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Topic: Grand Duke of Finland

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	Grand Prince - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Grand Prince, used in the Slavic and Baltic languages, was the title of a medieval monarch who headed more or less loose confederation whose constituent parts were ruled by lesser princes, and which was at the time usually translated as king.
		However, a grand prince was usually only primus inter pares within a dynasty, other princes of the dynasty were approximately as much entitled to succession as the current ruler (for example, succession was through agnatic seniority or rotation), and often other members of the dynasty ruled the constituent parts.
		From 1328 the Grand Prince of Muscovy appeared as the titular head of all of Russia and slowly centralized power until Ivan IV was crowned as Tsar in 1547.
	www.kernersville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Grand_Prince (879 words)

	Grand Duke - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Grand Duke is the usual and established translation of Grand Prince in languages which do not have separate words meaning prince for (1) children of a monarch, and (2) monarch (sovereign or like) princes.
		From 1328 the Velikii Kniaz of Muscovy appeared as the Grand Duke for "all of Russia" until Ivan IV of Russia in 1547 was crowned as Tsar.
		Further, Grand Duke is the translated form of the title Megas Doux, used in the Byzantine Empire during the Palaeologian dynasty (1259-1453).
	www.kernersville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Grand_Duke (1276 words)

	Grand Prince
		Grand Princes were medieval monarchs which ruled a nation or several tribes (were overlords of other monarchs, princes), and were usually at the time translated as kings.
		However, a grand prince was usually only primus inter pares within a dynasty, other princes of the dynasty were approximately as entitled to succession as the then ruler (succession was for example through agnatic seniority or rotation), and often other members of the dynasty ruled parts of the same realm as some sort of "sub-princes".
		The title Grand Prince (which in many of those lands already was in later grand princely epochs awarded simultaneously to several rulers in the more expanded dynasty) continued as a courtesy title for all or several members of the dynasty, such as the Grand Duke of Russia (veliki knjaz) in Russia's imperial era.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Grand_Prince (986 words)

	Grand Duchy of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An extended Finland Proper was made a titulary Grand Duchy (more correctly, Grand Principality) in 1581, when king John III of Sweden, who as a prince had been royal duke of Finland (1556–1561/63), extended the list of subsidiary titles to the Kings of Sweden considerably.
		For the foundation of the Grand Duchy as an entity with relatively great autonomy within the Russian realm, and for the regain of the so called Old Finland, that was lost to Russia in the previous century, the Finland-born Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, councillor to the emperor, was instrumental.
		The Russian Emperor ruled as the Grand Duke of Finland and was represented in Finland by the Governor-General of Finland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland (754 words)

	Parliament of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Eduskunta in Finnish, or the Riksdag in Swedish, is the Parliament of Finland.
		When the unicameral Parliament of Finland was established by the Parliament Act in 1906, Finland was an autonomous Grand Duchy under the Russian Tsar, who ruled as constitutional Grand Duke of Finland, rather than as an absolute monarch.
		Finland declared its independence on December 6, 1917 and in the winter of 1918 endured the tragic Finnish Civil War, after which monarchists and republicans struggled over the country's form of government.
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Eduskunta (1294 words)

	GRAND DUKE FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Grand Duke is the usual and established translation of Grand_Prince in languages which do not have separate words meaning prince for (1) children of a monarch, and (2) monarch (sovereign or like) princes.
		The title Grand Prince (which in many of those lands already was in later medieval centuries awarded simultaneously to several rulers of the more expanded dynasty) continued, in modern times, as a courtesy title for all or several members of the Russian dynasty, such as the Grand_Duke_of_Russia (''veliki knjaz'') in Russia's imperial era.
		From 1328 the ''Velikii Kniaz'' of Muscovy appeared as the Grand Duke for "all of Russia" until Ivan_IV_of_Russia in 1547 was crowned as Tsar.
	velocipay.com /Grand_Duke (1278 words)

	Grand Duke of Finland
		Grand Duke of Finland was a title in use, sometimes sporadically, between 1584 and 1808.
		This is to be seen as a marking of the Swedish sovereign's power in Finland, as well as the import of Finland as a part of the Swedish Realm.
		The Tsar ruled the country, which nevertheless enjoyed a degree of autonomy, as Grand Duke of Finland until its independence in 1917.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/grand_duke_of_finland (318 words)

	Main outlines of Finnish history — Virtual Finland
		Finland as a Grand Duchy of Russia (1809-1917)
		Finland recognized Russia's position as the successor to the Soviet Union and a treaty on good relations between the neighbouring countries was concluded in January 1992.
		Finland as a Grand Duchy of Russia (1809 - 1917)
	virtual.finland.fi /finfo/english/histeng.html (2463 words)

	Grand Duke of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Grand Duke of Finland, more correctly Grand Prince of Finland, (Finnish: Suomen suuriruhtinas, Swedish: Storfurste av Finland) was a title in use, sometimes sporadically, between 1584 and 1808.
		This is to be seen as a marking of the Swedish sovereign's power in Finland, as well as the import of Finland as a part of the Sweden Proper.
		The use of Grand Prince on John's behalf was a countermeasure to signify his mighty position as sovereign of Sweden, also a multinational or multi-country realm, and equal to a Tsardom.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Finland (483 words)

	Grand duke - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Grand Duke is the traditional translation of the title, velikii kniaz, which from the 11th century was the title of first the leading Russian prince (in Kiev), then of several Russian princes.
		From 1328 the velikii kniaz of Muscovy appeared as the Grand Duke for "all of Russia" until Ivan IV in 1547 was crowned as tsar, thereafter the title was given to sons and grandsons of the tsar and emperors of Russia.
		Further, Grand Duke is the translated form of the title megadoukas, infrequently used in the Byzantine Empire during the Palaeologian dynasty (1259-1453).
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Grand_duke (536 words)

	Encyclopedia: Grand Duke
		The term duke is a title of nobility which refers to the sovereign male ruler of a Continental European duchy, to a nobleman of the highest grade of the British peerage, or to the highest rank of nobility in various other European countries, including Spain and France (in Italy, principe...
		A grand duchy is a form of principality, monarchy which has a Grand Duke or a Grand Duchess as head of state.
		The title Grand Prince (which in many of those lands already was in later medieval centuries awarded simultaneously to several rulers in the more expanded dynasty) continued, in modern times, as a courtesy title for all or several members of the dynasty, such as the Grand Duke of Russia (veliki knjaz) in Russia's imperial era.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Grand-Duke (2771 words)

	Grand Duke
		The title Magnus Dux or Grand Duke was used by the Jagiello rulers of Lithuania, who also became kings of Poland and was later found among the titles used by kings of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		Further, Grand Duke is the translated form of the title Megas Doux, infrequently used in the Byzantine Empire during the Palaeologian dynasty (1259-1453).
		"Grand Duke" is the traditional translation of the title Velikii Kniaz, which from the 11th century was at first the title of the leading Ruthenian Prince (in Kyiv), then of several Russian princes.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/grand_duke (550 words)

	Encyclopedia: Grand Duke of Finland
		Gustav IV Adolf (1778-1837), king of Sweden, of the house Holstein-Gottorp, was the son of Gustav III of Sweden and Sophia Magdalena of Denmark, and born at Stockholm on November 1, 1778.
		Categories: Finnish history The Governor-General of Finland was the head of the Senate of Finland, the government in the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, between 1808 and 1917.
		This is a list of rulers of Finland, that is, the Kings, ruling Dukes and Queen of Sweden with Regents and Viceroys of the Kalmar Union, the Grand Dukes of Finland (identical with the Tsars of Russia), up to the brief Kingdom of Finland at independence in 1918.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Grand-Duke-of-Finland (1647 words)

	Diet of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Diet of Finland, Suomen valtiopäivät or Finlands Lantdag, was the legislative assembly, and successor to the Riksdag of the Estates, of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906.
		During the Finnish War between Sweden and Russia, the four Estates of occupied Finland (Nobility, Clergy, Burghers and Peasants) were assembled at Porvoo (Borgå) by Tsar Alexander I, the new Grand Duke of Finland, between March 25 and July 19, 1809.
		Each of the Estates swore their oaths of allegiance, committing themselves to accepting the Emperor and Grand Duke of Finland as the true authority, and to keeping the constitution and the form of government unchanged.
	www.americancanyon.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Diet_of_Porvoo (800 words)

	Coats of arms — Virtual Finland
		When King Gustav I of Sweden (died 1560) gave his son John the title of duke of Finland in 1556, the territory also received its own coat of arms, which was probably approved by the king in 1557, although as far as we know Duke John never used it.
		The coats of arms of Finland's modern administrative provinces are in the main derived from those of the historical provinces.
		The coat of arms of the Province of Western Finland displays the heraldic symbol of Finland Proper on its right-hand field and the coat of arms of Satakunta on the left-hand field.
	virtual.finland.fi /finfo/english/vaakeng.html (2869 words)

	Grand Duke -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In German, however, a Russian Grand Duke was known as a Großfürst, and in (Any dialect of the language of ancient Rome) Latin as Magnus Princeps.
		One of the first examples was the unofficial use of Grand Duke meaning the later Dukes of (Red table wine from the Burgundy region of France (or any similar wine made elsewhere)) Burgundy, i.e in 15th century, when they ruled a portion of East France as well as all the Netherlands.
		Apparently the first monarch ever officially titled Grand Duke was the (Aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century) Medici sovereigns of (A region in central Italy) Tuscany beginning from the late 16th century.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/G/Gr/Grand_Duke.htm (1129 words)

	www.georama.gr (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		When Finland refused to allow the Soviet Union to build military bases on its territory, the latter revoked the nonaggression pact of 1932 and attacked Finland on November 30, 1939.
		In Finland the upheaval in great power politics that took place at the end of the 1980s and early 1990s was evident in both a liberalized intellectual atmosphere and in greater latitude in foreign policy.
		Finland became a full member of EFTA in 1986 and finally a member of the Council of Europe in 1989.
	www.georama.gr /eng/junior/countries/eec/finland.html (485 words)

	Alexander II of Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		He was born the eldest son of Nicholas I of Russia and Charlotte of Prussia, daughter of Frederick William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
		Both Grand Duke Paul and his son Prince Vladimir Paley (1897-1918), a remarkable poet, were killed by the Bolsheviks.
		Fortunately for Russia the autocratic power was now in the hands of a man who was impressionable enough to be deeply influenced by the spirit of the time, and who had sufficient prudence and practicality to prevent his being carried away by the prevailing excitement into the dangerous region of utopian dreaming.
	www.marylandheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Alexander_II_of_Russia (1984 words)

	Grand Duchy of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809–1917.
		An extended Finland Proper was made a titulary Grand Duchy (more correctly, Grand Principality) in 1581, when king John III of Sweden, who as a prince had been royal duke of Finland (1556–1561/1563), extended the list of subsidiary titles to the Kings of Sweden considerably.
		The Tsar ruled Finland, through his governor and a native Senate appointed by him.
	www.leessummit.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland (717 words)

	GRAND DUKE OF FINLAND FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This is to be seen as a marking of the Swedish sovereign's power in Finland, as well as the import of Finland as a part of the Sweden_Proper.
		During the Finnish_War between Sweden and Russia, the four Estates of occupied Finland were assembled at the Diet of Porvoo on March_29, 1809 to pledge allegiance to Alexander_I_of_Russia.
		Following the Swedish defeat in the war and the signing of the Treaty_of_Fredrikshamn on September_17, 1809, Finland became a true autonomous grand_duchy as a part of the Russian Empire.
	www.amysflowershop.com /Grand_Duke_of_Finland (489 words)

	Alexander Palace Konstantin Konstantinovich bio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Grand Duke Konstantin Nikholaievich was the second son of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia and Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna, ne Princess Charlotte of Prussia, a daughter of King Friedrich-Wilhelm III of Prussia and Queen Luise, ne Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
		Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna was the youngest daughter of Duke Josef-Friedrich of Saxe-Altenburg and Princess Luise of Wurttemberg.
		KR and Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mavrikievna were the parents of seven other children: Princess Tatiana, born in 1890; Prince Konstantin, born in 1891; Prince Oleg, born in 1892; Prince Igor, born in 1894; Prince George, born in 1903; Princess Nathalia, born in 1905; and Princess Vera, born in 1906.
	www.alexanderpalace.org /palace/krbio.html (2830 words)

	GRAND DUCHY OF FINLAND FACTS AND INFORMATION
		The Grand Duchy of Finland was a state that existed 1809–1917 as part of the Russian_Empire.
		During the Finnish_War between Sweden and Russia, the four Estates of occupied Finland were assembled at the Diet_of_Porvoo on March_29, 1809 to pledge allegiance to Alexander_I_of_Russia.
		For the foundation of the Grand Duchy as an entity with relatively great autonomy within the Russian realm, and for the regain of the so called Old_Finland, that was lost to Russia in the previous century, the Finland-born Gustaf_Mauritz_Armfelt, councillor to the emperor, was instrumental.
	www.witwib.com /Grand_Duchy_of_Finland (661 words)

	Russian coup d'Etat in Finland by Jon Stefansson, 1916 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In his speech from the throne he reiterated the assurances of Alexander I as to the constitutional rights of Finland and made use of the terms "state" and "nation." A commission was appointed to codify the statutes of the Finnish Constitution.
		The contribution of Finland to the military expenses of the Empire, which was ten million mark, was to be raised to twelve million mark in 1911, and to rise by one million mark annually until it reached twenty millions in 1919, which was to be the annual sum thereafter.
		Finland is confident that she can hold out till the Government of Russia has become so liberalized that justice is given her.
	www.histdoc.net /history/stefansson.html (2490 words)

	Royalty_Links
		Grand Duke of Hessen und bei Rhein 1830 - 1848
		Grand Duke of Hessen und bei Rhein 1848 - 1877
		Grand Duke of Hessen und bei Rhein 1877 - 1892
	www.tboyle.net /Royalty/Royalty_Links.html (1853 words)

	History of Finland: A selection of events and documents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Imperial Majesty's Gracious Rescript to the Governor General of Finland from June 8, 1899, concerning public anxiety caused by the forthcoming change in the Conscription Act of the Grand Duchy of Finland and promulgation of the Manifesto given on the 3rd of February.
		Finland was forced on March 14, 1940 and again on Sept. 19, 1944 to cede her 2nd largest city to the Soviet Union in accordance with the peace treaties.
		The leased territories of Hanko and Porkkala in 1940-41 ja 1944-56.
	www.histdoc.net /history/history.html (1958 words)

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