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Topic: Grand Duchy of Finland

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Republic of Finland

Grand Duke of Finland

Counties in Finland

Roman of Ruthenia

Diet of Finland

Coat of Arms of Finland

History of Finland

Old Finland

Alandia

Grand duchy

Heraldry of Karelia

Finland

Finnish Karelia

Nylandia

Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt

	Grand Duchy of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An extended Finland Proper was made a titulary Grand Duchy (more correctly, Grand Principality) in 1581, when king John III of Sweden, who as a prince had been royal duke of Finland (1556–1561/63), extended the list of subsidiary titles to the Kings of Sweden considerably.
		For the foundation of the Grand Duchy as an entity with relatively greater autonomy within the Russian realm, and for the regain of the so called Old Finland, that was lost to Russia in the previous century, the Finland-born Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, councillor to the emperor, was instrumental.
		The Russian Emperor ruled as the Grand Duke of Finland and was represented in Finland by the Governor-General of Finland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland (763 words)

	Grand duchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Grand Duchy is the appellation of the territory of a sovereign Grand Duke's territory.
		Grand Duke is also the usual and established translation of sovereign Grand Prince in languages which do not have separate words meaning prince for (1) the non-ruling relatives of a monarch, and (2) monarch (sovereign or like) princes.
		Grand Duke is also the usual and established translation in English and French of the Russian courtesy title Velikiy Knjaz (grand prince) of Russia, which from 17th century belonged to members of the family of the Russian tsar, although those Grand dukes were not sovereigns.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_Duchy (1462 words)

	Grand Duchy of Finland
		A department or province of the Russian Empire; bounded on the north by Norway, on the west by Sweden and the Gulf of Bothnia, on the south by the Gulf of Finland.
		Finland abounds in lakes and forests, buit the proportion of arable soil is small.
		The Grand Duke of Novgorod, Vassievolodovich, sent Russian missionaries to the Karelians, Finns living on the Lake of Ladoga in east Finland, While in 1157 King Erik of Sweden undertook a crusade to Finland.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/f/finland,grand_duchy_of.html (809 words)

	History of Finland: A selection of events and documents
		Reunited with Finland by an imperial decree of Alexander I in 1811.
		Imperial Majesty's Gracious Rescript to the Governor General of Finland from June 8, 1899, concerning public anxiety caused by the forthcoming change in the Conscription Act of the Grand Duchy of Finland and promulgation of the Manifesto given on the 3rd of February.
		The leased territories of Hanko and Porkkala in 1940-41 ja 1944-56.
	www.histdoc.net /history/history.html (2067 words)

	Finland Introduction - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		Finland's new ruler, Tsar Alexander I, convinced of the strategic need to control Finland for the protection of his capital at St. Petersburg, decided it was more expedient to woo his Finnish subjects to allegiance than to subjugate them by force.
		Finland's economy had always been predominantly agricultural, and with the exception of a small merchant class along the coast, nearly all Finns were engaged in farming, mostly on small family farms (see Growth and Structure of the Economy, ch.
		Finland's welfare system was based on the model developed in the other Nordic countries in which coverage was universal and was seen as a right, not as a privilege.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/finland/finland_history_introduction.html (4487 words)

	Main outlines of Finnish history — Virtual Finland
		Finland recognized Russia's position as the successor to the Soviet Union and a treaty on good relations between the neighbouring countries was concluded in January 1992.
		In Finland the EEA treaty was considered the "final" aim, although both the need and opportunity for Finnish EC membership increased greatly when Sweden submitted its membership application in spring 1991 and the Soviet Union was dissolved at the end of the year.
		Finland as a Grand Duchy of Russia (1809 - 1917)
	virtual.finland.fi /finfo/english/histeng.html (2463 words)

	Emergeance of Finland
		Finland as a Grand Duchy of Russia (1809-1917)
		During the Swedish period, Finland was merely a group of provinces and not a national entity.
		Finland was a state within a state, with its own Senate and its own Diet, its own local officials, legislation, army, money (the mark) and postage stamps.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/FeaturesEurope/ScandinaviaFinland.htm (554 words)

	Finland on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It borders on the Gulf of Bothnia and Sweden in the west, on Norway in the north, on Russia in the east, and on the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea in the south.
		Lutheranism was established in Finland, and in 1581 the country was raised to the rank of grand duchy.
		Finland was active in the League of Nations, which it joined in 1920, and it was the only European country to continue to honor its World War I debts to the United States after the advent of the economic depression at the start of the 1930s.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/F/Finland.asp (2969 words)

	A short history of Finland
		In 1809 Sweden loses control over Finland to Russia and a personal union of the Grand Duchy with Russia is established.
		Finland becomes the Republic of Finland in the summer of 1919; Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg is elected as the first president (1919-25).
		In 1922 Finland establishes the autonomous region of Aland.
	www.electionworld.org /history/finland.htm (802 words)

	[No title]
		Finland was not annexed to the Russian Empire but was joined to Russia instead through the person of the tsar.
		Imperial assurances that Finland would be autonomous and that its traditions would be respected were encoded in two 1809 decrees that constituted for the Finns the basis of their relationship with Russia.
		Although the government of the grand duchy represented an uneasy balance between the traditions of Finnish self-government and those of Russian autocracy, as long as the Russians respected the balance, the Finnish people were satisfied.
	sydaby.eget.net /swe/jp_gd.htm (529 words)

	BORGA - LoveToKnow Article on BORGA
		(Finnish Porvoo), a seaport in the province of Nyland, grand duchy of Finland, situated at the entrance of the river Borg~ into the Gulf of Finland, about 33 m.
		It is the seat of a Lutheran bishopric which extends over the provinces of Viborg and St Michel with portions of Tavastehus and Nyland; it possesses a beautiful cathedral, and a high school (where the well-known Finnish poet Runeberg lectured for many years), and is the seat of a court of appeal.
		In 1809, when the estates of Finland were summoned to a special diet to decide the future of the country, Borg~ was the place of meeting, and it was in the cathedral that the emperor Alezander I. pledged himself as grand duke - of Finland to maintain the constitution and liberties of the grand duchy.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BO/BORGA.htm (194 words)

	Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Between 1809 and 1917 Finland was an autonomous part of the Russian Empire as the Grand Duchy of Finland.
		During the war with Napoleon in 1812 six jaeger battalions were formed in Finland.
		In 1878 a law was passed by the Emperor Alexander II calling for a general conscription in Finland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Finland (343 words)

	Autonomous grand duchy (from Finland) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		As a part of the Swedish monarchy, Finland had been accorded practically no institutions of its own, but from the middle of the 18th century the majority of officials and intellectuals were of Finnish origin.
		One of the northernmost countries of Europe, Finland is located between Russia on the east, Sweden on the west, and the tip of Norway on the north.
		The famous international fishing grounds known as the Grand Banks is a portion of the North American continental shelf in the Atlantic Ocean southeast and south of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-26089 (941 words)

	Finland - THE RUSSIAN GRAND DUCHY OF FINLAND, 1809-1917 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Thus the laws and constitution of Finland remained unchanged, and the tsar took the place of the Swedish king as sovereign.
		According to the terms of the agreement reached between the Diet and the tsar, the government of Finland was directly controlled by the tsar, who appointed a governor general as his advisor.
		The chief instrument of government in the grand duchy was the Government Council, renamed in 1816 the Senate, which was composed of fourteen Finns appointed by the tsar.
	countrystudies.us /finland/10.htm (524 words)

	Consulate General of Finland, New York - History
		During the 19th century, Finland was an autonomous Grand Duchy of Russia.
		During the Winter War (1939-1940), as Finland fought against the aggression of the Soviet Union, the consulate was busy soliciting loans and intermediating purchases of war material from the United States.
		This stance was part of Finland’s attempt to regain its territories lost to the Soviet Union in the Winter War.
	www.finland.org /doc/en/NY/history.html (537 words)

	Vyborg
		After Finland was conquerd by Russia in 1808, Vyborg was incorporated in the grand duchy of Finland in 1812 and became again the center of administration for the eastern part of the country.
		During the Finnish Civil War Vyborg was in the hands of the reds, until it was captured by the whites on 29 April 1918.
		It was recaptured by Finnish troops during the Continuation War in 29 August 1941, and lost again on 20 June 1944.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/vi/Viipuri.html (180 words)

	Helsingin Sanomat - International Edition
		According to Johan Grotenfelt of the House of the Nobility, the decision to open the house to groups on guided tours was made as Finns have become increasingly interested in their country's history and in genealogical research.
		The Grand Duchy of Finland received its own House of Nobility in 1818, after Sweden had lost Finland to Russia in the war of 1809.
		The Swedish noble families who had chosen to remain in Finland were registered, and the Czar-Grand Duke continued to raise deserving Finnish citizens to the nobility.
	www.hs.fi /english/print/1101979401265 (381 words)

	Historia \| History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Virtual Finland presents a history of Finland in maps from 1470, when Finland was part of the Swedish empire, to the present.
		The name "Finland" first appeared on a published map in 1493, although it was incorrectly placed on the Swedish coast.
		A summary of Finland's involvement as a "co-belligerent" with Germany against the Soviet Union from 1942 to 1944.
	www.henkimaa.nu /finndex/historia (489 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| Country profiles \| Timeline: Finland
		1809 - Finland is ceded to Russia by the Swedes.
		Finland launches military campaign to retake territory lost under Treaty of Moscow.
		Finland concedes more land to the Soviet Union and agrees to pay hundreds of millions of dollars in war reparations.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/europe/newsid_1032000/1032683.stm (574 words)

	About Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Olympics were held in Helsinki in 1952, and in 1955 Finland joined both the United Nations and the Nordic Council.
		In September 1990 the government issued a declaration in which it stated that the limitations on Finnish sovereignty in the Treaty of Paris (1947) concerning men in arms and amounts of war material had become obsolete.
		Both the need and opportunity for Finnish EC membership increased greatly when Sweden submitted its membership application in spring 1991 and the Soviet Union was dissolved at the end of the year.
	www.finland.org.in /history.htm (2043 words)

	wrobel
		On December 6th 1917, the Senate of the Autonomy of the Grand Duchy of Finland proclaimed itself an independent republic.
		His ordination as bishop of the Apostolic Vicariate of Finland, was held on August 15, 1923 in Helsinki at Saint Henry's Church.
		This was why St. Henry came to Finland: to bring the good news of Jesus Christ to the people of this land, "so that might have life and have it to the full" (Jn 10:10).
	www.scj.org /scj_homp/we-scj/wrobel_ordination_27012001.html (6796 words)

	ipedia.com: Grand Duchy Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A grand duchy is a form of principality which has a Grand Duke or a Grand Duchess as head of state.
		An early use of the title was in Grand Duchy of Lithuania (since 14th century), Grand Duchy of Moscow, and also in Tuscany, which became a grand duchy in 1569, and remained one until 1860, when it was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia.
		The Duchy of Warsaw (1809-1813) - not Grand
	www.ipedia.com /grand_duchy.html (411 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Finland, 1809-1864 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Finland was to become a GRAND DUCHY, united in dynastic union with Russia.
		The country's Swedish minority, especially the Swedish nobility, still dominated, as it was Finland's Swedes who had been most active in the country's secession from the motherland.
		Finland as a Grand Duchy, from Nordic Usenet
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/scandinavia/fin180964.html (314 words)

	Finland, grand duchy with seven provinces
		Magnvs Dvcatvs Finlandiae or Finnish Grand Duchy published in Johann Blaeu's large atlas is the first separate map of Finland based on Bureus's information.
		In this detailed map, Finland is no longer a province among other eastern provinces of Sweden but a Grand Duchy with seven provinces.
		This borderline remained, for the stretch north of Lake Ladoga, the border of the Finnish Autonomous Grand Duchy between 1812-1917 and of independent Finland between 1918-1939.
	virtual.finland.fi /finfo/english/map/map15.html (207 words)

	Priests of the Sacred Heart - Where We Work.
		It gave some relief, at least for a short time, from the attempts of the Czar to totally russify the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland.
		1917: On December 6, the senate of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland proclaimed itself an independent republic and was recognized as such by the Soviet Union with the moral support of the League of Nations.
		The Vatican was the first foreign state outside the Soviet Union to recognize the Republic of Finland during its Civil War.
	www.poshusa.org /missfin.html (1061 words)

	1917. Manifesto concerning reinstatement of the constitution of the Grand Duchy of Finland.
		Manifesto concerning reinstatement of the constitution of the Grand Duchy of Finland.
		And, furthermore, the Gracious Manifesto of May 31 (June 12), 1890, about the organisation of the postal system in the Grand Duchy of Finland and Graciously ratified temporary rules, dated September 30, 1909, about the means of supervision of the Finnish railways by the Ministry of Communication will cease to exist.
		The Finnish Diet, which we have decided to summon as soon as possible, should be presented a Bill for a new Constitution for the Grand Duchy of Finland and, if the circumstances thus imply, precedent propositions to particular fundamental statutes through which the principles of government of the country will be developed.
	www.histdoc.net /history/julistus.html (513 words)

	Some important facts for understanding the history of the SCJ-Regio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The senate of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland proclaimed itself an independent republic and was recognized as such by Lenin and his council of people's soviet (commissariats) in Petersburg and with the moral support of the League of Nations.
		Buckx was appointed as apostolic vicar of Finland and Cardinal van Rossum came to Helsinki for his ordination.
		Cardinal Rossum was welcomed by the Republic of Finland as a prince of the Church.
	www.netsonic.fi /~scjregfi/scj-hist-fin.htm (1325 words)

	Finland - Regional Economic Integration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Until 1917 the Grand Duchy of Finland enjoyed a privileged position as a relatively advanced part of the Russian Empire, supplying metal products and ships in exchange for agricultural goods.
		Starting in the late 1950s, however, Finland broke away from its dependence on the Soviet market, successfully opening its economy to the two West European trading blocks, the European Economic Community (EEC--see Glossary) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA--see Glossary).
		By the late 1980s, Finland provided a unique example of a neutral country with a free-market economy that had developed increasing economic interdependence with both the market economies of Western Europe and the planned economies of Eastern Europe.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-4678.html (412 words)

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