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Topic: Grand Duchy of Lithuania

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Lithuania Minor

Gediminas, Duke of Lithuania

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	Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė, Belarusian: Вялі́кае Кня́ства Літо́ўскае (ВКЛ), Ukrainian: Велике Князівство Литовське (ВКЛ), Polish: Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie) was an Eastern European state of the 12th-18th centuries.
		The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a Baltic state which expanded into the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Mongols.
		The chancellery languages of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were Ruthenian (referred to as Old Belarusian by Belarusians and as Chancellery Slavic by Lithuanians), Latin and Polish.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania (2409 words)

	Battle of Orsha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The fortress of Smolensk was then the easternmost outpost of the Grand Duchy and one of the most important strongholds guarding it from the east.
		The forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland seized the Muscovite camp and all 300 cannon.
		Upset at word of the massive defeat, Muscovite Grand Prince Vasili III allegedly remarked that "the prisoners [were] as useful as the dead" and declined to negotiate their return.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Orsha (1287 words)

	Grand Duchy of Litva - Lithuania - GDL, History
		Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) growth from the Duchy of Novaharodak (Novagradak in modern Belarus).
		The duchy of Novaharodak was virtually surrounded by unassimilated Baltic tribes: the Jacviahi(Yatvegians) in the west (who were later belarusianized), the Nalshany in the north, the Litva in the east and Northeast, and the area called Aukstota in the south-eastern part of modern Lithuania.
		Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) existed in the center of Europe in the thirteenth-eighteenth centuries and comprised entire territories of contemporary Belarus, Ukraine, partially Poland (Podliasse province and/or as part of a unified state), Lithuania (Lietuva) and Latvia and stretched from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea.
	grunwald.iatp.by /gdl-e.htm (1237 words)

	Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
		Grand Duke Zhygimont announced on the Sojm (a congress of aristocracy - main ruling body of Grand Duchy of Lithuania) decision in Vilnia in 1522 that because of many inconsistencies in courts he was planning to write a general law to prevent further legal uncertainaty.
		And if someone from outside Grand Duchy of Lithuania would be honored with property within Grand Duchy of Lithuania, he or she can only own it after swearing to Grand Duke of Lithuania.
		The Vice Chancellor of Grand Duchy of Lithuania Leu Sapega was the soul of the third revision of Statut.
	www.belarusguide.com /culture1/texts/Statut.html (1444 words)

	Grand Duchy of Litva - Lithuania - GDL, History
		Neighbours of the duchy of Navaharodak was unassimilated Baltic tribes: the Jacviahi (Yatvegians) in the west (who were later belarusianized), the Nalshany in the north, the Litva in the east and Northeast, and the area called Aukstota in the south-eastern part of modern Lithuania (Lietuva).
		The Gediminian dynasty and the strengthening of the GDL
		It was a clear evidence of the conversion of Lithuania to Christianity in 1387 and of growing influence of Western European culture.
	grunwald.iatp.by /mindau-e.htm (809 words)

	Lithuania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The ratio of the width and length of the flag is 1 to 2.
		During the Zalgiris battle, the flag of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was red, with white coat of arms, the Vytis, embroidered on it.
		On November 18 at the tenth session of its eleventh convention, the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SSR was forced to change a chapter of the Constitution, and to grant the yellow-red-green flag the status of State flag.
	flagspot.net /flags/lt.html (2968 words)

	Medieval Lithuania
		The united Lithuanian state, which included the Duchy of Lithuania and a few other duchies, may be tentatively called the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: in the Ruthenian tradition grand dukes were the ones who had a few minor dukes as their subjects (Mindaugas was to be awarded this title in the Ruthenian chronicles).
		Lithuania in the narrow sense - the former territory of the Duchy of Lithuania - was the nucleus of this state.
		The use of the name of Lithuania to define a wider area (approximately corresponding to the territory of Lithuania today) had to be related to the appearance of a sufficiently strong political organization ruled by Lithuania in the narrow sense.
	viduramziu.lietuvos.net /en/state.htm (9604 words)

	LITHUANIA HISTORY Travel Tour Information
		Lithuania began to recover only towards the end of the 19th century, the period known as the "spring of nations." A struggle for national culture and reinstitution of writing spread over the greater part of the country.
		The elected 20-member Council of Lithuania proclaimed the restitution of the independent state of Lithuania on the 16th of February, 1918, even though the German Army and authorities were still in control of the entire country.
		Initially, Lithuania was relegated to the German sphere of influence; however, on Lithuania's refusal to attack Poland as a German ally, it was transferred to the Soviet sphere of influence, in a second secret pact signed in Moscow on the 27th of September that same year.
	www.scantours.com /lithuania_history.htm (3152 words)

	Sending Military Units Recruited in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to Riga in 1700
		These events are linked by recruitment of new military units and mobilisation of noblemen reservists in the GDL districts carried out in public by declaring the desire to protect the country from the danger of the invasion of the Swedes and to assist King Augustus II in his military campaign near Riga.
		Meetings of the ârepublicansâ that were organised by noblemen and held in the districts of the GDL at that time only declared their desire to assist the King, and real military preparations were sooner directed towards renewing military confrontation with the Sapieha.
		In August-September, neutral noblemen of the GDL and those who belonged to the group of the âRepublicansâ also sent the units that they recruited to Riga but these forces were not abundant, most of them arrived some weeks before the end of the military campaign.
	www.istorija.lt /lim/body_sliesoriunas2001-2en.html (762 words)

	Legacy of Medieval Lithuania
		However this part is the ethnical lands of the Lithuanians, where the history of Lithuania began and where the nucleus of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was.
		Legacy of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania formed the Belarusians as a separate nation, and therefore the Belarusians are inclined to treat the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as their state.
		The Lithuanian national revival and restitution of the independence of Lithuania in 1918 was an incomprehensible phenomenon for the Poles and a greater part of the Polonised Lithuanian gentry.
	viduramziu.lietuvos.net /etno/index-en.htm (782 words)

	History and culture of Belarus
		In 1230th the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the center in Novogrudok (between Minsk and Grodno) emerged on the territory of Belarus, During the next hundred years a greater part of contemporary Belarus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
		In the result of the subsequent growth in the end of the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania became one among the largest multinational European states the borders of which were stretching beyond Smolensk in the East, and up to the Black Sea in the South.
		Belarusians predominated among the population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Belarusian was the state language.
	eka.8m.com /culture.html (1180 words)

	GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA
		First Mindaugas incorporated to Lithuania the Black Russia - territories in the south of upper Niemen, at that time under the rule of the dukes of Polotsk, and partially Turov, Pinsk and Volhynia, with the cities of Slonim and Novogrudok.
		True, within few decades Lithuania, ravaged by domestic troubles and the Teutonic aggression, did not continue expansion in Russia, but eventually that process renewed with previous speed, especially during the reign of Gediminas (1316-1341), who used the title of the grand duke, and sometimes even the royal title.
		But the aggressive policy of Lithuania did not exhaust after that; still Michael, the duke of Tver, strove to lay his hand on the Grand Duchy, for which he received a yarlik from The Horde's.
	www.cozy-corner.com /history_eng/events_grand_duchy_lithuania.htm (1232 words)

	Historical Documents of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Brief Descriptions
		The greater red wax attached seal of the GDL (Ø 8.5 cm) in a metal box (Ø 10 cm) is affixed to the document with a string of rosy and yellowish thread (parchment fold-up is 7.5 cm, three slits for the string are spaced 9 cm apart horizontally, 7 and 6.5 cm diagonally).
		The King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Wladislaw Vasa (Vladislaus) establishes the moulders' guild of the Vilnius City (Vilna) and confirms its statute.
		The greater red wax attached seal of the GDL (Ø 7.5 cm) in a metal box (Ø 9.5 cm) is affixed to the document with a string of blueish thread (parchment fold-up is 13.5 cm, three slits for the string are spaced 9 cm apart horizontally and 5.5 cm diagonally).
	pergamentai.mch.mii.lt /IstoriniaiLietDok/istoriniailietdok_7en.en.htm (725 words)

	Old Believers
		The establishment of Fedoseyan communities in the Grand Duchy in the 18th century was caused by mass emigration of Old Believers as a result of disturbances among the Russian peasantry.
		Emigration to the Grand Duchy was also favoured by geographical conditions, because there was a long stretch of common border between Russia and the Commonwealth, and in the 18th century it was not effectively controlled on either side.
		In the cultural history of the Grand Duchy it is important as a manifestation of the tradition of Eastern Christianity and Eastern Slavonic culture.
	www.ldm.lt /Naujausiosparodos/Old_Believers_b.en.htm (8308 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - The Grand Duchy of Lithuania - military history and AAR
		Lithuania almost doubled in size during their rule and achieved major victories over the Teutonic and Livonian Orders at the Battles of Saule in 1336 and Durbe in 1360.
		In 1381, Kestutis conquered Vilnius and the throne of Grand Duke.
		The Grand Duchy and the Dukes are prepared for a grand and victorious war...
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/printthread.php?t=97983 (5756 words)

	Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
		In the early 13th century, Belarusian lands and Principalities participated in the formation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania due to the threat of invasion of crusaders and Mongol-Tatars (the latter subjugated eastern and southern Russian areas in the 1230—1240s).
		Failures of the army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania led to closer military and state alliance with Poland.
		The Vilno University was closed and the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1588) was annulled.
	www.belembassy.org /uk/history.html (2363 words)

	Jūratė Kiaupienė Summary: ,,Mes, Lietuva" (We, Lithuania') / The Nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The attention is drawn to certain new aspects of the history of social life of the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th century.
		Chapter 'The 16'h Century s Grand Duchy of Lithuania: The Middle Ages or the Early New Ages?' (page 26} asserts the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in the 16th century, in it's public life, enjoyed every right or privilege originating from public rule, nevertheless accompanied by a burden of duties and responsibility.
		The aim was to introduce the words the nobility of the 16th century's Grand Duchy of Lithuania used to refer to their historical multinational homeland.
	www.bajorusajunga.lt /mes_lietuva.html (2120 words)

	Elerto_straipsnis
		In 1801, the coastal strip of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania became a part of Lithuanian province of Vilnius.
		In 1523, the Grand Master Albrecht delayed remuneration in a form of salt, which was due for the booty of amber.
		The precentor flew to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
	www.pgm.lt /Gintaras/elerto.en.htm (5608 words)

	Praŭnik \| Articles \| Humanism and the Supremacy of Law in the Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of 1529 the principle of humanism was realized in the form of securing the unity of law for every Lithuanian subject (Litvin).
		III the Grand Duke promises “to reserve all the Christian rights and freedoms for all the princes and pany-rada, gentry, knights, bourgeoisie and all the civilians…” And again it is stated that all the people of the Duchy elected their rulers, as claimed in the act of Žyhimont, 1506.
		According to the articles of the Statute of 1588 the Grand Duke was obliged to act in compliance with its regulations.
	www.praunik.org /en/artykuly/77 (2434 words)

	The History of Belarus Belarusian History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		THE RAISE OF THE GRAND DUCHY OF The Lithuanian tribes inhabited the territories of contemporary Lithuania and the north-west of Belarus.
		The mutual contacts between Ruthenians and Lithuanians were accompanied with migration of Kryvich settlers to Lithuania, as well as attraction of Lithuanian colonists to protect the lands of Polacak and Minsk.
		Vitovt was proclaimed as the grand duke of Lithuania and Ruthenia (Samogitia was occupated by the Crusaders), while Jagello became the supreme duke of Lithuania and Ruthenia.
	www.albaruthenia.by.ru /belhist/lithuania.htm (1026 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Lithuania, 1569-1795
		Sigismund Augustus), annexed the Grand Duchy's southern districts to Poland; in the end Lithuania's leading families gave in, in order not to lose the support of Lithuania's lower nobility which supported the union.
		The Grand Ducht of Lithuania, although retaining a separate administration and army, lost its independent political representation (the Lithuanian assembly) and its right to elect a Duke independent from Poland's parliament.
		A small part of Catholic Lithuania, the area located to the west of the Nemunas (Njemen, Memel) River, in 1795 was annexed by Prussia (to remain Prussian for only a brief period).
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/eceurope/lithuania15691795.html (546 words)

	Between Romantic Nostalgia and Historio-Pedagogic Sentiments: A Few Ways to Discourse the Lithuanian Past - Tereskinas
		Lithuania's past was correctly treated as having a unique development, in contrast to the claims of Polish and Russian historians of the end of the nineteenth century.
		The authors of the History of Lithuania argued that the Grand Duchy was the leading power in the "Russian plains" during the fourteenth, fifteenth and partly the sixteenth centuries; it successfully obstructed "German expansion" toward the east, while forming the great empire which united the manifold Slavonic peoples.
		Since the creed of the Grand Duke Algirdas is a crucial factor in the evaluation of the impact and extent of the East Slavic culture on the Lithuanian state, Algirdas's change of his religious profession several times during his life and his chameleonic figure did not allow to make any definite conclusion about such influence.
	www.lituanus.org /1997/97_3_02.htm (7068 words)

	The origins of the Grand Duchy of Litva (Lithuania)
		Recently I came across the article on the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, where the GDL is described as a Lithuanian State with a strong Russian population - not a single word about the Belarusians!
		The answer to this question is that at the time when the GDL was founded, the name "Litva" (=Lithuania) referred not to what today is modern Lithuania, but to a Baltic tribe living on the territory of today`s Belarus.
		The territory of modern Lithuania, which was inhabited by Baltic tribes, on the other hand, was referred to as "Zhmudz" or "Zhamojtija".
	www.belarusguide.com /as/history/vklintro.html (837 words)

	Belarus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For instance, he was one of the godfathers of the Tribunal, the highest judicial board of the Grand Duchy.
		That time the nobility of the Grand Duchy were dissatisfied with the Union of 1569 with Poland.
		Preface of The Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia and Samogitia
	www.albaruthenia.by.ru /art/eng/sapega.htm (989 words)

	Bank of Lithuania
		The Museum has two main expositions: “Trade Relations of the Baltic Tribes in the 1st-13th Centuries and the Currency of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th-18th Centuries” and “Development of Banking in Lithuania.
		They present the monetary relations of the inhabitants of the territory of Lithuania, the trade relations in the early centuries A.D., the history of Lithuanian currency from the appearance of the first coins in late 14th century to the present, the history and development of the banks of Lithuania.
		The exhibits include German, Russian, Polish money and currency units issued by other countries and military formations and used in Lithuania prior to the introduction of the Litas in 1922, all Litas and centas issues started during the period between two World Wars, and specimens of Lithuanian banknotes and coins that were never issued.
	www.lb.lt /eng/museum/expositions.html (428 words)

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