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Topic: Grand Duchy of Tuscany

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	Last Guillotine of the Maremma
		The reader is presented with a fascinating judicial chronicle from the "gusyo romanzesco", an unusual, authentic, and historical part of social life in the ancient and bitter "land of confinement" - the "terra di confino" - the Maremma of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
		The death penalty was then reconfirmed for all municipal crimes by Grand Duke Ferdinand III after the fall of Napoleon.
		Five of those sentenced were condemned to death by means of the guillotine, which was introduced to Tuscany by order of Grand Duke Ferdinand III on August 29, 1817.
	www.montepescali.com /guillotinebook-eng-version.html (413 words)

	Encyclopedia: Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Grand Duchy consisted of most of the territory of the current Italian region of Tuscany, with the exception of the northernmost portions, which formed the Duchy of Massa, the Principality of Carrara, and the Republic and then Duchy of Lucca (up to 1847).
		The Grand Duchy was initially ruled by the Medici family, until its extinction in 1737, when it was inherited by Duke Francis Stephen of Lorraine, son-in-law of Emperor Charles VI.
		In December of 1859, the Grand Duchy officially ceased to existing, being companied with the Duchies of Modena and Parma to form the United Provinces of Central Italy, which was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia a few months later, in March of 1860.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Grand-Duchy-of-Tuscany (405 words)

	History of Tuscany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Medici family, long one of the most important families in Florence, and by extension Tuscany, were able to transform the Republic of Florence into a Ducal State ruled by a hereditary succession in the 16th century.
		Tuscany under Medici rule, which lasted until 1737, was transformed in a number of ways, not always positively.
		Though 'Tuscany' remained a linguistic, cultural and geographic conception, rather than a political reality, in the 15th Century, Florence extended dominion in Tuscany through the purchase of Pisa in 1405 and the suppression of a local resistance there (1406).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Tuscany (599 words)

	Grand Duchy of Tuscany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was a state in central Italy which came into existence in 1569, replacing the, which had been created out of the old Republic of Florence in 1532, and which annexed the in 1557.
		The Grand Duchy consisted of most of the territory of the current Italian region of Tuscany, with the exception of the northernmost portions, which formed the, the, and the and then Duchy of Lucca (up to 1847).
		In December of 1859, the Grand Duchy officially ceased to existing, being companied with the Duchies of Modena and Parma to form the, which was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia a few months later, in March of 1860.
	www.bexley.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany (441 words)

	The Order of Saint Stephen of Tuscany (Ordine di Santo Stefano di Toscana) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Furthermore, since the Grand Magistery was attached to the Medici as Dukes of Florence (a personal title which did not of itself confer sovereignty) and was unrelated to the Sovereignty of Tuscany, the Order was able to survive the abolition of the state of Tuscany in 1859.
		[9] The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was reconstituted as the Kingdom of Etruria under Lodovico, former Duke of Parma, and the new king became Grand Master of the Order by the terms of the peace of Lunéville on 9 February 1801.
		The Grand Duchy was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia by Victor Emmanuel II on 22 March 1860, in spite of their protests.
	www.chivalricorders.org /royalty/habsburg/tuscany/stephen.htm (4230 words)

	The surviving prerogatives and titles of the Grand Ducal House of Tuscany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Grand Duke had claimed the right to name his daughter as heiress on the grounds that as ruler of Florence, which he had insisted was not an Imperial fief, he could dispose of the non-feudal territories as he wished, with the necessary consent of the Florentine Senate.
		The Grand Dukes, of course, were sensible to the traditions of the House of Habsburg and, as eventual heirs to Austria in the event of the extinction of the male line of Franz I, conformed to the laws of the House in respect of marriage.
		Grand Duke Giuseppe (Joseph Ferdinand) died in 1942 and was succeeded as Grand Duke by his next brother,[46] Archduke Pietro (Peter Ferdinand), who had married equally in 1900 to his cousin, Princess Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies, a daughter of the Count of Caserta, by whom he had two sons.
	www.chivalricorders.org /royalty/habsburg/tuscany/survprerogtusc.htm (11026 words)

	Grand Duchy of Tuscany -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Grand Duchy's capital was in (A town in northeast South Carolina; transportation center) Florence.
		Francis Stephen, who became Emperor in 1745, ruled Tuscany until his death in 1765, when he was succeeded by his younger son, (Click link for more info and facts about Peter Leopold) Peter Leopold, who ruled well until 1790, when he returned to Vienna to succeed his brother as Emperor.
		The Grand Duchy was then dissolved, and replaced by the (Click link for more info and facts about Kingdom of Etruria) Kingdom of Etruria, under Bourbon-Parma dynasts.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/gr/grand_duchy_of_tuscany.htm (330 words)

	STATES OF THE CHURCH - LoveToKnow Article on STATES OF THE CHURCH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		by the kingdom of Naples, on the S.W. by the Mediterranean, and on the W. by the grand-duchy of Tuscany and the duchy of Modena.
		Previously the several districts formally recognized were Latium, the Marittima (or sea-board) and Campagna, the patrimony of Saint Peter, the duchy of Castr, the Orvietano, the Sabina, Umbria, the Perugino, the March of Ancona, Romagna, the Bolognese, the Ferrarese, and the duchies of Benevento and of Pontecorvo.
		With the moral and ecclesiastical decay of the papacy in the 9th and 10th centuries much of its territorial authority slipped from its grasp; and by the middle of the I Ith century its rule was not recognized beyond Rome and the immediate vicinity.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /S/ST/STATES_OF_THE_CHURCH.htm (522 words)

	LEOPOLD II. - LoveToKnow Article on LEOPOLD II. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		(1747-1792), Roman emperor, and grand-duke of Tuscany, son of the empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I., was born in Vienna on the 5th of May 1747.
		On the death of his elder brother Charles in 1761 it was decided that he should succeed to his fathers grand duchy of Tuscany, which was erected into a secundogeniture or apanage for a second son.
		During the last few years of his rule in Tuscany Leopold had begun to be frightened by the increasing disorders in the German and Hungarian dominions of his family, which were the direct result of his brothers headlong methods.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LE/LEOPOLD_II_.htm (556 words)

	Fattorie Granducato di Toscana - The Grand Duchy of Tuscany
		Later that title passed on to his two sons: in 1574 to Francesco I and in 1578 to Ferdinando I. During the reign of these Grand Dukes the court's table was again characterised by the luxury and intemperance that it had at the beginning of the century.
		In fact, the feast that Ferdinando I prepared in 1600 in occasion of the marriage of the niece Maria with Henry IV of France is said to be the richest in the history of Florence.
		In 1786 Tuscany was the first country that included the principles of Beccaria in its penal code: thus torture and death penalties were abolished.
	www.fattoriegranducato.com /inglese/storia_granducato_toscana.htm (1292 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Tuscany, 1814-1860
		In 1814 the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was restored and Grand Duke Ferdinand of Habsburg-Lorraine returned; many reforms introduced by the French administration (1808-1814) were retained.
		Tuscany joined the short-lived LEAGUE OF ITALIAN STATES (-1849), with Piemont and the Papal States, an anti-Habsburgian alliance.
		Grand Duke Leopold fled, to return with an Austrian army; the republic was suppressed (1849), the constitution suppressed (1852); Leopold then ruled absolute.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/italy/tuscany181460.html (342 words)

	ipedia.com: Grand Duchy Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		An early use of the title was in Grand Duchy of Lithuania (since 14th century), Grand Duchy of Moscow, and also in Tuscany, which became a grand duchy in 1569, and remained one until 1860, when it was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia.
		The Duchy of Warsaw (1809-1813) - not Grand
		It has been a grand duchy since 1815, when the Netherlands became an independent kingdom and Luxembourg was handed over to the King of the Netherlands, William I.
	www.ipedia.com /grand_duchy.html (411 words)

	Italy
		Tuscany was one of the major divisions of the Kingdom of Italy under Carolingian rule and later.
		The Duchy of Florence was upgraded to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in 1569, and Cosimo's line continued until 1737.
		The Duchy of Parma was detached by the Emperor Charles V from Milan to be added to the Papal States, but Pope Paul III (1534-1549), Paolo Farnese, used it for his illegitimate son, Pier Luigi, instead.
	www.friesian.com /italia.htm (9545 words)

	Travel Channel :: Tuscany with Siena (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Tuscany, or Toscana, lies in central Italy, midway down the peninsula, with miles of coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea.
		Tuscany was populated, at least by the 7th century BC, by the Etruscans, a mysterious lot who chose to live on hills -- the better to see the approaching enemy.
		By the 12th century, the formation of city-states was occurring throughout Tuscany, in part, perhaps, because it was unclear exactly who was in charge.
	travel.discovery.com /destinations/fodors/tuscany/overview.html (566 words)

	JMH Abstracts: Vol. 68, No. 4
		This study examines one element of the sophisticated military administration that operated during the reign of Edward's predecessor, Henry III (1216-72): the construction, storage, and transportation of the artillery that was so important for the conduct of siege operations.
		Tuscany's geopolitical situation in the seventeenth century was unique and unenviable.
		The historiography of the Medici Grand Duchy, in particular of the reign of Ferdinand II, has ignored the difficult position that the ruling family faced and has overlooked its diplomatic and military successes.
	www.smh-hq.org /jmh/volumes/jmh684/abs684.html (631 words)

	NINETEENTH GENERATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Grand Duke Ferdinand III of TUSCANY was born in 1769 in Austria - son of Leopold II.
		He Ruled Grand Duchy of Tuscany between 1790 and 1801.
		He Regained Duchy of Tuscany between 1814 and 1824.
	home.att.net /~hamiltonclan/hamilton/gilbert/d11089.htm (46 words)

	The Grand-Duchy of Tuscany
		After Mathilde left her estates to the Pope in 1115, the line of local imperial representatives was broken, and the cities of Tuscany increasingly asserted their independence, although they were racked by internal strife between partisans of the Emperor (the Ghibellines) and those of the Papacy (the Guelfs).
		As for Tuscany, it was now allocated Tuscany as compensation to François de Lorraine, husband of Maria-Teresa, who gave up his duchy to the dispossessed king of Poland Stanislas Leszcynski and loser of the War (father-in-law of the king of France).
		By a Motu-Proprio of 1763, he erected a "secundogeniture", leaving the duchy after his death to his second surviving son Peter Leopold I (1747-92) and his male issue, with reversion rights to the rest of the house of Austria.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/tuscany.htm (3942 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - - ARCHIVE - Court of the Republic of Genoa
		A new era for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany with Fernando I de Medici, in 1558 RPG.
		As a sign of the Genovese goodwill and friendship toward the Duchy of Piedmonte, the Republic of Genoa hereby transfers every of her claims on the island and principality of Corsica onto the Dukes of Piedmonte.
		The Italian Trade Union is founded by the Duchies of Milan, Modena and Piemonte, in order to promote the trade, therefore to increase the general welfare in the Italian peninsula, particulalry in its Imperial part.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=126877&page=3 (10977 words)

	Stamps and Covers from D&D !
		The European powers gave the Grand Duchy to Francis Stephen of Lorena, husband of Maria Teresa of Austria.
		In 1851, Tuscany's Grand Duchy included Florence, Siena, Arezzo, Grosseto, Pisa, Livorno and Elba island; Grand Duke was Leopoldo II of Lorena.
		In April 27 1859, during the second war of independence waved in Florence the Italian tricolor; the Grand Duke left Florence and a Provisional Governement was established.
	www.fortunecity.com /business/millionaire/1064/st.html (233 words)

	Etrurian Kingdom (1801-1807) (Italy) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		He was removed in 1808 and Napoleon then revived the Grand Duchy of Tuscany to Elisa Bonaparte.
		The wife of Louis, and hence queen of Etruria, was Marie-Louise, daughter of Charles IV (Carlos IV) king of Spain.
		Instead, after the fall of Napoleon, it reverted to being a Grand Duchy, with the Grand Duke from the house of Habsbourg.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/it-etrur.html (606 words)

	ITALY - GRAND DUCHY OF TUSCANY
		"Lion of Tuscany" One crazia deep carmine on blued paper, watermark "Crowns in Sheet", a Superb used example with large margins on all four sides, huge for this issue, cancelled with the "FIRENZE" in "heart" (R.F.7), rich colour, and entirely free from faults or repairs.
		"Lion of Tuscany", six crazie deep blue, on blue paper, from the First Printings, watermark "Crowns in Sheet", used example with three margins clear of the framelines, and showing small part of the adjacent stamp at right, but just cut into at left.
		"Lion of Tuscany", six crazie deep blue, on blue paper, from the First Printings, watermark "Crowns in Sheet", used example with large margins on three sides, showing part of the adjacent stamp at right, but slightly cut in at left.
	www.sismondostamps.com /retenth/Tuscany.htm (1781 words)

	Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Leopold was born in Vienna, a third son, and was at first educated for the priesthood, but the theological studies to which he was forced to apply himself are believed to have influenced his mind in a way unfavourable to the Church.
		This settlement was the condition of his marriage on August 5, 1764 with Maria Louisa, daughter of Charles III of Spain, and on the death of his father Francis I (August 13, 1765), he succeeded to the grand duchy.
		Among them were: Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany; the Archduke Charles, a celebrated soldier; the Archduke John, also a soldier; the Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary; and the Archduke Rainer, Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia.
	www.usedaudiparts.com /search.php?title=Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (1605 words)

	joseph ressa
		At the close of the 18th century, Italy was divided in 9 independent states whose origin went back to the middle ages.
		They were: kingdom of Piedmont, Republic of Genoa, Duchy of Parma, Duchy of Modena, Republic of Venice, Republic of Lucca, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Vatican state, and the kingdom of Two Sicilies known also as the kingdom of Naples.
		Tuscany became a Grand Duchy with the Lorena dynasty while The ancient republic of Lucca, dating from the middle ages was assigned to a bourbon branch as a duchy.
	www.ilportaledelsud.org /unification-1000.htm (377 words)

	cronologia 1862 - 1990
		He is the first Lorraine to reside in Tuscany, and thus to personally take charge of the government.
		He is one of the “enlightened sovereigns” of the time, and forms in the Grand-duchy a state at the vanguard in administration and juridical structure.
		1849 On the trail of the first war of independence the granduke must leave tuscany and a provisional government is established, lasting form the 7th of february to the 12th of april of that year, when after the defeat of novara, leopoldo II reenters tuscany landing in Viareggio e passing through Pisa.
	www.alfea.it /storie/storie_eng/colet/cronologia/crono_1800.html (539 words)

	Florence Bed and breakfast - A Florence View, Tuscany, Italy
		After Lorenzo?s death in 1492, Florence witnessed a long period of wars that led to the end of the Florentine Republic and saw the birth of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, ruled first by a younger branch of the Medici family and following, by the Hapsburg-Lorena family.
		Despite alternating events the Grand Duchy survived up until the political unification of Italy, of which Florence was capital from 1865 to 1871.
		This marked the beginning of a profound restructuring of the city that led to the knocking down of the walls and the erasing of several ancient quarters in the center that endowed Florence with its present-day appearance.
	www.bed-breakfast-florence.com (540 words)

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