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	Grand Challenge problem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Grand Challenge Problem is a general category of unsolved problems.
		The definition of a Grand Challenge problem has a certain degree of inherent subjectivity surrounding what is, or is not, a Grand Challenge.
		The problem is demonstrably hard to solve, requiring several orders-of-magnitude improvement in the capability required to solve it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_Challenge_problem (286 words)

	Encyclopedia: Grand Challenge problem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This is a list of lists of unsolved problems in various subjects: Unsolved problems in mathematics Unsolved problems in physics Unsolved problems in chemistry Unsolved problems in biology Unsolved problems in economics Unsolved problems in governance Unsolved problems in cognitive science Unsolved problems in neuroscience Unsolved problems in computer science...
		The term social is derived from the Latin word socius, which as a noun means an associate, ally, business partner or comrade and in the adjectival form socialis refers to a bond between people (such as marriage) or to their collective or connected existence.
		This article or section should be merged with Fluid mechanics Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids (liquids and gases) in motion, and the effect of the fluid motion on fluid boundaries, such as solid containers or other fluids.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Grand-Challenge-problem (899 words)

	Grand Challenge problem -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A Grand Challenge Problem is a general category of (additional info and facts about unsolved problem) unsolved problems.
		The definition of a Grand Challenge problem has a certain degree of inherent (Judgment based on individual personal impressions and feelings and opinions rather than external facts) subjectivity surrounding what is, or is not, a Grand Challenge.
		The problem is demonstrably hard to solve, requiring several (additional info and facts about orders-of-magnitude) orders-of-magnitude improvement in the capability required to solve it.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/G/Gr/Grand_Challenge_problem.htm (461 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence (1997)
		The reader is referred to Table 1.1 and its accompanying discussion in Chapter 1 for an explanation of the cross-linkage of the grand challenge areas to the NRL priority topics.
		The grand challenge in machine learning and adaptive systems is to identify a scientific methodology and theory that characterize classes of practical learning and adaptation problems.
		While few complex problems are without significant uncertainties, those uncertainties are commonly suppressed in the interest of making the problem easier, or, at best, the problem is solved for a range of parameters that are presumed to include the uncertainties to a satisfactory degree.
	books.nap.edu /books/0309058317/html/7.html (5446 words)

	Wetware: Grand Challenge: Memories for Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The second review of Wetware-related Grand Challenge proposals discusses the Memories for Life project, proposed by Andrew Fitzgibbon with the Robotics Research Group at the University of Oxford and Ehud Reiter lecturer in Computing Science at the University of Aberdeen.
		The problem with simply keeping the data is to maintain it in a medium that will last for a long time (we're talking about storing data for up to 100 years or even more) or ensure that it is backed up and migrated often enough to survive even "once in a century disasters".
		For example, a short-term challenge could be to develop a model of a user’s literacy level by analysing examples of what he or she reads and writes, and linguistically simplify web pages based on this model; this would help the 20% of the UK population with poor literacy.
	www.hjalli.com /wetware/000032.html (1898 words)

	1.2 What Role do the Grand Challenges play in the Advancement of Computational Science? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The type of problems in which computational science could achieve breakthroughs are generally referred to as 'grand challenges'.
		Grand Challenges are...fundamental problems in science and engineering, with potentially broad social, political, and scientific impact, that could be advanced by applying high performance computing resources.
		As expected, there is a long list of grand challenge problems, including electronic structure of materials, turbulence, genome sequencing and structural biology, global climate modeling, speech and language studies, pharmaceutical design, pollution and dispersion, and many more.
	csep1.phy.ornl.gov /ov/node3.html (301 words)

	Grand Challenges
		The future promised from his grand challenge research into intelligent autonomous systems is one where data is collected from anywhere at any time and relayed wirelessly to massive high-performance computing networks.
		In the same way that the lunar challenge in the 1960s sparked a decade of collaborative innovation and development in engineering and space technology, or the human genome project united biologists around the globe, so too must computer scientists pull together on such a scale to take their industry to its next major milestone.
		One of the grand challenges, then, is to re-write the basic foundations of the science, to find a theory of computation that is 'more realistic than the Turing model, and can take into account the discoveries of biology, and the promise of the quantum computer'....
	www.aaai.org /AITopics/html/challenge.html (3947 words)

	Challengelist
		As might be expected, the challenges reflect a variety of concerns, from fundamental questions of broad significance to highly-specific (but important) applied queries, from requests for models and analytic techniques to pleas for help in making certain theoretical concepts or algorithms more ``practical,'' from highly-speculative new proposals to long-standing open problems.
		A general challenge is to identify other types of frequently occurring subgraphs, understand their significance in the overall structure of the Web, and use such insights to provide improved access to particular kinds of information.
		Challenge: Design algorithms that efficiently construct and update the current physical map of the Internet (the graph structure in which nodes are IP addresses and edges are communications links), using the protocols and mechanisms currently available for obtaining this information, together with whatever additional informations are available to help pin down geography.
	www.research.att.com /~dsj/nsflist.html (19014 words)

	CT Project: Grand Challenge Investigators (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A Grand Challenge is a fundamental problem in science and engineering, with broad scientific and economic impact, whose solution can be advanced by high-performance computing.
		A collaboration among nine Grand Challenge Investigator teams, Project scientists, and SGI/Cray Research resulted in a 10-fold increase in applications performance.
		Eight Grand Challenge Investigator teams chosen through a 1992 NASA Research Announcement completed their work in spring 1996.
	ct.gsfc.nasa.gov /grand-challenges.html (176 words)

	Adaptive Parallel Computation of a Grand-Challenge Problem: Prediction of the Path of a Solar-Coronal Mass Ejection
		For problems with disparate spatial and temporal scales such as these, the use of AMR is extremely beneficial and is almost a virtual necessity -- simple structured grids would grossly under-resolve much of the problem, while over-resolving relatively uninteresting regions.
		In the first, timings are shown for a problem that has a fixed size per processor; in the second, timings are shown for a problem that has a fixed total size.
		As expected, the fixed size problem is somewhat less scalable, since as it is distributed across more and more processors the ratio of communications overhead to computing cost rises.
	www.eecs.umich.edu /~qstout/pap/SC98.html (3363 words)

	DARPA Grand Challenge - Freepedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The DARPA Grand Challenge is a competition for fully autonomous vehicles to complete an under-300 mile, off-road course in the Mojave Desert.
		The challenge, which occurs every year or so, took place for the first time on March 13, 2004 and was sponsored by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
		The 2004 Grand Challenge was held in the Mojave Desert along a 150-mile route that follows along the path of Interstate 15 from just before Barstow, California to just past the California-Nevada border in Primm.
	en.freepedia.org /DARPA_Grand_Challenge.html (794 words)

	Number Crunchers
		Grand Challenge Alliance, a collaboration of astrophysicists, physicists, and computer scientists from nine universities, is seeking to solve the Einstein Equations in their full generality.
		However, yet more powerful machines may be needed to produce highly accurate solutions to the problem of two fl holes rotating and spiralling abou t each other, ending in a collision.
		For now, numerical relativists are restricted to tackling problems that the latest generation of supercomputers are able to solve -- problems that are generally much less interesting than the ones the scientists want to solve.
	archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu /Cyberia/NumRel/NumCrunchers2.html (1118 words)

	Grand Challenge problem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The definition of a Grand Challenge problem has a certain degree of inherent subjectivity surrounding what is, or is not, aGrand Challenge.
		The problem is demonstrably hard to solve, requiring several orders-of-magnitude improvement in the capability required tosolve it.
		Fundamental scientific problems currently being explored generate increasingly complex data, require more realisticsimulations of the processes under study, and demand greater and more intricate visualizations of the results.
	www.therfcc.org /grand-challenge-problem-174404.html (262 words)

	CS655 - Problem Set 1: Operational Semantics
		What you turn in should be your own work, and you should cite the people you worked with on it.
		In both cases, the virtual machine and programming language were similar enough that the operational semantics were relatively straightforward.
		problem (or a proof that no solution exists) should impress the staff and your classmates greatly.
	www.cs.virginia.edu /~evans/cs655-S00/problem-sets/ps1.html (503 words)

	[No title]
		Problem: We do not know o much about the algorithm itself to specify a domain decomposition.
		Loadbalancing can be one of the problems which results in the inefficient use of a massively parallel computing system.
		The proposed approach will avoid load balancing problems due to the special usage of sophisticated but fast mapping and decomposition algorithms which minimize load imbalance.
	www-unix.mcs.anl.gov /~laszewsk/projects/biology (1140 words)

	Grand Challenges for M&S
		The identification and pursuit of Grand Challenges has been a hallmark of the high-performance computing arena for over a decade.
		While Grand Challenges themselves provide a useful focal point for research and development activities within a discipline, perhaps more important is the community dialogue that surrounds the formulation of Grand Challenge problems.
		Based on the program from ICGCMS 2002, a Dagstuhl Seminar on Grand Challenges for MandS was conducted from 26-30 August 2002.
	www.thesimguy.com /GC (442 words)

	CS 396: Abstracts: Sept. 5, 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A grand challenge for AI research is building knowledge bases containing the accumulated understanding of entire fields of human inquiry, such as cell biology or global warming.
		The knowledge bases would be capable of answering questions with cogent explanations, interacting with human experts to acquire new information, and explaining their contents at multiple levels of detail and from various perspectives.
		Some interesting problems in real-time computing are: real-time coordination, e.g., configuring thousands of pico-satellites, computer and network resource security, e.g., detecting and rolling back DDoS attacks, resource allocation in open systems, real-time agent architecture.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/novak/cs396abs0905.html (490 words)

	Face Recognition Grand Challenge - Overview
		Each challenge problem consists of a data set of facial images and a defined set of experiments.
		The FRGC is structured around two challenge problems, version 1 (ver1) and version 2 (ver2).
		This is the first time that a computational-experimental environment has supported a challenge problem in face recognition or biometrics.
	www.frvt.org /FRGC (1516 words)

	Citations: Grand challenge AI applications - Kitano (ResearchIndex)
		John McCarthy and other researchers regard Go as a new drosophila for AI [20] Although many computer Go systems have been built [5,9,26,33] their performances are on a level with those of human novices; at best they reach the level of 8 kyu [21] Main reasons for their low performances are....
		9 Why this Problem is Important We have no doubt that there are many other challenge problems that make sense at the current state of the art.
		The Turing Test, in whichever guise, is still the grand challenge problem to all of AI, but there is little hope to see it solved by....
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/171700/0 (651 words)

	Access Headlines: NCSA Sponsors HPC Challenge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This demonstration by the Grand Challenge Cosmology Consortium involves a multi-supercomputer simulation of that event and the real-time visualization of a subset of that simulation from remote supercomputers to virtual environments.
		The Terabyte Challenge is sponsored by the National Scalable Cluster Project (NSCP), whose goal is to develop new algorithms and software combining high-performance computing and high-performance data management for local, high-performance, and wide-area clusters of computers.
		Larger problems are run in batch mode over a period of hours and their results transferred to a central location to be visualized.
	archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu /News/Access/Releases/95Releases/951201.hpc.html (1203 words)

	1st International Workshop on Real-Time Mission-Critical Systems: Grand Challenge Problems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Approximately ½ of the program will be dedicated to real-time mission-critical application systems which present grand challenges, and ½ of the program will focus on grand challenge technology problems.
		The symposium agenda will include presentations that define grand challenge problems by describing the problem requirements and identifying current technological challenges presented by the problems.
		Potential presenters are invited to submit a 1-5 page description of a grand challenge problem and its technological challenges.
	www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be /~dirk/ada-belgium/events/99/991130-rtmcs.html (253 words)

	Archived Weblog Entry - 05/05/2005: "MIT worldwide mobility study warns of chronic gridlock, pollution; outlines ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Grand challenges to that end include reinventing public transport and creating a portfolio of mobility options for people and freight.
		Ideally, the problem requires (demonstrably) several orders-of-magnitude improvement in our capability in one or more areas.
		I guess that would take Fermat's last theorem out of GC contention unless it is found to be of 'significant economical and/or social impact' -- or maybe it has had that impact on a microcommunity of mathematicians...
	www.grand-challenge.net /archives/00000046.html (269 words)

	CSC-Computer Science Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The cluster aggregation of carbon fullerenes, such as the C60 "buckyball", falls into the Grand Challenge class of problems---those with potential scientific and economic impact which can be advanced by the application of high performance computers.
		The implementation of these problems on massively parallel processors provides an environment for the study of the communication characteristics of the machines.
		One GA problem that would benefit greatly from the extra computational power is a physics problem: finding minimal Carbon cluster configurations.
	www.cse.msu.edu /~enbody/cps.html (452 words)

	DARPA Grand Challenge Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The central problem in the GC was sensing to control a moving object.
		The Grand Challenge is over and DARPA is awful silent about their future plans for this forum.
		The Challenge deadline is June 1, 2008; Astronaut Glove Challenge: This challenge is conducted in partnership with Volanz Aerospace Inc./Spaceflight America.
	gc.heavymeta.org /darpa-gc-forum.xml (7228 words)

	Grand Challenge or Toy Story
		Indeed, the similarities between grand challenges and toy stories are not nearly as interesting as the differences, but for reasons that might be more different than you think.
		Anyway, they were so good at working through their problems, that they worked through them lots of times.
		For every grand challenge problem you can think of - quantum BLAH BLAH BLAH - this one beats it: more complex in every way, more entities, more attributes, more scales, more interactions, and progress of the right kind has already been made.
	journal-ci.csse.monash.edu.au /ci/vol03/roger.htm (3610 words)

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