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	Grand duchy - Definition, explanation
		Grand Duke is also the usual and established translation of sovereign Grand Prince in languages which do not have separate words meaning prince for (1) the non-ruling relatives of a monarch, and (2) monarch (sovereign or like) princes.
		that was suffragan to Hamburg and embraced the Duchy of Lauenburg (Holstein) in the Prussian Province of...
		Embassy of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in the Czech Republic, with a...
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/g/gr/grand_duchy.php (1830 words)

	Grand duchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Grand Duke is also the usual and established translation of sovereign Grand Prince in languages which do not have separate words meaning prince for (1) the non-ruling relatives of a monarch, and (2) monarch (sovereign or like) princes.
		However, a grand prince was usually only primus inter pares within a dynasty, other princes of the dynasty were approximately as entitled to succession as the then ruler (succession was for example through agnatic seniority or rotation), and often other members of the dynasty ruled parts of the same realm as some sort of "sub-princes".
		From 1328 the Velikii Kniaz of Muscovy appeared as the Grand Duke for "all of Russia" until Ivan IV of Russia in 1547 was crowned as Tsar.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_duchy (1554 words)

	Republic of Belarus: history in dates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Adoption of the I Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
		The abolition of the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Vitebsk and Mogilev provinces.
		The decree of Nikolaj the Ist on abolition of the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Vil'no, Grodno and Minsk provinces.
	icpo.at.tut.by /historye.html (1808 words)

	Grand duchy - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		An early use of the title was in Grand Duchy of Lithuania (since 14th century), Grand Duchy of Moscow, and also in Tuscany, which became a grand duchy in 1569, and remained one until 1860, when it was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia.
		* The Grand Duchy of Berg ( 1806 - 1813)
		The Grand Duchy of Karameikos (Dungeons and Dragons Gazetteer GAZ1)
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /grand_duchy.htm (556 words)

	Grand Duchy of Lithuania
		Grand Duchy of Lithuania ( Polish : Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie, Belarusian : Вялі́кае Кня́ства Літо́ўскае) was an Eastern European state in 13th - 16th centuriescenturies.
		After Lublin Union in 1569, Grand Duchy of Lithuania was an integral part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (having separate laws, an army and treasury) till the final partition of this state in 1795.
		Moscows speedy expansion soon put it into a position to rival Lithuania, however, and after the annexation of Novgorod in 1478 Moscow was unquestionably the preeminent state in North East Europe.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/grand_duchy_of_lithuania (1289 words)

	grand duchy of Moscow - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Moscow, grand duchy of state existing in W central Russia from the late 14th to mid-16th cent., with the city of Moscow as its nucleus.
		Yuri was temporarily appointed grand duke of Vladimir by the khan of the Empire of the Golden Horde.
		The adjacent areas were subdued or acquired, and Moscow's importance continued to increase, particularly under Ivan I's grandson, Dmitri Donskoi (1359-89), who was probably the first to bear the title grand duke of Moscow.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Moscowgd.html (672 words)

	Definition of Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Since the Lublin Union in 1569, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was an integral part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (having separate laws, an army and treasury) till the final partition of this state in 1795.
		Grand Duchy of Lithuania retained many rights in that federation (including separate treasury and army) until the May Constitution of Poland was passed 1791.
		The Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1253-1795 ( http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/grandduchy.htm)
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania (1623 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Grand Duchy is the appellation of the territory of a sovereign Grand Duke's territory.
		Grand Duke is also the usual and established translation in English and French of the Russian courtesy title Velikiy Knjaz (grand prince) of Russia, which from 17th century belonged to members of the family of the Russian tsar, although those Grand dukes were not sovereigns.
		From 1328 the Velikii Kniaz of Muscovy appeared as the Grand Duke for "all of Russia" until Ivan IV of Russia in 1547 was crowned as Tsar.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=grand_duchy (1644 words)

	AllRefer.com - Moscow, grand duchy of (Russian, Soviet, And CIS History) - Encyclopedia
		Moscow or Muscovy, grand duchy of, state existing in W central Russia from the late 14th to mid-16th cent., with the city of Moscow as its nucleus.
		His son, Yuri (1303–25), launched the struggle for Moscow's predominance in Russia, competing for leadership with the prince of Tver for both the title of grand duke and the allegiance of the less powerful Russian princes.
		Yuri was temporarily appointed grand duke of Vladimir by the khan of the Empire of the Golden Horde.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/Moscowgd.html (536 words)

	Muscovy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Muscovy ( Moscow principality (ÐºÐ½ÑÐ¶ÐµÑÑÐ²Ð¾ ÐÐ¾ÑÐºÐ¾Ð²ÑÐºÐ¾Ðµ) to Grand Duchy of Moscow (Ð’ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ðµ ÐÐ½ÑÐ¶ÐµÑÑÐ²Ð¾ ÐÐ¾ÑÐºÐ¾Ð²ÑÐºÐ¾Ðµ) to Russian Tsardom (Ð¦Ð°ÑÑÑÐ²Ð¾ Ð ÑÑÑÐºÐ¾Ðµ) is a traditional Western name for the Russian state that existed from the 14th century to the late 17th century.
		The Great Princedom of Moscow, as the state is known in Russian records, was the predecessor of the Russian Empire and the successor of Kievan Rus' in its northern lands.
		In 1610 that heir apparent was proclaimed tsar, and the Poles occupied Moscow.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muscovy (3645 words)

	Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
		The Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the third edition of which was published in 1588, were written in Belarusian, and were the first full code of laws written in Europe since Roman Law.
		Grand Duke Zhygimont announced on the Sojm (a congress of aristocracy - main ruling body of Grand Duchy of Lithuania) decision in Vilnia in 1522 that because of many inconsistencies in courts he was planning to write a general law to prevent further legal uncertainaty.
		The Vice Chancellor of Grand Duchy of Lithuania Leu Sapega was the soul of the third revision of Statut.
	www.belarusguide.com /culture1/texts/Statut.html (1444 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Grand Duchy of Finland () was the predecessor state of modern Finland that existed in its territory 1809–1917 as part of the Russian Empire.
		For the foundation of the Grand Duchy as an entity with relatively greater autonomy within the Russian realm, and for the regain of the so-called Old Finland that was lost to Russia in the previous century, the Finnish-born Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, councillor to the emperor, was instrumental.
		The emperor ruled as the Grand Duke of Finland and was represented in Finland by the Governor-General of Finland.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Grand_Duchy_of_Finland (885 words)

	Smolensk Hotels
		The westward expansion of the grand duchy of Moscow made Smolensk a target of prolonged struggle between Moscow and Poland-Lithuania.
		It was captured by the Lithuanians in 1408, taken by the Russians in 1514, occupied by the Poles in 1611, and reconquered in 1654 by the Russians, to whom it passed by the Treaty of Andrusov (1667).
		Having burned Moscow, Napoleon retreated in November to Smolensk but was forced by the Russians under General Kutuzov to continue his retreat.
	www.hotels-russia.info /smolensk.htm (315 words)

	GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA
		The constitution of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was very peculiar.
		The political support of Tver was pregnant with the conflict with Moscow, but the sources of the conflict lied, of course, deeper.
		The Grand Duchy of Moscow at that time also started integration of the Russian lands and this way became Lithuania's principal rival.
	www.cozy-corner.com /history_eng/events_grand_duchy_lithuania.htm (1232 words)

	Muscovy - Iridis Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Muscovy ( Moscow principality (княжество Московское) to Grand Duchy of Moscow ((Великое Княжество Московское)) to Russian Tsardom (Царство Русское)) was the predecessor of the Russian Empire and the successor of Kievan Rus' in its northern lands.
		Moscow served as the place of origin of the Russian Tsars.
		In the 14th century, the grand princes of Muscovy began gathering Russian lands to increase the population and wealth under their rule.
	www.iridis.com /Muscovy (3584 words)

	www.Lietuva.lt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		He was the last ruler of the Grand Duchy to have spoken the Lithuanian language.
		The composition of the army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was documented.
		Stephen Bathory, the Vaivode of Transylvania, was elected the King and Grand Duke of the Republic.
	www.lietuva.lt /index.php?Lang=5&ItemId=29450 (3011 words)

	White Russia(Belorussia)
		From the 13th till the 16th century the territory of contemporary Belarus was the center of a medieval polyethnic state-Grand Duchy of Litva.
		The Grand Duchy of Litva which is sometimes called by historians Belarusan-Lithuanian state was one of the largest, most powerful and flourishing states in medieval Eastern Europe.
		In 1569 the Grand Duchy of Litva and the Polish Kingdom established a political union according to which the Litva-Poland confederation- Rzecz Pospolita-emerged.
	www.kresy.co.uk /belorus.html (645 words)

	Central Europe Review - A Brief History of Lithuania
		The grand dukes also tried to win Papal acknowledgement of their grand duchy, but the issue of strong paganism and the activities of the Germanic crusaders always played a role.
		He established the capital of the Grand Duchy at Vilnius and was, according to legends, guided by the howls of wolves.
		Antanas Smetona, the "grand old man" of Lithuanian democracy and head of the council that proclaimed independence, became the first president of the country, but stepped down after the proclamation of the new constitution in 1922 and was replaced by Aleksandras Stulginskis.
	www.ce-review.org /00/27/lithuania27_history.html (2750 words)

	Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus' and Samogitia is the name of the principality that at times covered the territory of present day Lithuania, Poland and Belarus.
		Later in it's existence it was, for nearly two centuries, part of the Polish- Lithuania n Commonwealth, with separate laws, an army and treasury.
		Moscow ’s speedy expansion soon put it into a position to rival Lithuania, however, and after the annexation of Novgorod in 1478 Moscow was unquestionably the preeminent state in North East Europe.
	www.portaljuice.com /grand_duchy_of_lithuania.html (1078 words)

	Business, economics, investments and travel of Belarus. The help in implementation.
		Early in the 13th century the Belarusian lands and duchies took part in the creation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was necessitated by the threat from Crusaders and Mongols and Tartars (the latter captured eastern and southern provinces of Russia in 1230-1240's).
		In the course of the wars in late 15th-early 16th centuries the Moscow state acquired a number of eastern, including Belarusian, territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, part of which was returned in 1534-1537.
		The Vilno University was closed, and the 1588 Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was invalidated.
	busiby.250x.com /12history.htm (2732 words)

	Moscow, grand duchy of. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		His son, Yuri (1303–25), launched the struggle for Moscow’s predominance in Russia, competing for leadership with the prince of Tver for both the title of grand duke and the allegiance of the less powerful Russian princes.
		His younger brother, Ivan I (Ivan Kalita; 1328–41), was not only granted the title of grand duke (1328) but was given the right to collect Tatar tributes from neighboring principalities.
		The adjacent areas were subdued or acquired, and Moscow’s importance continued to increase, particularly under Ivan I’s grandson, Dmitri Donskoi (1359–89), who was probably the first to bear the title grand duke of Moscow.
	www.bartleby.com /65/mo/Moscowgd.html (462 words)

	A Historiographic Survey of Lithuanian-Polish Relations - B. Dundulis
		According to him, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the political and cultural heir of old Russia in the same way as was the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
		Union with Poland was caused by the weakening of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
		He was interested in the social and economic questions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and in Lithuania's relations with Poland especially after the Union of Lublin.
	www.lituanus.org /1971/71_4_01.htm (9214 words)

	Suzdal Hotels.
		as an important city of the grand duchy of Vladimir-Suzdal and a political and religious center of Russia.
		In 1451, Suzdal passed to the grand duchy of Moscow.
		Landmarks include an ancient Kremlin with a cathedral and a monastery, a 17th-century bell tower, and bishops' palaces from the 15th to 18th cent.
	www.hotels-russia.info /suzdal.htm (126 words)

	The Grand Duchy of Lithuania
		From the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ruled over large parts of Eastern Europe, extending its influence from the Black Sea to the Baltic.
		The Grand Duchy is marked by periods of rule of several well-loved and well-known rulers; Gediminas, Mindaugas, and Vytautas are still remembered in modern Lithuanian songs and poems.
		The politics of the Grand Duchy, especially its close ties with Poland, are often confusing and dramatic, and ultimately decisive to the fate of the Lithuanians.
	depts.washington.edu /baltic/papers/pol-lith.html (1982 words)

	moscow - Definitions from Dictionary.com
		First mentioned in 1147, Moscow became the capital of the principality of Muscovy and by the 15th century was the capital of the Russian state and the seat of the metropolitan (later patriarch) of the Russian Orthodox Church.
		Capital and largest city of Russia, located in the west-central region on the Moscow River; Russia's economic and cultural center.
		Note: In 1991, hundreds of thousands of Muscovites, led by Boris Yeltsin, rallied against a coup that had overthrown reformist president Mikhail Gorbachev, resulting in the defeat of the coup plotters, the end of the communist system, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
	dictionary.reference.com /browse/moscow (429 words)

	Moscow — Infoplease.com
		grand duchy of Moscow - Moscow or Muscovy, grand duchy of Moscow or Muscovy, grand duchy of, state existing in W central...
		Gorky, suburb of Moscow, Russia - Gorky Gorky or Gorky Leninskoye, suburb of Moscow, central European Russia.
		Moscow, city, Russia: History - History Although archaeological evidence indicates that the site has been occupied since Neolithic...
	www.infoplease.com /dictionary/brewers/moscow.html (176 words)

	[No title]
		After the victory of Dmitri Donskoi (reigned 1359–89) over the Tatars at Kulikovo in 1380, the grand duchy of Vladimir was bequeathed, without the sanction of the Golden Horde, to his son Vasily (reigned 1389–1425), and its rulers began to be called grand dukes of Moscow or Muscovy (see Moscow, grand duchy of).
		Having married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Ivan considered Moscow the third Rome and himself heir to the tradition of the Byzantine Empire.
		In 1547, at the age of 17, Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible; reigned 1533–84) was crowned czar of all Russia.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/world/countries/russia.html?nav=el (7063 words)

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