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	Gediminas of Lithuania - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas - engraving of XVII ct.
		He was the true founder of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a Baltic--Slavic empire claiming the heritage of ancient Kievan Rus.
		Jaunutis initially ruled Vilnius after the death of his father and was formally Grand Duke of Lithuania until his elder brothers Algirdas and Kęstutis returned from military campaigns in Ruthenia and forced him to abdicate his throne in their favor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gediminas,_Duke_of_Lithuania (1787 words)

	Lithuania - MSN Encarta
		Lithuania’s judicial system, which is based on a civil law system, consists of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, and district and local courts.
		Lithuania is a member of the United Nations (UN) and the Council of Europe.
		Lithuania was annexed by Russia, except for a small section in the southwest that was awarded to Prussia; that too went to Russia in 1815.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761555831_4/Lithuania.html (1525 words)

	Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė, Belarusian: Вялі́кае Кня́ства Літо́ўскае (ВКЛ), Ukrainian: Велике Князівство Литовське (ВКЛ), Polish: Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie) was an Eastern European state of the 12th-18th centuries.
		He was the Grand Duke from 1401-1430, also the Prince of Hrodna (1370-1382) and the Prince of Lutsk (1387-1389).
		The Grand Duchy of Lithuania retained many rights in that federation (including separate government, treasury and army) until the May Constitution of Poland was passed in 1791.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania (2465 words)

	Lithuania.htm
		Grand Duke Vytenis (1295-1316) defeated the Teutonic Knights and assured the safety of Lithuania.
		Grand Duke of Lithuania Jogaila (1382 -92 CE) married the queen of Poland Jadwyga.
		Lithuania was occupied and proclaimed a Soviet Socialist Republic in 1940 by the Soviet Union ending the independent Lithuania.
	www.worldcoincatalog.com /C4/Lithuania/Lithuania.htm (954 words)

	History of Lithuania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The 1385 Kreva Union signed by the Grand Duke of Lithuania Jogaila (ruled in 1377-81 and 1382-92) and the Queen of Poland Jadwyga intensified Lithuania's economic and cultural development, orienting it toward the West.
		Lithuania's independence under the union with Poland was restored by Grand Duke Vytautas.
		The Seimas (parliament) of Lithuania adopted a constitution on August 1, 1922, declaring Lithuania a parliamentary republic, and in 1923 Lithuania annexed the Klaipeda region, the northern part of Lithuania Minor.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/lithuania.html (2193 words)

	History Channel Search Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The son of Olgierd (1296–1377), grand duke of Lithuania, Jagiełło succeeded his father in 1377.
		Lithuania was then a pagan country, but in 1386, when Jagiełło married Jadwiga (1374–99), queen of Poland, and ascended the Polish throne, he accepted the Roman Catholic faith of the Poles, taking the name Władysław II.
		In 1387 Christianity was officially introduced in Lithuania, and Władysław himself destroyed the idols he had worshiped.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..wl063700.a (190 words)

	Vytautas the Great Grand Duke of Lithuania
		Christianity was slow in spreading in Lithuania, yet it can be said that the country’s rulers exhibited only some marked signs of hostility towards those who sought to spread the doctrine of Christ among her people.
		Nevertheless, Lithuania was the last stronghold of paganism in Europe, for it was not until the end of the fourteenth century that notable progress was made in winning the steadfast people from their allegiance to their ancient gods.
		When he later became the Grad Duke of Lithuania, he added to these several other villages in the district of Varniai, on condition that services should be held for the repose of the souls of his relatives, Dukes Karigaila and Vygandas.
	www.bu.edu /econ/faculty/kyn/newweb/economic_systems/NatIdentity/FSU/Baltics/Lithuania/vytautas_.htm (1175 words)

	LITHUANIA HISTORY Travel Tour Information
		Lithuania began to recover only towards the end of the 19th century, the period known as the "spring of nations." A struggle for national culture and reinstitution of writing spread over the greater part of the country.
		The elected 20-member Council of Lithuania proclaimed the restitution of the independent state of Lithuania on the 16th of February, 1918, even though the German Army and authorities were still in control of the entire country.
		Initially, Lithuania was relegated to the German sphere of influence; however, on Lithuania's refusal to attack Poland as a German ally, it was transferred to the Soviet sphere of influence, in a second secret pact signed in Moscow on the 27th of September that same year.
	www.scantours.com /lithuania_history.htm (3152 words)

	History - Lithuania - Europe
		In October the Soviet government forced Lithuania to agree to a mutual-assistance treaty by which Lithuania was compelled to admit 20,000 Soviet troops on its territory.
		In Lithuania, a special commission was formed in May 1988 to propose amendments to the republic’s constitution in order to accommodate Gorbachev’s reforms; members of the commission founded the coalition S?judis (the Lithuanian Movement for Reconstruction) in October.
		In 1993 Lithuania became the first of the Baltic states to be free of a Russian military presence.
	www.countriesquest.com /europe/lithuania/history.htm (2201 words)

	Lithuania - Litwa
		It is featured on the seal of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Algirdas, which marks a document belonging to that year.
		After the state of Lithuania was formed and the Christianity was adopted in the country, the Lithuanians still refused to renounce their gods for a considerable period of time.
		In the Highlands of Lithuania as well as in the major part of the Lowlands the word 'Dievas' was used together with personal name Praamzius, in Suvalkija the God's name were Prakurimas, Ikurejas, Sotvaras, while in the west of the Lowlands and in Prussia he was referred to as Ukopirmas.
	www.kresy.co.uk /lithuania.html (3171 words)

	A Brief History of Lithuania
		Vytautus was made Grand Duke of Lithuania, on condition that he lent his support to Jagaila.
		In 1447 Casimir Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania became King of Poland.
		In 1989 Lithuania was granted some economic autonomy and in December 1989 the Lithuanian Communist Party became independent of the Communist Party of the USSR.
	www.localhistories.org /lithuania.html (1004 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Lithuania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Lithuania borders on the Baltic Sea in the west, Latvia in the north, Belarus in the east and southeast, Poland in the south, and the
		Witowt WITOWT [Witowt] or Witold, Lithuanian Vytautas, 1350-1430, grand duke of Lithuania (1401-30).
		Ladislaus II LADISLAUS II [Ladislaus II] or Ladislaus Jagiello, 1350?-1434, king of Poland (1386-1434), grand duke of Lithuania (1378-1401), founder of the Jagiello dynasty.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/07527.html (456 words)

	The Titles of Lithuanian Rulers
		In 1386, under pressure from the hostile Teutonic Knights, Jogaila (+1434), Grand Duke of Lithuania, concluded a pact with Poland (the Union of Krewo), agreeing to accept the Roman Catholic faith, marry the Polish queen, become King of Poland, and unite Poland and Lithuania under a single ruler.
		In 1569, during the reign of Sigismund Augustus (+1572), the last King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from the House of Gedimin, the Poles and Lithuanians concluded pact (Union of Lublin) that united the two countries into a single, federated state, which was to be ruled by a single, jointly selected sovereign.
		Formally, Poland and Lithuania were to be distinct, equal components of the federation, each retaining its own army, treasury, civil administration, and laws; the two nations agreed to cooperate with each other on foreign policy and to participate in a joint Diet.
	www.geocities.com /eurprin/lithuania.html (1774 words)

	Lithuania - Coat of Arms
		When on June 15, 1940 Lithuania was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union, the symbol of the Vytis came to be viewed as hostile to the new authorities and its portrayal was punishable (during Stalin's rule this could mean imprisonment or even deportation).
		Overview - Lithuania's knight, called the Vytis, is one of the oldest State emblems in Europe and one of the few whose symbolism was taken not from dynastic arms, as in the majority of European countries, but from ducal portrait seals.
		The double cross was the emblem of Lithuania's Grand Prince Jogaila, and later of the Jogaila family dynasty.
	flagspot.net /flags/lt).html (3716 words)

	Jogaila (1350-1434)
		It has been 553 years since the death of Jogaila,1 the Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, yet this figure of the remote past is still largely disliked by most Lithuanians today.
		Jogaila, son of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Algirdas,3 was born ca.
		In Lithuania, a pro-Polish party was formed, which in 1432, managed to oust Švitrigaila and elect Žygimantas,9 son of Kęstutis.
	www.lituanus.org /1987/87_4_04.htm (3434 words)

	A Historiographic Survey of Lithuanian-Polish Relations - B. Dundulis
		Union with Poland was caused by the weakening of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
		On the basis of a bourgeois-idealistic methodology, several works of a general nature on the history of Lithuania were published, as well as a number of monographs on various questions, in particular concerning the Lithuanian grand dukes, and articles of various lengths in historical and other journals.
		The relations between feudal Lithuania and Poland cannot but be dealt with by historians of the People's Republic of Poland who, keeping in mind the achievements of the old historical scholarship and guided by the Marxist methodology, examine the views dominant in bourgeois historiography and in a new way elucidate the historical process.
	www.lituanus.org /1971/71_4_01.htm (9193 words)

	Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
		The Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the third edition of which was published in 1588, were written in Belarusian, and were the first full code of laws written in Europe since Roman Law.
		Grand Duke Zhygimont announced on the Sojm (a congress of aristocracy - main ruling body of Grand Duchy of Lithuania) decision in Vilnia in 1522 that because of many inconsistencies in courts he was planning to write a general law to prevent further legal uncertainaty.
		The Vice Chancellor of Grand Duchy of Lithuania Leu Sapega was the soul of the third revision of Statut.
	www.belarusguide.com /culture1/texts/Statut.html (1444 words)

	Lithuania: Religion - A part of Randburg
		Lithuania is a country dominated by the Roman Catholic Church.
		The conversion of Lithuania is officially considered to have taken place in 1387, when Jogaila, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, having become King of Poland, christianized the country in accordance with the sacraments of Roman Catholicism, together with Vytautas, another Grand Duke of the Gediminas Dynasty.
		Currently, members of the evangelical reformed faith are most densely situated in northern Lithuania, and the evangelical Lutherans in the southwestern areas of the country.
	www.randburg.com /li/general/general_13.html (429 words)

	Society of Medieval Lithuania
		They were founded by grand duke Vytenis because Samogitians living in the territory between the Neris mouth and Nemunas lower reaches had started to pay tributes to Teutonic Knights and local nobility instigated the free communal peasants against him.
		A new order was introduced by grand duke Vytenis (1295–1316) when the border castles were watched for two months by mounted warriors from various parts of the state.
		Sovereign’s courts were established in strategical places where the centralizing power of Lithuania had to penetrate: in the border zone, near the major water and land roads, in places were the opposition was too strong.
	viduramziu.lietuvos.net /socium/leiciai-en.htm (4147 words)

	Alexander Jagiellonczyk (Lithuania) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Alexander Jagiellonczyk - Grand Duke of Lithuania 1492-1506
		This was minted by Alexander Jagiellonczyk, who was the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1492-1506, and also King of Poland from 1501-1506.
		Lithuania was much bigger back then and fought a war with Russia during this time period.
	members.tripod.com /~Charlemagne64/alexs.html (140 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia â“ Free Online Encyclopedia for Reference, Research, Facts
		WITOWT [Witowt] or Witold, Lithuanian Vytautas, 1350-1430, grand duke of Lithuania (1401-30).
		The cousins were reconciled in 1384, and Witowt received from Jagiello, whom he recognized as grand duke of Lithuania, Russian territory as an appanage.
		After Jagiello became (1386) king of Poland, Witowt plotted to separate Lithuania from its union with Poland and to assume the title of grand duke.
	www.encyclopedia.com /printable.aspx?id=1E1:Witowt (198 words)

	Dynastic Relations of the Sovereign Houses of Habsburg and Jagiellon
		This house was the descendants of Vladislaus Jagiello, Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377-1401), who became King of Poland, marrying Jadvyga, the only daughter of the last King of Poland of the Andegawen dynasty (1386).
		In Lithuanian historiography this house is known as Gediminaiciai that is the descendants of Gediminas (c.1275-1341), grandfather of Jagiello and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1316-1341).
		Two of Anne’s and Ferdinand’s daughters became wives of the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from the Jagiellon dynasty – Sigismund III August.
	users.panola.com /AAGHS/ARTICLES/HABSBURG.html (1989 words)

	Historic chronology of Lithuania Minor
		Grand Duke of Lithuania Algirdas and his brother Duke Kęstutis demand from Pope Innocent VI and, in 1358, from Gregory XI that the Order returns to Lithuania the patronymic Baltic lands of Gediminaičiai from Aistian Lagoon to the Alna river, which were the Kőnigsberg and Klaipėda regions.
		At negotiations on captives taken during the Grűnwald battle, the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas declares to Marshal of the Order M. Kűchenmeister: Prussia is also the land of my ancestors and I will lay claim to it up to the Osa, because it is a heritage of my ancestors.
		According to it, the Grand Master of the Order Albrecht becomes a liege of the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund the Old and establishes a secular Duchy of Prussia.
	www.mlrt.puslapiai.lt /eng/mlis.html (1038 words)

	Poland-Lithuania -the European Union's precursor
		Having came into being as a dynastic union upon the Grand Duke of Lithuania being crowned King of Poland in 1386, it was transformed into a single state by the Act of Union promulgated in Lublin in1569.
		In large part this is because the Lithuania of the Grand Duchy was both linguistically and geographically a significantly different country from to-day's Republic.
		Self-identification of Belorussians with the Grand Duchy in their country's past is evident in the use of the term Great Lithuania, that some use in referring to it.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /classroom/pl.html (585 words)

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