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	Grand duke
		Grand Duke is the traditional translation of the title, velikii kniaz, which from the 11th century was the title of first the leading Russian prince (in Kiev), then of several Russian princes.
		From 1328 the velikii kniaz of Muscovy appeared as the Grand Duke for "all of Russia" until Ivan IV in 1547 was crowned as tsar, thereafter the title was given to sons and grandsons of the tsar and emperors of Russia.
		Further, Grand Duke is the translated form of the title megadoukas, infrequently used in the Byzantine Empire during the Palaeologian dynasty[?] (1259-1453).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/gr/Grand_duke.html (499 words)

	Warsaw Grand Duchy of - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Warsaw, Grand Duchy of, political unit created by Napoleon I in the early 19th century from Polish lands formerly partitioned to Prussia and...
		Warsaw grew, in the early 14th century, around the castle of the dukes of Masovia.
		Luxembourg, Capital of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Warsaw_Grand_Duchy_of.html (145 words)

	Duchy of Warsaw - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Duchy of Warsaw (Polish: Księstwo Warszawskie; French: Duché de Varsovie; German: Herzogtum Warschau) was a Polish state established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807 from the Polish lands ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit.
		In fact, the duchy was heavily militarised, bordered as it was by Prussia, the Austrian Empire, and Russia, and it was to be a significant source for troops in various campaigns of Napoleon.
		Poles expected in 1812 that the duchy would be upgraded to the status of a kingdom and that during Napoleon's march on Russia, it would be joined with the liberated territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland's historic partner in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Warsaw (1755 words)

	Warsaw. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		It fell temporarily to the Swedes under Charles X (1655–56) and Charles XII (1702), was occupied by the Russians in 1792 and 1794, and passed to Prussia in 1795.
		Liberated by Napoleon I in 1806, it became (1807) the capital of the grand duchy of Warsaw (see Poland) and was the scene in 1812 of a diet that proclaimed the reestablishment of Poland.
		Warsaw was the principal center of unsuccessful Polish uprisings against Russian domination in 1830 and 1863.
	www.bartleby.com /65/wa/Warsaw.html (620 words)

	Duchy of Warsaw (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		During Napoleon's Russian campaign in 1812 the Polish Parliament passed an act restoring the Kingdom, renaming the Duchy of Warsaw the Kingdom of Poland in union with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but with the campaign's failure, the status of the Duchy of Warsaw was restored.
		Poles expected in 1812 that the Duchy would be upgraded to the status of a kingdom, and that during Napoleon's march on Russia, it would be joined with the liberated territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
		Grand Duchy of Poznan annexed by Prussia - 29,000 km²
	duchy-of-warsaw.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (568 words)

	Grand Duchy of Lithuania (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Since the Lublin Union in 1569, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign State of Confederation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (having separate laws, an army and treasury) until the annexation of Confederation by Imperial Russia, Prussia and Austria in the effect of the Partitions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795.
		Being expanded presumably by peaceful means, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a multinational state, where all its parts (Catholic Lithuanians and Poles, Orthodox and Uniate East Slavs, Jews, Armenians, Germans etc.) contributed to cultural and political life.
		Grand Duchy of Lithuania retained many rights in that federation (including separate treasury and army) until the May Constitution of Poland was passed 1791.
	grand-duchy-of-lithuania.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (1724 words)

	Warsaw - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		It fell temporarily to the Swedes under Charles X (1655-56) and Charles XII (1702), was occupied by the Russians in 1792 and 1794, and passed to Prussia in 1795.
		The city was the scene in 1926 of a military coup that established Marshal Joseph Piłsudski's dictatorship.
		Lights over Warsaw: A constellation of crackshot directors is reanimating Polish theatre--and Grzegorz Jarzyna is their leading luminary.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-warsaw.html (794 words)

	Napoleon in Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		His creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw was viewed with alarm by the Russian aristocracy as a prelude to an independent state of Poland.
		Alexander was urged to reestablish Poland with himself as king, and in April 1812 he issued an ultimatum: Napoleon must evacuate his troops from Prussia and the Grand Duchy.
		Yet he considered the Grand Duchy essential to maintaining the existing frontiers of his Empire.
	www.ddg.com /LIS/InfoDesignF97/car/prologue.htm (286 words)

	Book 16, Chapter 22
		When the war-cry was shouted from the streets of Warsaw, and he was declared the leader of the patriots, he knew it was a dreadful struggle in which he was to engage.
		Warsaw shrieked in dismay and anguish, as she saw her brave sons cut off from her protecting walls—the river ran blood, and amid the flames of the burning houses, and cries of despair, Suwarrow raged with his bloodhounds amid the defenseless multitude.
		He continued in the Duchy of Warsaw, protected by the powerful arm of the French Emperor, till 1809, when Austria, for the sole purpose of frightening Saxony out of her friendship for France, invaded it.
	www.napoleonic-literature.com /Book_16/V2C22.htm (3021 words)

	Warsaw -- Zacharz on Line
		Warsaw is the Capital of Poland and its largest city.
		Warsaw became capital of the duchy Mazovia, which was under the Polish king's dependance, in 1413.
		In 1596 king Sigismund III Vasa established the Polish capital in Warsaw (prviously, since 1038, it was Cracow).
	www.zacharz.com /warszawa/english/warsaw.htm (367 words)

	History of Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		After the defeat of Prussia in 1807, he created a small Grand Duchy of Warsaw from the areas around Poznan and Warsaw, formerly under Prussian partition.
		In 1809, when the Austrians, in their ongoing war with Napoleon, attacked the Grand Duchy, the tenacious Polish defense at the Battle of Raszyn convinced them to allow the tiny Polish army south-east passage, in exchange for the surrender of Warsaw.
		The rest of the former Grand Duchy of Warsaw, called "the Congress Kingdom" or "the Kingdom of Poland", was given to the Russian Tsar.
	www.poland-embassy.si /eng/poland/history4.htm (1735 words)

	(Type a title for your page here) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		THE Grand Duchy of Warsaw perished with the Grand Army in the retreat from Moscow in 1812.
		The Russians occupied Warsaw on the 18th of February 1813 and overran the grand duchy, which thus came into their possession by conquest.
		The weakness of the Russian governor, General Gorchakov, in 1861 was a repetition of the feebleness of the Grand Duke Constantine in 1830.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /web/history/partitions/XXVIII (2275 words)

	Poland - XIX century flags
		The Grand Duchy of Warsaw was founded in 1807 (under the King of Saxony; Napoleon became Grand Duke in 1809, if I recall correctly).
		Grand Duchy of Warsaw was Napoleon's satellite state 1807-1815, but Napoleon never had been the Duke of it.
		It is very hard to tell what exactly flag was used in the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, but this could be rather red flag with white (silver) coat of arms - white eagle (like this one shown in Kingdom of Poland).
	flagspot.net /flags/pl-xix.html (800 words)

	AUSTERLITZ.org: Napoleonic Days 2006 - resumé
		Nearby the Tvarozna pond grew the period tent camp on Friday afternoon which was slowly filling with "soldiers" in uniforms of the French, Grand Duchy of Warsaw, Austrian, and Prussian army from the age of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
		Infantry Regiment of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and musketeers plus one artilleryman in Prussian uniforms 1797 pattern in which the Prussian army fought through the 1806 campaign.
		The battle exhibition under the Santon Hill was intended as the rehearsal of the scenario for the grand winter Austerlitz (December 1st-3rd).
	www.austerlitz.org /en/clanek/1191 (591 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Poland - Duchy of Warsaw, 1807-1813
		In 1809, Austria had to cede it's acquisition in the 3rd Polish Partition, and the Duchy of Warsaw doubled in size; the duchy had 2,400,000 inhabitants.
		Duchy of Warsaw : the Army, from Histofig; Uniforms, from Histofig
		Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw, 1807, from Verfassungen.de, in German
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/eceurope/duchywar.html (584 words)

	Poland 1807-1813 quiz -- free game
		In the spring of 1812, Napoleon's Grande Armee was reorganized in the preparation for the invasion of Russia.
		During the catastrophic retreat from Moscow, the Grande Armee was saved from the total destruction by the self-sacrificing bravery of military engineers who built, and then rebuilt again and again, the bridges on the icy Beresina river (27-28 November 1812).
		Although the Duchy of Warsaw practically ceased to exist in the spring of 1813, two of its fortresses did not surrender to the Russians until late December.
	www.funtrivia.com /playquiz.cfm?qid=106897 (323 words)

	PGSA - Poznan
		The annals of the Grand Duchy of Poznan~ since 1815 record this or that royal decree, ministerial rescript, ordination of regulations, etc., monotonous as the grave.
		The projected reorganization of the Grand Duchy of Poznan~ was shattered against the resistance of the German populace, which was ready to fight the Poles on its own.
		Materials for a description of the Grand Duchy in manu-script are found in the collections of the Poznan~ Towarzystwo Przyjacio~l Nauk [Poznan~ Society of Friends of Learning].
	www.pgsa.org /poznan.htm (1430 words)

	Pole_index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		When Napoleon gave the Grand Duchy of Warsaw its constitution in July of 1807, the existing Polish units in the French and Italian army were transferred to form it's new army.
		They defended the Duchy in 1809 when the Austrians invaded and were part of the V Corps of Emperor Napoleon's Grand Armee in its Russian campaign of 1812.
		Uniforms and equipment are to be as close as possible to the guidelines established on September 3, 1810 by the Duchy of Warsaw.
	www.brigade-napoleon.org /infantrie/poles/poles.htm (277 words)

	Grand Duchy of Warsaw - 1/3 Talara
		The Grand Duchy of Warsaw was an example of Napoleon's pragmatism in action.
		Always a man to tap available sources of manpower, he encouraged Polish nationalists to believe that he would re-establish the ancient Kingdom that had been partitioned in the 1790s by Austria, Russia and Prussia.
		The royal Saxon house had ancient claims on the Polish throne, so, as Napoleon saw it, establishing the Grand Duchy served the aims of legitimacy, Polish nationalism and, somewhat, the status quo of the Polish partitions.
	www.napoleonicmedals.org /coins/warsaw14-1.htm (313 words)

	Duchy grand moscow
		Conservation is duchy grand moscow particularly during the la tour dux bullionaeus supremus princeps.
		Duchy originals embodies the prince of wales picture gallery hrh the french army.
		More details in november at duchy grand moscow the hall for cornwall would be held etc. It called an opera drawing on history of bringing grand opera is a healthy state.
	duchy.sizzlingvalues.net /duchy-grand-moscow.html (401 words)

	POLISH SENATE AUTHORITIES (1493-1997)
		When the grand crown marshal was absent, the sessions were presided over by the court crown marshal.
		In the periods of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and the Congress Kingdom of Poland, the Senate would be presided over by the President of the Senate, who was appointed for life by the King from among the secular senators.
		Tomasz Antoni Ostrowski, 1811-1815, ex-Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw
	www.senat.gov.pl /k4eng/historia/noty/nota10e.htm (1604 words)

	AllRefer.com - Warsaw : History, Poland (Polish Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		The city was the scene in 1926 of a military coup that established Marshal Joseph Pilsudski's dictatorship.
		From Aug. to Oct., 1944, the Polish nationalist underground and German troops battled for Warsaw; while the battle was raging, the Soviet army, across the Vistula, remained inactive.
		The Germans, following their victory, expelled Warsaw's inhabitants and deliberately demolished the city.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/W/Warsaw-history.html (503 words)

	Poland, 1815: Preventing Violent Conflict: Teaching Guides: For The Classroom: Education: U.S. Institute of Peace
		During the Napoleonic Wars, parts of Poland were restored as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, dependent on France.
		With the fall of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, the Prussians and Russians hoped to gain further Polish territory.
		Once more, Poland would be divided, although the Russian-controlled part of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, was given a fairly liberal constitution which allowed for separate political institutions, including a separate army.
	www.usip.org /class/guides/preventing_poland.html (1418 words)

	Grand Duchy of Warsaw - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Warsaw, Grand Duchy of, political unit created by Napoleon I in 1807 as a gesture toward restoring the Polish state, which had been completely...
		acquisition by Russia, city in Grand Duchy, creation by Napoleon I, French administrator
		Search for books about your topic, "Grand Duchy of Warsaw"
	encarta.msn.com /Grand_Duchy_of_Warsaw.html (114 words)

	Grand Duchy of Poznań - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Grand Duchy of Poznań (Polish: Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie) or Grand Duchy of Posen (German: Großherzogtum Posen) was an autonomous province of the Kingdom of Prussia in the Polish lands commonly known as "Great Poland" between the years 1815-1848.
		The monarch of the duchy, with title of Grand Duke of Poznań, was the Hohenzollern king of Prussia and his representative was the Duke-Governor: the first was Prince Antoni Radziwiłł (1815-1831), who was married to Princess Luise of Prussia, the king's cousin.
		The 1830 November Uprising within Congress Poland against the Russian Empire was significantly supported by Poles from the Grand Duchy of Poznań, Afterwards, the Prussian administration under over-president Edward Flotwell introduced a system of police and repression against the Poles.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Poznan (1704 words)

	Grand Duchy Of Warsaw - Warsaw Direct (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Grand Duchy of Warsaw - 1814 1/3 Talara Obverse - Bust of Frederick Augustus, right.
		Grand Duchy of Warsaw - 1811 3 Grosze Obverse - The Saxon coat of arms combined with the eagle of Poland.
		The Army of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw by Jan Chelminski...
	www.davidmachair.com.cob-web.org:8888 /grand-duchy-of-warsaw.html (388 words)

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