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	Grand Canal (China) - MSN Encarta
		Grand Canal (China) (Chinese Da Yunhe, “transport river”), series of waterways in eastern China, connecting Hangzhou in the south with Beijing in the north.
		Construction of the Grand Canal has traditionally been attributed to the initiative of Yang Guang, the second emperor of the Sui dynasty (581-618).
		The original canal route that was constructed during his reign linked the northern region of present-day Beijing with the southern rice-growing region around the city of Hangzhou, on the Huang He (Yellow River).
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572005/Grand_Canal_(China).html (219 words)

	Grand Canal of China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the Yuan, Ming (1368-1644), and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties, the Grand Canal served as the main artery between northern and southern China and was essential for the transport of grain to Beijing.
		In the central portion of the canal, that is between Jingjiang and Qingjiangpu, at which latter place it crosses the dry channel which marks the course of the Yellow River before 1852, the current is strong and difficult to ascend in the upward (northern) journey.
		The entire canal was reconstructed between 1411 and 1415 during the Ming Dynasty by the Hongwu Emperor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_Canal_of_China (1392 words)

	Grand Canal of China
		After leaving Hangzhou the canal passes round the eastern border of the Tai-hu or Great Lake, surrounding in its course the beautiful city of Suzhou[?] (Soochow), and then trends in a generally north-westerly direction through the fertile districts of Jiangsu (Kiang-su) as far as Chinkiang on the Chang Jiang (Yangtsze-kiang).
		In the central portion of the canal, that is between Chin-kiang and Tsingkiang-pu, at which latter place it crosses the dry channel which marks the course of the Yellow river before 1852, the current is strong and difficult to ascend in the upward (northern) journey.
		Between Tsing-kiang-pu and the present course of the Yellow river the canal trends north-northwest, skirting the highlands of Shan-tung (Shandong).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/gr/Grand_Canal.html (815 words)

	grand - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Grand, former name of the Colorado River from its source in the mountains of Colorado to its junction with the Green River in Utah.
		Grand Rapids (Michigan), city in west central Michigan and seat of Kent County, at rapids on the Grand River.
		Grand Canal (China) (Chinese Da Yunhe, “transport river”), series of waterways in eastern China, connecting Hangzhou in the south with Beijing in...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /grand.html (117 words)

	canal. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The drainage of wet lands may be accomplished by means of a canal; by this method the Fens of England and the Zuider Zee in the Netherlands were drained.
		Navigation canals developed after irrigation canals and for a long time were level, shallow cuts or had inclined planes up which vessels were hauled from one level to the next; locks (see lock, canal) developed separately in China (10th cent.) and Europe (Holland; 13th cent.).
		The Grand Canal of China (the longest in the world) was completed in the 13th cent.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ca/canal.html (598 words)

	Wikipedia: Canal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Canals are so deeply identified with Venice that many canal cities have been nicknamed "the Venice of..." The city is built on marshy islands, with wooden piles supporting the buildings, so that here it is not so much the waterways which are man-made, as the land.
		In Europe and then in the young United States, inland canals preceded the development of railroads during the earliest phase of the Industrial Revolution; some canals were later drained and used as railroad rights-of-way.
		Canals have found another use in the 21st century, as wayleaves for fibre optic telecommunications networks.
	en.pediax.org /Canal (592 words)

	China's Grand Canal
		China's Grand Canal system, linking northern strongholds with the south's agrarian bounty, was an integral component of the empire's strategy to prevent invasion from northern neighbors (Chi 113).
		Canal transport proved to be much more economically sound in ancient China than its alternatives--alternatives that had been used successfully in the past but proved unsuitable for mass transport.
		During the eighth century, the canal was used to transport millions of tons of grain.
	filebox.vt.edu /users/jojacks2/words/grandcanal.htm (2885 words)

	Travel To China - Grand Canal of China
		The Grand Canal of China (known as Jinghang Canal or Jinghang Grand Canal, ?????, or ???; pinyin: jing háng dà yùn hé or dà yùn hé), is the largest ancient artificial river in the world.
		In the central portion of the canal, that is between Jinjiang and Qingjiangpu, at which latter place it crosses the dry channel which marks the course of the Huang He (Yellow River) before 1852, the current is strong and difficult to ascend in the upward (northern) journey.
		On the west side of the canal, at the point where the Yellow river now cuts across it, there is laid down in Chinese maps of the 18th century a dry channel which is described as being followed by the Yellow river before it took the channel it abandoned in 1851-1853.
	www.goingtochina.com /attractions/Grand_Canal_of_China.htm (1010 words)

	Grand canal,Grand Canal China,Grand canal cruise
		China Grand Canal is the world's oldest and longest canal, far surpassing the next two grand canals of the world: Suez and Panama Canal.
		The building of the Grand Canal in China began in 486 B.C. during the Wu Dynasty.China Grand Canal was extended during the Qi Dynasty, and later by Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty during six years of furious construction from 605-610 AD.
		Tangqi town in Yuhang county of Hangzhou is a famous ancient town on the Grand Canal in China.
	www.china-cruise.com /canal.htm (372 words)

	The International Canal Monuments List - Part IIb - Individual Structures
		Canal dams are of more significance when considered as part of an overall canal scheme than as isolated structures significant in the history of technology.
		One important development of the canal age in Britain and Ireland was the skew bridge, first introduced by Chapman in 1808 on the Naas branch of the Grand Canal in Ireland.
		The British canal network was notable for the extent of tunnelling needed to adequately serve the upland districts at the heart of the Industrial Revolution.
	www.icomos.org /studies/canals2b.htm (7623 words)

	Grand Canal (China) - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Grand Canal (China) (Chinese Da Yunhe, “transport river”), series of waterways, eastern China, connecting Hangzhou (Hang-chou) in the south with...
		The Grand Canal of China is the world's oldest and longest canal, far surpassing the next two grand canals of the world:
		The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, also known as just the Grand Canal was a great water project in ancient China.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Grand_Canal_(China).html (201 words)

	China Travel Info - Grand Canal of China
		At 1,794 km the Grand Canal (Da Yun He) is the world’s longest man-made waterway, connecting the present cities Beijing and Hangzhou, which served as dynastic capitals.
		The canal played a vital role in the administration and defense of the country as a whole and formed the basis of a unified economy.
		Construction of the canal began in the 15th century B.C. (in the late Spring and Autumn Period), and two large-scale expansion projects were launched in the seventh century (the Sui period) and the 13th century (the Yuan period).
	www.laurustravel.com /canal.htm (246 words)

	China destinations
		HANGZHOU, capital of the province, southern terminus of the Grand Canal, and one of China's leading tourist attractions, lies in the north of Zhejiang at the head of Hangzhou Bay.
		China's third largest city, the commercial centre of TIANJIN, on the coast some 80km east of Beijing, is a dynamic and modern city, but for visitors its most attractive feature is its legacy of colonial buildings reflecting an assortment of foreign styles...
		Modern XI'AN is a manufacturing town of five million inhabitants and the capital of Shaanxi Province, holding a key position in the fertile plain between the high loess plateau of the north and the Qingling Mountains to the south.
	www.justchina.org /china/destinations (915 words)

	Grand Canal Cruise, Grand Canal, Cruise on the Grand Canal
		The Grand Canal, also known as the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, is the earliest and the longest artificial river in the world.
		In history, the canal is the artery of communications between north and south.
		The first cruise line on the Grand Canal was launched in Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province in the early 1980s, and has attracted numerous visitors worldwide.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /cruise/grandcanal (502 words)

	Beauty, the Land of China - the Grand Canal
		The canal connects the present cities of Beijing in the north and Hangzhou in the south, which served as dynastic capitals in the past, and contains 24 locks and 60 bridges.
		Since most of China's major rivers flow from west to east, the fact that the Grand Canal runs north and south provides it as an important connector between the Yangtze River valley and the Yellow River valley, and other minor river systems.
		The Grand Canal greatly improved the administration and defense of China and served to increase the economic interdependence of the north and south.
	library.thinkquest.org /20443/grandcanal.html (390 words)

	About us: Canal History
		Only two canal systems were successfully completed in Indiana: the 101 mile Whitewater Canal from Hagerstown to Cincinnati, and the Wabash and Erie Canal from the eastern state line near Fort Wayne to Evansville on the Ohio River.
		The Grand Canal in China is the longest.
		In Indiana, the Canal was built mostly by Irish immigrants using shovels, picks, wheelbarrows, and the horse-drawn slip-scoop.
	www.wabashanderiecanal.org /subpage/aboutus/history.html (1278 words)

	China Heritage Quarterly
		Persistent public calls for the conservation and protection of the Grand Canal were first heard in 2005, and a drive by CPPCC delegates to champion the cause began in earnest in 2006.
		The history of the Grand Canal has served as a thermometer of the health of the dynasties that participated in its construction, unlike the Great Wall which was a better gauge of the pathology of its builders.
		Canal construction began under Emperor Wen (Yang Jian, r.518-604) who, in 584, commanded Yuwen Kai to construct a canal running from his newly constructed capital of Luoyang (Dongdu, Eastern Capital) eastwards to the confluence of the Wei and Yellow rivers.
	www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org /editorial.php?issue=009 (5292 words)

	Grand Canal \| Green Long March
		On par with the Great Wall of China, the Grand Canal is one of the greatest projects constructed in ancient China.
		It is the longest ancient canal in the world with some portions of the canal existing for up to 2,500 years.
		The Grand Canal was first established under the Emperor Yangdi of the Sui Dynasty who originally ordered a few smaller canals to be connected to construct the Grand Canal as we know it today.
	www.greenlongmarch.org /en/grandcanal (975 words)

	Grand Canal Summary
		China's longest canal is the Grand Canal, stretching more than 1,700 kilometers from Beijing in the north to Hangzhou in the south.
		All China's major rivers run west to east, but the Grand Canal runs north to south, connecting the Chang (Yangtze) River in the south with the Huang (Yellow) River in the north and providing a valuable alternative to overland or sea transport of goods.
		The canal's primary use during the Sui and Tang dynasties was to bring grain grown in the fertile south to expanding cities in the north.
	www.bookrags.com /Grand_Canal (336 words)

	The Grand Canal
		The Grand Canal in China is the oldest and longest man-made canal in the world.
		In 605 A.D., Emperor Yang Di of the Sui Dynasty succeeded to the throne.
		Boating on the old Chinese Canal is one of the best ways to get a panoramic view of the landscape of typical river towns in southern China, which include ancient dwellings, stone bridges of traditional designs and historical relics.
	www.chinatravel.com /china-travel-guides/china-attractions/china-top/the-grand-canal.shtml (464 words)

	The Grand Canal in China
		Of all the canals in the entire world, the Grand Canal found in China is not only the oldest, but also the longest.
		Today, the length of the Grand Canal is approximately 1,200 miles long, running from Hangzhou in the Zhejian province located in the south of China to Beijing, located in the northern portion of the country.
		Deemed one of the most magnificent structures in ancient China along with the Great Wall of China, this canal is intriguing and fascinating, connecting the historical past with the present and future of this wonderful country.
	www.asianartmall.com /grandcanalarticle.htm (398 words)

	Grand Canal of China - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Grand Canal (Simplified Chinese: 大运河; Traditional Chinese: 大運河; Pinyin: Dà Yùnhé) of China, also known as the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (Simplified Chinese: 京杭大运河; Traditional Chinese: 京杭大運河; Pinyin: Jīng Háng Dà Yùnhé) is the largest ancient canal or artificial river in the world.
		It took over six years to build the Grand Canal linking all the canals along it and connecting the Hai, Yellow, Huai, Yangtze, and Qiantang Rivers.
		The Grand Canal starts north in Beijing and ends south in Hangzhou of Zhejiang with a total length of 1,794 kilometers (1115 miles), passes Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Grand_Canal_of_China (1061 words)

	Highlights of Chinese Culture and History
		The Grand Canal in China is generally regarded as the oldest and longest man-made canal in the world.
		The canal built in the reign of Emperor Yang Di of Sui, however, played an important part in improving communication between north and south, promoting economic and cultural exchange and strengthening the unification of the country.
		Later, during the Yuan Dynasty,the Grand Canal was extended further,resulting in the full-size Beijing to Hangzhou canal as it is today.
	www.chinatown-online.com /cultureeye/highlights/grand.htm (790 words)

	Grand Canal Of China: Cruise On Grand Canal To Wuxi; Concrete Hull Barges On Grand Canal.
		Grand Canal Of China: Cruise On Grand Canal To Wuxi; Concrete Hull Barges On Grand Canal.
		''''' During the Yuan (1271-1368), Ming (1368-1644), and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties, the Grand Canal served as the main artery between northern and southern China and was essential for the transport of grain to Beijing.
		Marco Polo recounted the Grand Canal's arched bridges as well as the warehouses and prosperous trade of its cities in the 13th century (though be aware that doubts have been cast on Polo’s claims).
	beifan.com /005can/5canal-page01.html (1114 words)

	History of CANALS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Chinese (the greatest early builders of canals) undertake several major projects from the 3rd century BC onwards.
		It is the Naviglio Grande, built between 1179 and 1209 to bring marble from near Lake Maggiore for the construction of the cathedral in Milan.
		From 1391 the Stecknitz canal is constructed southwards from the city of Lübeck.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa19 (1314 words)

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