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	Grand-Duke - LoveToKnow 1911
		Grossherzog), a title borne by princes ranking between king and duke.
		The dignity was first bestowed in 1567 by Pope Pius V. on Duke Cosimo I. of Florence, his son Francis obtaining the emperor's confirmation in 1576; and the predicate "Royal Highness" was added in 1699.
		In 1806 Napoleon created his brother-in-law Joachim Murat, grand-duke of Berg, and in the same year the title was assumed by the landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, the elector of Baden, and the new ruler of the secularized bishopric of Wiirzburg (formerly Ferdinand III., grand-duke of Tuscany) on joining the Confederation of the Rhine.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Grand-Duke (423 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Grand Duke Nikolai
		Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich (1856-1929) was Commander in Chief of the Russian army during the first year of the First World War and, for the briefest moment, at the end of Tsar Nicholas II's reign.
		The Grand Duke was consequently dispatched to the Caucasian front and made Commander in Chief of Russian forces in the region already operating most successfully under the direction of Nikolai Yudenich.
		The Tsar's last official act was to re-appoint the Grand Duke as Commander in Chief, an action that was promptly rescinded by Prince Georgy Lvov, the head of the Provisional Government.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/nikolai.htm (436 words)

	Alexander Palace Time Machine - Ernst Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse
		Ernst Ludwig, destined to be the last Grand Duke of Hesse und bei Rhein, was born in November of 1868.
		He was one of seven children born to the future Grand Duke Ludwig IV and Princess Alice of Great Britain and Ireland, second daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, the Prince Consort.
		In February 1931, the Grand Duke's eldest son, Prince Georg Donatus, married Princess Cecilie, daughter of Prince and Princess Andrew of Greece, sister of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
	www.alexanderpalace.org /palace/ErnieHesse.html (3665 words)

	The Grand Old Duke of York rhyme
		The origin to the words of "The grand old Duke of York" are believed to date back to the Plantagenet dynasty in the 15th century and refer mockingly to the defeat of Richard, "The grand old Duke of York" in the Wars of the Roses (1455).
		This war was between the house of York (whose symbol was a white rose) and the house of Lancaster (whose symbol was a red rose).
		The words of the Nursery rhyme are believed to refer to Richard, Duke of York, claimant to the English throne and Protector of England and the Battle of Wakefield on December 30, 1460.
	www.rhymes.org.uk /the_grand_old_duke_of_york.htm (300 words)

	Luxembourg: Grand Duke's standard
		Grand Duke Henri has adopted in 2001 the coat of arms proposed by the heraldists in the 1960s.
		The new arms of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg were published in Mémorial, Journal Officiel du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg #114, 14 September 2001.
		The Grand Duke's standard was adopted in 1897.
	www.fotw.net /flags/lu_duke.html (668 words)

	Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaievich Romanov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaievich Romanov, the younger (Nicholas) was the owner of the Perchina Borzoi hunt in Russia.
		He was the son of the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaievich, the elder, grandson of Tsar Nicholas I and the cousin (called second uncles in Russia) of Tsar Nicolas II.
		The Grand Duke was married to Princess Anastasia (Stana) daughter of Nicolas I, the King of Montenegro.
	personal.palouse.net /valeska/grand-duke.htm (366 words)

	The Grand Duke
		They say he is “the meanest, the cruelest, the most spiteful little ape in Christendom!” It seems the Grand Duke will not be a duke for long, because “tomorrow the Despot to be dethroned.” All the members of the theatrical company are in on the plot.
		The notary tells them that Ludwig and Dummkopf should “duel” and the survivor should go to the Grand Duke and say that the dead man was the spirit of the revolution.
		She is mad, because she is to marry the Grand Duke that day, and hasn’t been expected.
	www.seanet.com /~thompson/gsgirl/duke.html (980 words)

	Alexander Palace Time Machine - Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich
		Dmitri Pavlovich Romanov, Grand Duke of Russia, was born in 1891, the only son of Princess Alexandra of Greece and Grand Duke Paul (or Pavl) Alexandrovich.
		He was afforded the material splendor of a Russian Grand Duke and the emotional poverty of a motherless child.
		Dmitri's father, the kindly Grand Duke Paul, was often absent during his son's childhood, due to the afore mentioned matrimonial difficulties.
	www.alexanderpalace.org /palace/Dmitri.html (2141 words)

	The Medici, Michelangelo, and the Art of Late Renaissance Florence
		The reigns of the first four Medici grand dukes coincided with the Counter Reformation, the movement that arose within the Catholic Church to clarify its doctrines, especially in relation to Protestant tenets, and to address the abuses of power by its clergy.
		The Grand Duke demonstrated his piety and responded to the impact of the Counter Reformation through commissions executed in the sumptuous style favored by his court.
		Beginning with Cosimo I, the Medici grand dukes were arguably the first political leaders in Europe to establish modern systems of urban planning and to use cultural commissions to celebrate their accomplishments and secure their dynasty’s future.
	www.artic.edu /aic/exhibitions/medici/themes.html (2703 words)

	The Former Ruling House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 1939-1945
		Succeeded as de jure Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz in 1918 upon the renunciation of the title by Duke Karl Michael, the last male of the house of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (below).
		Nominated Duke of the United Baltic Duchy in accordance with a 1918 resolution by the General Provincial Assembly in Riga that called upon the German Emperor Wilhelm II to recognize the Baltic provinces of Latvia and Estonia as a monarchy and a German protectorate.
		Adolf Friedrich VI, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1882-1918).
	gsteinbe.intrasun.tcnj.edu /royalty/houses/mecklenburgschwerin.htm (387 words)

	Nicholas, Russian grand duke — Infoplease.com
		Nicholas was made commander in chief of the Russian armies at the outbreak of World War I. In 1915 Czar Nicholas II, influenced by the czarina and Rasputin, relieved him of his post and took over the command himself.
		Grand Duke Nicholas was made commander in the Caucasus, where he won successes against the Turks until the February Revolution of 1917 deprived him of his command.
		Britain and Russia 450 years of contact: Paul Dukes looks at the ups and downs of the relationship between the land of the lions and......
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0835588.html (237 words)

	An in-depth look at your favourite celebrity personalities - hellomagazine.com, HELLO!
		When the Crown Prince was sworn in he became the sixth grand duke since the modern monarchy was installed in 1890.
		Grand Duke Jean's departure was intended, in part, to mark the new millennium, and draw attention to the issues the small, but economically savvy, country would face in the coming years.
		Under Grand Duke Jean's rule, Luxembourg developed one of the European Union's strongest economies, enjoyed its lowest unemployment rate, and boasted average incomes almost double those in the rest of Europe.
	www.hellomagazine.com /profiles/henri (466 words)

	The Royal Forums - Powered by vBulletin
		Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh,
		The Duke of York, Princess Beatrice, and Princess Eugenie,
		The Duke and Duchess of Palma de Mallorca and family
	www.theroyalforums.com /forums (629 words)

	HRH Grand Duke Jean
		His Royal Highness Grand Duke Jean Benoît Guillaume Robert Antoine Louis Marie Adolphe Marc d'Aviano of Luxembourg was born on 5th January 1921 at the Castle of Colmar-Berg in Luxembourg as the eldest son of Her Royal Highness Grand Duchess Charlotte and Prince Félix of Bourbon Parma, Prince of Luxembourg.
		On 12th November 1964 The Hereditary Grand Duke acceded to the throne on the Grand Duchess's abdication in His favour.
		The Grand Duke is also Chief-Scout of the Luxembourg Boy Scouts Association and since 1989 Member of the Baden-Powell World Fellowship.
	www.gouvernement.lu /dossiers/famille_grand_ducale/chregneuk/infobase/cvjean.html (589 words)

	Leopold I Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany
		Leopold II Habsburg-Lorraine, Holy Roman Emperor, Grand Duke of Tuscany (as Leopold I) Leopold II (born Peter Leopold Joseph) (May 5, 1747 – March 1, 1792) was the penultimate Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792 and Grand-duke of Tuscany (Leopold I - Pietro Leopoldo d'Asburgo-Lorena - Granduca di Toscana).
		Leopold was born in Vienna, a third son, and was at first educated for the priesthood, but the theological studies to which he was forced to apply himself are believed to have influenced his mind in a way unfavourable to the Church.
		Among them were: Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany; the Archduke Charles of Austria, a celebrated soldier; the Archduke John, also a soldier; the Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary; and the Archduke Rainer, Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia.
	www.tuscany-toscana.info /leopold_grand_duke_of_tuscany.htm (1459 words)

	Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
		Grand Duke Zhygimont announced on the Sojm (a congress of aristocracy - main ruling body of Grand Duchy of Lithuania) decision in Vilnia in 1522 that because of many inconsistencies in courts he was planning to write a general law to prevent further legal uncertainaty.
		And if someone from outside Grand Duchy of Lithuania would be honored with property within Grand Duchy of Lithuania, he or she can only own it after swearing to Grand Duke of Lithuania.
		The Vice Chancellor of Grand Duchy of Lithuania Leu Sapega was the soul of the third revision of Statut.
	www.belarusguide.com /culture1/texts/Statut.html (1444 words)

	Royal Russia - The Grand Dukes of Russia
		Grand Duke Constantine remarried (morganatically) at Warsaw 24 May 1820, to Joanna, created Princess Lowicka with the qualification of Serene Highness by Emperor Alexander I 1820 (born at Warsaw 29 September 1799; died at Tsarskoe Selo 29 November 1831), daughter of Count Antoni Grudna Grudzinscy, by his first wife Marianna Dorpowska.
		Grand Duke George Mikhailovich was murdered by the Bolsheviks at St. Petersburg 30 January 1919.
		Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich was murdered by the Bolsheviks at Perm sometime between 18 and 28 July 1918.
	www.angelfire.com /pa/ImperialRussian/royalty/russia/dukes.html (1127 words)

	The Power of a Grand Design - Duke Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		South Carolina native Wylie and North Carolina native Duke believed their electric system would be the basis for the economic revival of a rural area where too many fields were playing out, where too many people lacked education, and where poverty was becoming a way of life.
		The Grand Design's third element was philanthropy --connecting the prosperity of their electric company to the prosperity of the area it served, using the value created by Duke Energy Company to advance the quality of life in the region.
		It was evident in the Grand Design, and in the founders' desire to have the region benefit from the profits of their electric company.
	www.dukepower.com /ecdev/policy/ccf/granddesign.asp (2790 words)

	Grand Duke (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Grand Duke, a steamer built at Jeffersonville, Ind., in 1859, was outfitted as a cotton-clad gunboat for service with the Confederate army in February 1863.
		On 4 May 1863 Grand Duke and Mary T. were taking on guns, ordnance stores, and other public property prior to the evacuation of Fort De Russy, La., when a Union reconnaissance force that included Albatross, Estrella and Arizona hove into view.
		Grand Duke was ordered to Shreveport, La., where she burned late in 1863.
	www.history.navy.mil /danfs/cfa4/grand_duke.htm (196 words)

	H.R.H. Grand Duke Henri
		His Royal Highness Crown Prince Henri of Luxembourg, the eldest son of the Grand Duke Jean and the Grand Duchess Joséphine-Charlotte of Luxembourg, was born on 16 April 1955 at the Château de Betzdorf.
		On the 4th of March 1998, He was appointed according to article 42 of the Constitution "Lieutenant-Representative" by His father, the Grand Duke.
		The Grand Duke is very much concerned about nature and its preservation as well in Luxembourg as abroad.
	www.gouvernement.lu /dossiers/famille_grand_ducale/chregneuk/infobase/cvhenri.html (537 words)

	Auspicious Amulets at Feng Shui Bestbuy
		This Pi Yao could also be used to appease the effects of Grand Duke Jupiter to overcome bad luck, therefore is helpful for those who are going through a bad year according to their zodiac.
		While others would normally recommend the wealthcat as a wealth enhancer, we would like to be the first to unveil the secret of using this green wealth cat as a good companion for the Tai Sui (Grand Duke Jupiter) in the lunar year of pig 2007.
		The monkey signifies the duke which is a senior position in chinese officials.
	www.fengshuibestbuy.com /auspiciousamulets.html (6627 words)

	Royal Genealogies Part 6
		of Francis Frederick Anthony, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Augusta Reuss-Ebersdorf.
		The Grand Duke George finally died at 27 of tuberculosis, in the summer of 1899.
		The Grand Duke Cyril was an officer in the Russian Imperial Navy and died while in exile.
	ftp.cac.psu.edu /~saw/royal/r06.html (1214 words)

	People's Daily Online -- Beijing Olympic construction plans "on track": Luxembourg's Grand Duke, IOC member
		Grand Duke Henri made the remarks on a tour of the Beijing Olympic venue construction sites, the national stadium known as the "bird's nest" and the National Aquatic Center called the "water cube", which are due to be completed in 2007.
		Grand Duke Henri believes that the traffic congestion in Beijing will not be a problem considering government plans to build roads for new metro lines.
		After the tour, Grand Duke Duc Henri also met with the BOCOG President Liu Qi, who is also a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
	english.people.com.cn /200609/05/eng20060905_299514.html (333 words)

	Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		After the Russo-Turkish War, the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich (the younger) worked his way up through the ranks of the army until he became inspector general of the cavalry and then commander of military forces around St.
		In other words, he had removed the extremely popular Grand Duke from command; he had left Aleksandra and Rasputin to run affairs in St. Petersburg; and the tsar now received personal blame for the unending string of catastrophes suffered by the armies in 1915 and 1916.
		During the difficult days of February 1917, it was the Grand Duke, who again played an influential role, as he had done in 1905, by personally advising that Nicholas II abdicate the throne following the February riots in the capital.
	novaonline.nv.cc.va.us /eli/evans/HIS242/Notes/GrandDukeNikolai.html (603 words)

	Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna
		Grand Duchess Olga, age 19, at her St. Petersburg residence shortly after her first marriage to Prince Peter of Oldenburg in 1901.
		The Grand Duchess was the youngest sister of ill-fated Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.
		Artworks by Grand Duchess Olga are in the collections of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh, His Majesty King Harald of Norway, the Ballerup Museum, Denmark, and private collections in the United States, Canada and Europe, among others.
	www.si.edu /oahp/olga (659 words)

	Decorations of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
		The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg was the eighth-largest member state of the German Empire in size and the tenth-largest in population.
		The last Grand Duke was Friedrich August, who would rule from 1900 until forced to abdicate in 1918.
		On September 20, 1918, the Grand Duke authorized an additional honor, a clasp with the words "Vor dem Feinde" ("before the enemy") to be worn on the ribbon for the 2nd Class Friedrich August Cross.
	home.att.net /~david.danner/militaria/oldenburg.htm (1798 words)

	Embassy of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Washington, DC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In practice, the Grand Duke chooses on the basis of the election results the mediator and/or the formateur of the government, who generally becomes Prime Minister.
		On the basis of the Constitution, the Grand Duke is entitled to remove any member of government from office, but in practice it is more often the case that a minister, or indeed the entire government, tender their resignation to the Grand Duke.
		Ministerial responsibility is inseparable from the absence of responsibility of the Grand Duke.
	www.luxembourg-usa.org /government.shtml (848 words)

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