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Ayatollah

	Biographies : Jafariya News
		Grand Ayatullah Sayid Muhammad Husseini Shahroudi, a prominent and distinguished scholar in the Qom Seminary, was born in Najaf al-Ashraf in 1925.
		Ayatollah Hasan-Zade Aamuli was born in Eera (a district in Larijaan, Aamul, Iran) in 1929.
		Ayatollah Jawad Tabrizi was born in 1926 in Tabriz.
	www.jafariyanews.com /biographies.htm (1175 words)

	Grand Ayatollah Saanei`s Official Website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Grand Ayatollah Saanei in an interview with Spanish television:“Despotic rules are attempting to deprive women of their rights”.
		Grand Ayatollah Saanei:“The West’s concern about the integration of religion and politics roots it their failing to understand the true Islam”.
		Grand Ayatollah Saanei in a meeting with the assistant director of JDI : “Iranian students’ efforts disappoint the enemies”.
	www.saanei.org /index.php?lang=en (214 words)

	Ayatollah Hojjat-ul-Islam Seyed Ali Khamenei
		Ayatollah al-Udhma Khamenei speech delivered on the occasion of the 13th demise anniversary of Imam Khomeini (RA) 04 June 2002 - Israel is a contrived regime.
		Ayatollah Khamenei was appointed a member of the Revolution's Council in 1979, and after the formation of the Islamic government in Iran, he became the representative of the Council in the army and the deputy for revolutionary affairs, and finally, the commander of the Islamic Revolution's Guards Corps (IRGC).
		After Ayatollah Araki's death, Ayatollah Khamenei was nominated as one of the sources of imitation by the faculty of the Qom Theological School.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/iran/khamenei.htm (3570 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Middle East \| Profile: Iran's dissident ayatollah
		Ayatollah Hussein Ali Montazeri - once the heir apparent to the leadership of the 1979 Islamic revolution - has been Iran's most prominent prisoner of conscience for the last five years.
		But he remained in the post of grand ayatollah, with a large following among the Iranian faithful and responsibility to interpret the rulings of the supreme leader.
		But he said Ayatollah Khamenei had overstepped his authority, and should submit himself to popular elections, curtail his power, and be accountable and open to public criticism for his actions.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/middle_east/2699541.stm (524 words)

	Grand Ayatollah Sayed Ali Sistani
		Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Husaini Sistani was born on 9th Rabi Al-Awwal 1349 A.H. in the holy city of Mashhad.
		Ayatollah Sistani then began to perform the prayers at the niche of Ayatollah Khou'i, and started studying in his school.
		Ayatollah Sistani has the highest rank among the mujtahids and scholars throughout the Islamic World, and especially in the hawzahs of Najaf Ashraf and Qom.
	www.alulbayt.com /sistani/bio.htm (3541 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Middle East \| Who's who in Iraq: Ayatollah Sistani
		Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani is the prime marja, or spiritual reference, for Shia Muslims everywhere.
		The Persian-born ayatollah represents the conservative and mainstream of Iraqi Shias - rejecting the model of Iranian-style theocracy in favour of a separation between religion and politics.
		Ayatollah Sistani did finally accept the recommendations of a UN mission which concluded that elections could not be held before the June 2004 power handover deadline.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/middle_east/3033306.stm (552 words)

	Asia Times - Ayatollah's killing: Winners and losers
		PARIS - Grand Ayatollah Mohammed Baqr al-Hakim, ripped to pieces by the Volkswagen car bomb in front of the sacred Imam Ali Shrine in Najaf which killed 125 and left more than 230 wounded after last Friday's prayers, was the quintessential martyr of the current Iraqi jihad.
		Grand Ayatollah al-Hakim was the victim of an assassination - as was the UN's special representative Sergio Vieira de Mello.
		Ayatollah al-Hakim's brother is a member of the American-imposed interim governing council, which has absolutely no power and is considered a sham by the majority of Iraqis.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Middle_East/EI02Ak01.html (1457 words)

	Lebanonwire.com \| Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani: The real face of power in Iraq
		One of only five living grand ayatollahs in the world, Sistani was said to be of the "quietist" school of Islamic tradition.
		The leader of the other great clerical family, 30-year-old Muqtada al-Sadr, son of the great Ayatollah al-Sadr famed for preaching in a shroud, who was killed by Saddam in 1999, does not have the religious credentials to be a serious rival.
		Ayatollah Sistani's prime influence comes from his status as Shi'ism's leading marjah al-taqlid, the title (literally object of emulation) given to a cleric whom Iraq's 15 million Shia Muslims regard as a guide in every aspect of their lives.
	www.lebanonwire.com /0403/04030602IND.asp (1745 words)

	The Hindu : Clergy has no greater status, says Ayatollah Sanai
		Grand Ayatollah Hussain Ali Montazeri, the most well-known of the Islamic scholars who are trying to project an interpretation of Shia Islam that is more suitable to a democratic pluralistic world, is under house arrest.
		Grand Ayatollah Sanei has a higher grade in the strictly religious hierarchy than Ayatollah Khamenei and the former is also considered an accomplished scholar while the latter is not.
		Ayatollah Sanei also pointed out that both according to the Constitution and the law of Islamic Revolution everyone was equal, at the same level, thus demolishing the argument of the conservatives that the ordained clergy have a greater status than the people's elected representatives.
	www.hindu.com /2001/06/19/stories/03190005.htm (760 words)

	IranReporter - Story Page
		Qom was reported to be calm yesterday, but supporters of the grand ayatollah were still in a state of shock after seeing his coffin break and the body fall twice to the ground before being driven away in a mini-bus by uniformed soldiers believed to be Revolutionary Guards.
		Grand Ayatollah Shirazi was not politically active but belonged to a group of senior +quietist+ clerics who have withheld their support for the Islamic regime.
		Ayatollah Khamenei sent his condolences on the death of Grand Ayatollah Shirazi, possibly meant as a gesture of reconciliation with his clerical dissenters.
	www.iranreporter.com /story.asp?id=304 (474 words)

	Iraq: Grand Ayatollah Al-Sistani's Vision Of Iraq's Political And Religious Future
		Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani has emerged as a pivotal figure in post-Saddam Hussein Iraq by demanding direct elections prior to the formation of a sovereign government.
		The grand ayatollah, 73, secludes himself in a well-guarded compound in the Shi'a holy city of Al-Najaf and works mostly at night studying religious questions.
		The grand ayatollah now has the role of his community's ultimate arbiter largely because several other key Iraqi Shi'a religious leaders have died in recent years.
	www.payvand.com /news/04/feb/1047.html (1288 words)

	Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani was born in Mashhad, Iran to a family of religious scholars.
		When Ayatollah Khoei died in 1992, Sistani ascended to the rank of Grand Ayatollah by the traditional method - through peer recognition of his scholarship.
		With the death of other leading ayatollahs in Iraq including Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr, Sistani emerged as the preeminent Shi'a cleric in Iraq.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_Ayatollah_Ali_al-Sistani (1091 words)

	Appeal for action - IRAN: Update February 2003: Grand Ayatollah Hossein Ali Montazeri - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Prisoner of conscience Grand Ayatollah Hossein Ali Montazeri was freed from house arrest on 29 January 2003.
		His detention began in March 1989, when he was replaced as the appointed successor to Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the then Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, because of his outspoken criticism of the government.
		Grand Ayatollah Montazeri had criticized the severe treatment of dissidents, including torture and incommunicado detention, and the mass executions of political prisoners.
	web.amnesty.org /web/wwa.nsf/8764c1a29cfd135f80256a3800423470/9edeab335b3683d38025690a004a3687!OpenDocument (277 words)

	Shi'a of Ahlul Bayt (as) Forums :: View topic - Iranian government arrests a Shia Grand Scholar (Marja’)
		Grand Ayatollah Rastgari is said to have been critical of governmental interference with the religious institutions in Qom, and of the functions of the Special Court for the Clergy.
		Grand Ayatollah Sayed Hassan Tabataba'i-Qomi is also reportedly critical of the concept of velayat-e faqih and in 1985 opposed the continuation of the war with Iraq which reportedly led to his house being invaded by angry hezbollahis(15).
		Grand Ayatollah Yasubedin Rastegari, who has remained a dissident cleric since the beginning of the Iranian 1979 Revolution, has been detained or arrested on numerous occasions for speaking against what he considers to be undemocratic legislations and activities of the government of Iran.
	www.so.co.nz /forum/viewtopic.php?t=8 (13976 words)

	frontline: terror and tehran: interviews: grand ayatollah yusef saanei \| PBS
		What has created the perception, in the minds of a group of people, of what is wrong with a lawful Vali-ye faqih is that some perceive that in the constitution the Faqih should act as a dictator and authoritarian.
		Ayatollah Saanei is one of only 10 grand ayatollahs in Iran and one of the most revered and influential religious authorities in the holy city of Qom.
		Imam recognized the people as the main foundation, and it is interesting to note that Imam mentioned something about the jurisdiction and vote of the people in his speech at the Behesht-e Zahra [Tehran's cemetery] in 1979, that perhaps until then many of the supporters of the people's rights had not paid attention to.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/tehran/interviews/saanei.html (2838 words)

	chez Nadezhda :: Grand Ayatollah Watch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Said Hakim is the uncle of Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir al-Hakim, who was murdered last August by a massive car bomb outside the Imam Ali Shrine in Najaf.
		Grand Ayatollah Hakim himself was wounded in the neck during a bomb attack on his home at around the same time.
		Grand Ayatollah al-Haeri is a hardliner based in Qom, Iran, and had until their recent split been Muqtada Sadr's mentor.
	cheznadezhda.blogharbor.com /blog/_archives/2004/11/15/184023.html (4652 words)

	washingtonpost.com: It Takes a Following to Make an Ayatollah
		Though Sadr is too young to be taken seriously by Sistani and the other Shiite ayatollahs, he has inherited the followers of his father, who inspired fanatical devotion in many poor slum dwellers in the south, and they have transferred their loyalty to his son.
		Ayatollah Kadhim Haeri, a dark horse, fled to Iran around 1980 to escape Saddam's persecution but might return from his home in Qom.
		The grand ayatollahs, including Sistani, were drawn into mediating between Sadr and the Americans, even though Sistani condemns Sadr's ideas.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A64131-2004Aug13?language=printer (1699 words)

	Obituary: Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Husayn Bahr al-Ulum Independent, The (London) - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		GRAND AYATOLLAH Sayyid Husayn Bahr al-Ulum was a member of one of the most prominent families of sayyids (direct descendants of the Prophet Mohamed) in Iraq.
		Husayn Bahr al-Ulum was born in Najaf in 1927.
		Bearing in mind the fate of three other Shia leaders in recent years, Ayatollahs Burujirdi and Gharawi, both killed in suspicious circumstances in 1998, and then al- Sadr, all of whom were buried speedily, almost in secret, it is hard to to believe that Bahr al- Ulum died a natural death.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20010626/ai_n14399019 (843 words)

	Who Are the Shia?
		Similarities could be found in the relations between the Shia mullahs and ayatollahs in Iraq and the Ottoman (Sunni) Empire, most certainly in their relations with British when they ruled directly, and with the British-installed Hashemite (Sunni) monarchy that began with King Faisal, son of the Sharif of Mecca (a Sunni).
		Ayatollah Al-Hakim, who was in exile in Iran for 23 years before returning recently, may have been supported by the Iranians for years and may be close to Ayatollah Khamenie, but he also has made certain ambiguous statements about what sort of government he sees for Iraq in the future.
		His father was the Grand Ayatollah Al-Sadr, a person seen as a martyr by many Shia Iraqis, and a person who was a very important marja' at-taqlid.
	hnn.us /articles/1455.html (4030 words)

	Website of Ayatollah Dr. Sayyid Fadhil Al-Milani
		Ayatollah Fadhil Al-Milani studied the religious studies in the Holy City of Najaf under the late Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Mohsin Al Hakim from the year 1968 to 1970 and under late Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Abul Qassim Al Khoei from 1962 to 1970.
		During this time, Ayatollah Fadhil Al-Milani was attending the highest assembly of fatwa held under the guidance of the Late Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Mohamed Hadi Al-Milani.
		Ayatollah Sayyid Al-Milani was appointed as the representative of the Late Ayatollah Sayyid Abul Qassim Al Khoei in the United Kingdom and is currently authorised on behalf of Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Sistani.
	www.almilani.com /biography.html (662 words)

	Telegraph \| News \| Everyone yields to Grand Ayatollah
		It is a testament to Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani's authority that when he swept into Najaf yesterday both sides declared a ceasefire and shortly afterwards a peace deal was announced.
		After the fall of Saddam Hussein last year, the ayatollah is said by some to have issued an edict telling Iraqis not to fight the US-led forces.
		Ayatollah Sistani hails from the traditional school of Shia which believes that religious leaders should stay out of politics.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/08/27/wirq227.xml (374 words)

	Ayatollah - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ayatollah (Arabic: آية الله; Persian: آيت‌الله); is a high ranking title given to major Shi'a clerics.
		There is usually one Grand Ayatollah in Iraq that heads the Hawzas (currently Ali Sistani) and a few that coordinate with him like Mohammad Said Al-Hakim, Mohammad Ishaq Al-Fayyad, and Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi.
		The first Lady Mujtahideh was Nosrat Amin Esfhani, born in 1886 to a religious family, she received her Ijtihad degree from Grand Ayatollahs of Qom at the age of 40.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ayatollah (571 words)

	The New York Times > International > Middle East > Politics: Top Shiite Cleric Is Said to Fear Voting in ...
		Ayatollah Sistani, who earlier this year sent tens of thousands of Iraqis into the streets to demand early elections, is said to be worried that a "consensus list" of candidates from the larger political parties would artificially limit the power of the Shiites, who form a majority in the country.
		Ayatollah Sistani also expressed concerns that the Iraqi government, possibly under American pressure, would postpone the elections on the pretext that the anarchical conditions that prevail over parts of the country would make the results illegitimate, the sources said.
		The grand ayatollah, the senior cleric among the Shiite religious hierarchy, commands vast respect among ordinary Iraqis, many of whom could be counted on to give serious consideration to a pronouncement by him about the elections.
	www.nytimes.com /2004/09/23/international/middleeast/23sistani.html?ex=1253592000&en=4a9d74b259b8a624&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt (864 words)

	Grand Ayatollah al-Sistani - SourceWatch
		Grand Ayatollah al-Sistani "was born in Mashhad, a city in northwest Iran that is home to the country's most sacred Shiite shrine." [1]
		He has caused anxiety among U.S. officials who are wary of the theocracy in neighboring Iran and envision Iraq as a secular, democratic outpost in the Arab world.
		'Any grand ayatollah would have done exactly the same,' said Mowaffak Rubaie, a member of the Iraqi Governing Council who visits Sistani often.
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Grand_Ayatollah_al-Sistani (594 words)

	Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani
		However, the ayatollah's extent of influence in advancing a democratic polity in Iraq continues to be a topic of debate.
		It is interesting to note that Ayatollah Sistani refused to take part in Khomeini's lectures during his stay in Najaf in the 1960s and 1970s.
		When Khomeini came to power in Iran after the 1979 revolution, the new regime confiscated Ayatollah Khoei's properties in Mashhad, where he was born in 1929, and threatened Sistani's relatives in Mashhad and the southeastern Iranian city of Zabol.
	meria.idc.ac.il /journal/2004/issue4/jv8no4a2.html (4176 words)

	TIME.com: What a Shiite Stabbing Says About Post-Saddam Perils -- Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		He was the son of the former Grand Ayatollah of An Najaf, Abdul-Qasim al-Khoei, who had died in 1992 under house arrest by Saddam Hussein's regime.
		His own claim to succeed the 73-year-old Sistani as Grand Ayatollah (the spiritual leader of Iraq's Shiites) was eclipsed only by that of Grand Ayatollah Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim, whose father had been the Grand Ayatollah before al-Khoei's, and whose family had suffered bitterly at the hands of Saddam's regime.
		Hakim, who as a Grand Ayatollah has a higher theological standing than al-Khoei, is better known to outsiders as the leader of the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI), the Tehran-based exile organization estimated before the war to be the most influential body among Iraq's Shiites.
	www.time.com /time/world/article/0,8599,442342,00.html (1280 words)

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