic pole.
		These properties have a major impact on how a construction/ template should look like, and the current FCG implementation proposes that each construction/ template consists of four parts: a name, a left and right pole, and a confidence score that is updated based on the communicative success during interactions.
	arti.vub.ac.be /FCG/theoretical_background.html (1206 words)

	Syntactic Typology: Studies in the Phenomenology of Language. English: A Characteristic SVO Language
		In contrast with OV languages, the subject is the mandatory nominal constituent of SVO languages, as in sentences with intransitive verbs, or in equational sentences.
		The various language types are characterized by grammatical constructions which result from or are at least closely aligned with their pattern.
		The passive in English then is not simply a voice used when "the subject is represented as the receiver or product of an action" but rather a grammatical construction used for highlighting constituents which by their normal order in an SVO pattern do not receive such emphasis.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/books/type04.html (11129 words)

	Blending Grammatical Constructions: Destination as Recipient in the so-called Spanish Pleonastic "le." (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Both of these constructions are transitive, with the difference that the destination construction X moves Y in relation to Z presents a transitive scene set against a locational background, while the Indirect Object blended construction X moves Y to recipient Z presents a scene without a background.
		So, in the destination construction X moves Y in relation to Z, the Spanish speaker has in mind a motion event that features in the first place the relation between an event and its relational background, giving importance to the event as a whole, even if the event can be subdivided.
		The Indirect Object blended construction X moves Y to Recipient Z presents a different mental picture, which is derived from the values that this blend imports from each of its inputs.
	elies.rediris.es /elies23/bretones_cap4.htm (958 words)

	An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax (Waltke/O'Connor)
		Specialized grammatical studies are sometimes forced to argue a thesis too closely or to cover all the data too briskly.
		In any format, intermediate or advanced grammatical study should accompany the reading of the masterpieces of biblical prose, such as the Joseph and Ruth stories, as well as some of the major biblical poems such as Psalm 100 and the Song of Hannah.
		The brief glossary covers chiefly grammatical terms, chiefly those liable to confusion and those unlikely to be found in other reference works; in no sense is it intended to compete with the text of the book.
	www.logos.com /products/details/1962 (2977 words)

	SILEBR 2005/014 — Review of “Ethnosyntax” (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Langacker holds that the constructs of cognitive grammar enable an analysis that affirms both the unity and the diversity of locative constructions in English and Mixtec.
		In Chapter 8, “English Causative Constructions in an Ethnosyntactic Perspective: Focusing on Let,” Anna Wierzbicka proposes that English causative constructions are semantically and lexically rich due to the development of democracy and personal autonomy in Anglo society.
		Chapter 12, by Jane Simpson, is entitled “From Common Ground to Syntactic Construction: Associated Path in Walpiri.” Simpson dedicates her chapter to proposing a theoretical basis and practical methodology for “narrow” ethnosyntax as a discipline.
	www.sil.org:8090 /silebr/2005/silebr2005-014 (1996 words)

	Saffron Title: Korean Grammatical Constructions: Their Form and Meaning
		This is a functional-typological analysis of Korean grammatical constructions in which the grammatical relation, or the case-marking, alternates.
		Although there is a great deal of correspondence between grammatical relations and the morphological marking, the latter sometimes fail to give a clear indication of grammatical relations, or give inconsistent indications.
		The grammatical relations (GR) can be changed by the operation of GR-changing processes such as causative, passive, anticausative and possessor-ascension, but the semantic roles remain unchanged in some constructions.
	www.eapgroup.com /safkorling01.htm (319 words)

	Per Linell
		The notion of ‘grammatical construction’ has been widely discussed in recent years, within Construction Grammar (CxG) and related approaches.
		Constructions may have links to other kinds of context too, such as activity types.
		Lindström, Jan, 2001: Inner and outer syntax of constructions: The case of the x och x construction in Swedish.
	webhost.ua.ac.be /tisp/viewabstract.php?id=371 (524 words)

	Micro-LADS Monograph
		The autonomous grammatical system interacts with physiology, perceptions, acoustics, general principles of learning and concept formation as well as conversational principles (Newmeyer 1986).
		The grammatical constructions covered in the seven Micro-LADS modules are arranged by category on each disk.
		Even if a child appears to have the construction receptively, if he or she does not have full command over it expressively, then continued receptive programming is warranted.
	www.llsys.com /parents/products/monopro/mlmono.html (2481 words)

	Computer-Assisted Bible Study, Part 2
		This unusual construction consists of a future of the verb eimi ("to be") and a perfect participle.
		The grammatical tags were primarily selected by James L. Boyer, then Chairman of the Department of NT and Greek at Grace Theological Seminary.
		Many grammatical constructions require that two or more words be in close proximity, though not necessarily side by side.
	www.balboa-software.com /semcomp/scbible2.htm (8108 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In particular, adult L2 learners have implicit knowledge of L2 grammar for constructions that are similar in the two languages and for constructions that are unique to L2, but not for constructions that are different in L1 and L2.
		Of particular interest were grammatical constructions that are different in the two languages, as contrasted with those that are similar in the two languages or those that exist in only one of the languages (see Table 1 for sample stimuli).
		In Phase II, participants responded to the grammaticality of word pairs that had been extracted from sentences similar to those presented during Phase I (e.g., “el fiesta” which is not acceptable in Spanish); after responding to the grammaticality of a word pair, a feedback screen was shown that indicated the participant’s accuracy on that trial.
	www.andrew.cmu.edu /user/natashat/forpete.doc (2473 words)

	[No title]
		It is difficult for speakers to define either words or constructions When they do try to define words, they have to activate memories of contexts similar to those in which they heard the word used, i.e.
		It is an empirical fact that speakers most typically process constructions in usage, and not isolated words, given that most conversation occurs in construction-like chunks and not in isolated words.¡X§PPÈP§= ~ó¨Constructions and processing¨¶Constructions have more utility to speakers for choosing compatible lexical items to use with the construction than vice versa.
		The changing constructional profile is itself both a symptom and a mechanism of change, because speakers are sensitive to frequency and the changing frequency will have the effect of inducing them to reorganize the construction into one increasingly resembling the modern make causative in its constructional profile and its semantic characteristics, including coercive force.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~kemmer/DUB3.ppt (1621 words)

	Goldberg, A. E. (1995) Constructions: A construction grammar approach to argument structure. Chicago: University of ...
		Goldberg, A. (1995) Constructions: A construction grammar approach to argument structure.
		Goldberg, A. Constructions: A construction grammar approach to argument structure.
		Constructions: A construction grammar approach to argument structure.
	www.isrl.uiuc.edu /~amag/langev/cited/goldberg95constructionsA.html (287 words)

	Language Acquisition
		One of the most amazing examples of the uniformity of language acquisition is the order in which children acqure certain grammatical constructions in English.
		There are 14 grammatical structures that children master in essentially the same order with very little variation.
		For our purposes, a child is considered to have mastered a construction if the child uses the construction correctly 90% of the time.
	gsteinbe.intrasun.tcnj.edu /tcnj/hotel/acquisition.htm (324 words)

	Parallelism
		The rule of parallelism demands that the seesaw be balanced, that the grammatical constructions on either end of the seesaw be the same.
		Moreover, these constructions can be joined not only by coordinating conjunctions but also by correlative conjunctions, by conjunctive adverbs, or by punctuation.
		The trick is to be familiar with what any balanced construction sounds like and to be sensitive to whether or not the elements are of the same type.
	www.penandpage.com /EngMenu/grampara.htm (820 words)

	From Affect to Grammar: Grammaticization in Sign Languages
		Table 1.1 provides a characterization of the use of raised eyebrows in the fifteen languages in my sample for four grammatical markers: yes/no questions, topic, protasis and connectives which are Wh-word signs such as why, who and how.
		The grammatical code is probably the most recent evolutionary addition to human communication, this hypothesis is supported by two very strong arguments.
		Thus in the context of yes/no questions in ASL the whole construction of the proposition and the questioning of its truth value are the source for grammaticization (Janzen 1998).
	www.unm.edu /~jmacfarl/eyebrow.html (4497 words)

	OUP: UK General Catalogue
		The movement, in which Construction Grammar as developed by Charles Fillmore and Paul Kay has played a significant role, has arisen in part as a response to the Chomskyan modular approach, which treats grammatical contructions as epiphenomenal, dismantling their component features and attributing these to general principles of grammar.
		This volume is the first collection to focus on grammatical constructions per se, and is dedicated to Charles Fillmore in recognition of his leadership in the field.
		A unifying thread is the shared conviction that close examination of the nature of grammatical constructions, functions, meanings, and uses in ordinary speech and writing provides a rich foundation upon which to build a theory of cognition, memory, and grammar.
	www.oup.com /uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198235392 (364 words)

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