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	Encyclopedia: Grand Duchy
		Grand Duke is also the usual and established translation of sovereign Grand Prince in languages which do not have separate words meaning prince for (1) the non-ruling relatives of a monarch, and (2) monarch (sovereign or like) princes.
		Grand Duke is also the usual and established translation in English and French of the Russian courtesy title Velikiy Knjaz (grand prince) of Russia, which from 17th century belonged to members of the family of the Russian tsar, although those Grand dukes were not sovereigns.
		However, a grand prince was usually only primus inter pares within a dynasty, other princes of the dynasty were approximately as entitled to succession as the then ruler (succession was for example through agnatic seniority or rotation), and often other members of the dynasty ruled parts of the same realm as some sort of "sub-princes".
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Grand-Duchy (4198 words)

	Grand Prince
		Grand Prince, used in the Slavic and Baltic languages, was the title of a medieval monarch who headed more or less loose confederation whose constituent parts were ruled by lesser princes.
		However, a grand prince was usually only primus inter pares within a dynasty, other princes of the dynasty were approximately as much entitled to succession as the current ruler (for example, succession was through agnatic seniority or rotation), and often other members of the dynasty ruled some constituent parts of the monarchy/ country.
		From 1328 the Grand Prince of Muscovy appeared as the titular head of all of Russia and slowly centralized power until Ivan IV was crowned as Tsar in 1547.
	www.1bx.com /en/Grand_Prince.htm (963 words)

	Grand Duchy of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An extended Finland Proper was made a titulary Grand Duchy (more correctly, Grand Principality) in 1581, when king John III of Sweden, who as a prince had been royal duke of Finland (1556–1561/63), extended the list of subsidiary titles to the Kings of Sweden considerably.
		For the foundation of the Grand Duchy as an entity with relatively great autonomy within the Russian realm, and for the regain of the so called Old Finland, that was lost to Russia in the previous century, the Finland-born Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, councillor to the emperor, was instrumental.
		The Russian Emperor ruled as the Grand Duke of Finland and was represented in Finland by the Governor-General of Finland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland (727 words)

	Vaeinoe I Of Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		On Germany's urge Finland had declared itself independent from Russia on December 6, 1917, (recognized by the Soviet Union on January 4th, 1918), and there was a fierce debate on whether the new state should declare itself a republic or remain a monarchy.
		Consequently Adolf Friedrich, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1873-1969), brother of Prince Hendrik of the Netherlands, was nominated Duke of "the United Baltic Duchy" by the Germans.
		Finland's position vis-à-vis Germany was already in spring 1918 evolving towards that of a protectorate, and the election of Prinz Friedrich, brother-in-law to Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, was rather thought of as a confirmation of the close relations.
	www.wikiverse.org /vaeinoe-i-of-finland (481 words)

	Encyclopedia: Grand Duchy of Finland
		Gustav IV Adolf (1778-1837), king of Sweden, of the house Holstein-Gottorp, was the son of Gustav III of Sweden and Sophia Magdalena of Denmark, and born at Stockholm on November 1, 1778.
		The Governor-General of Finland was the head of the Senate of Finland, the government in the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, between 1808 and 1917.
		Main articles: Flag of Finland, Coat of Arms of Finland Flag ratio: 11:18 Flag ratio: 11:18 Flag ratio: 11:19 The Flag of Finland or siniristilippu dates from the beginning of the 20th century, and is modelled on the Danish flag, the Dannebrog.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Grand-Duchy-of-Finland (2801 words)

	Grand Duke of Finland - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Grand Duke of Finland (Suomen suuriruhtinas) was a title in use, sometimes sporadically, between 1584 and 1808.
		This is to be seen as a marking of the Swedish sovereign's power in Finland, as well as the import of Finland as a part of the Swedish Realm.
		Following the treaty of Fredrikshamn in 1809, after Sweden had been defeated in the Finnish War, Finland became a true grand duchy tied to the Russian Empire by means of personal union.
	www.open-encyclopedia.com /Grand_Duke_of_Finland (264 words)

	Grand Duke (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Further, Grand Duke is the translated form of the title Megas Doux, infrequently used in the Byzantine Empire during the Palaeologian dynasty (1259-1453).
		"Grand Duke" is the traditional translation of the title Velikii Kniaz, which from the 11th century was at first the title of the leading Ruthenian Prince (in Kyiv), then of several Russian princes.
		Junior members of the Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg are also Royal Highnesses; however, this derives from their status as cadet members of the dethroned royal house of Bourbon-Parma and not from the Grand Ducal title.
	www.wikiverse.org /grand-duke (640 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Finland
		A department or province of the Russian Empire; bounded on the north by Norway, on the west by Sweden and the Gulf of Bothnia, on the south by the Gulf of Finland.
		Finland abounds in lakes and forests, buit the proportion of arable soil is small.
		The Grand Duke of Novgorod, Vassievolodovich, sent Russian missionaries to the Karelians, Finns living on the Lake of Ladoga in east Finland, While in 1157 King Erik of Sweden undertook a crusade to Finland.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06076d.htm (804 words)

	History of Finland - Articles and Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Finland's nearly 700-year association with the Kingdom of Sweden is usually said to began in 1154 with the introduction of Christianity by Sweden's King Erik the holy who came escorted by a group of armed men and Bishop Henry to Finland-proper.
		A German prince, Frederik of Hesse was elected King, with the title Väinö I of Finland, with Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud and General Carl Gustaf Mannerheim serving as Regents.
		Thus Finland was under an obligation to ensure the residents of the Åland Islands a right to maintain the Swedish language, as well as their own culture and local traditions.
	www.ezresult.com /article/History_of_Finland (2850 words)

	Chronology of Finnish history — Virtual Finland
		Finland retains its own legislation and its old form of society, including the free status of the peasantry, the Lutheran religion and the old Swedish system of law and government.
		Finland acquires its own national parliament, elected by equal and universal suffrage, a development that makes Finnish women the first in the world to be granted full national political rights, that is to say suffrage and eligibility to stand for election to their national Parliament.
		Finland takes the view that it is a cobelligerent with Germany but fighting a separate war that coincides with, but is not part of, the conflict between Germany and the Soviet Union.
	virtual.finland.fi /netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=25911 (2032 words)

	Johanniter Order in Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Grand Bailiff was also given the task of supervising the inspection of the governor and garrison of the Castle of Saint Peter of Halicarnassus and the coast of Asia Minor, which he was required to visit annually.
		The Grand Master and Council could not recognize this declaration of secession by the protestant commanderies and the title of Bailiff of Brandenburg continued to be given, as an honorific, to a senior German knight.
		The Arms of the commandery are: 1 and 4, for Finland, and 2 and 3, Gules, the cross of Saint John Argent.
	www.chivalricorders.org /orders/stjohn/johanger.htm (5755 words)

	History of Finland - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Finland's nearly 700-year association with the Kingdom of Sweden is usually said to began in 1154 with the introduction of Christianity by Sweden's King Eric the Saint who came escorted by a group of armed men and Bishop Henry to Finland Proper.
		Worried by the development in Russia, and Finland, the non-Socialist Senate proposed for the parliament to declare Finland's independence, which was agreed on in the parliament on December 6, 1917.
		A German prince, Frederick of Hesse was elected King, with the name Väinö I of Finland, with Pehr Evind Svinhufvud and General Carl Gustaf Mannerheim serving as Regents.
	www.free-definition.com /History-of-Finland.html (3602 words)

	Grand Duke of Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Grand Duke of Finland was a title in use, sometimes sporadically, between 1584 and 1918.
		This is to be seen as a marking of the Swedish sovereign's power in Finland, as well as the import of Finland as apart of the Swedish Realm.
		Following the treaty of Fredrikshamn in 1809, after Sweden had been defeated in the FinnishWar, Finland became a true grand duchy tied to the Russian Empire by means of personal union.
	www.therfcc.org /grand-duke-of-finland-253689.html (248 words)

	History of Finland (the s.c.nordic FAQ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Russia attacks Finland in Feb. 1808 without a declaration of war; Finnish troops retreat all the way to Oulu, which forces Russians to leave a large part of their army as occupation forces, giving the Swedish general Klingspor superiority in force.
		Finland was the first country in Europe (and second in the world, after New Zealand) to grant women an equal right to vote in elections.
		The Continuation War; Finland attacks the Soviet Union with Germany, hoping to regain the lost areas, but eventually has to accept the borders of 1940 and, and also cede Pechenga, lease Porkkala peninsula as a military base for 50 years (SU returns it already in 1956) and pay war reparations.
	www.lysator.liu.se /nordic/scn/faq43.html (1845 words)

	Nordic FAQ - 4 of 7 - FINLAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Finland shares a common border in the north with Norway, in the east a long border (1,269 km) with Russia, on the south it is bordered by the Gulf of Finland, and on the west by the Gulf of Bothnia and Sweden.
		Most of Finland is made of ancient granite bedrock, which has been shaped and fractured by numerous ice ages, the marks of which can be seen e.g in the complex lake system, the equally complex archipelagos and the huge boulders scattered all over the country.
		SW Finland appears to have been allied with central Sweden already in the Viking age, so it has been hypothesized that the campaign was a punitive expedition against an ally that had become unreliable, perhaps because of the influence of Greek Orthodox missionaries.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/nordic-faq/part4_FINLAND (17049 words)

	Grand Duke of Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Grand Duke of Finland was a title in use sometimes between 1584 and 1808.
		The Tsar ruled the country which nevertheless enjoyed degree of autonomy as Grand Duke of Finland until independence in 1917.
		I was a fan of the Snowy River TV series, but unfortunately the last season didn't air on American TV.
	www.freeglossary.com /Grand_Duke_of_Finland (379 words)

	The Euro history - European numismatics - Coin images gallery
		Though they are not members of the EU, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City (but not Andorra) also have euro coins featuring a national side, but these only occasionally end up in general circulation as their scarcity leads to greater interest from coin collectors.
		Finland issued a 2 commemorative coin, celebrating the entry of the 10 new member states to the European Union on 1 May 2004.
		Finland does not use the one and two cent coins in circulation.
	www.eurocoinage.info /archives/15-The-Euro-history.html (1163 words)

	Grand Duke of Finland
		In 1581, King John III of Sweden, who had previously (1556–63) been Duke of Finland (a royal duke), assumed the subsidiary title Grand Prince of Finland (in Swedish Storfurste till Finland) to the Kings of Sweden.
		This is to be seen as a marking of the Swedish sovereign's power in Finland, as well as the import of Finland as a part of the Sweden Proper.
		In those years, John was and had been in quarrel with his eastern neighbor, Tsar Ivan IV of Russia, who had a litany of subsidiary titles as Grand Prince of several ancient Russian principalities and provinces.
	www.omniknow.com /common/wiki.php?in=en&term=Grand_Duke_of_Finland (639 words)

	Timeline 1450-1499
		He was a historian and author of "The Prince." He saw in Cesare Borgia, the bastard son of Pope Alexander VI, the prospect of an Italy free of foreign control.
		With her son, the Prince of Wales, she planned to join with Jasper Tudor, a Welsh ally, and attack Edward west of London.
		Edward, the 17-year-old prince of Wales, was killed at the battle of Tewkesbury.
	timelines.ws /1450_1475.HTML (4960 words)

	Mamai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		After being heavily defeated by Russians in 1380 on Kulikovo Field Mamai was assassinated Kaffa (Crimea) by the Genoese who could not forgive the total of a military unit of Genoese crossbow archers that were slaughtered by the
		One of his sons later escaped to Lithuania and serving Grand Prince Vytautas received title of Prince of Glina with multiple around the modern site of Poltava (Ukraine) in the early 1400s.
		Eventually in the 1520s Princess Elena Glinskay became wife of Vasily III Grand Prince of Moscow and mother of Ivan the Terrible.
	www.freeglossary.com /Mamay (438 words)

	Peter Trei's Internet Masonic Resources
		The Grand Lodge of Massachusetts now has an email address.
		It is read by Cynthia Alcorn, Librarian of the Grand Lodge.
		Livingston Masonic Library in the Grand Lodge of New York.
	www.ziplink.net /users/trei/masonurl.html (1031 words)

	The Titles of the European Rulers
		John, Duke of Finland, dethroned his brother Erick XIV and became King of Sweden (1568).
		King of Sweden, the Goths, the Wends, Finland, Karelia, the Lapps of the Northern Land, Kajanas, Estonia, Livonia;
		The reign of the House of Palatinate ended in Sweden when Queen Ulrica-Eleonor abdicated in favor of her husband Frederick, Hereditary Prince (from 1730 ruling Landgrave) of Hesse-Kassel (1721).
	www.geocities.com /eurprin/sweden.html (2774 words)

	Pravda.RU Bolshoi Theatre arrives on tour in Finland
		The icon, which is believed to be painted by Luke the Evangelist in the 1st century and given to Grand Prince Yuri Dolgoruky in the 12th century, is Russia's greatest relic.
		The heir to the British throne Prince Charles of Wales will make a Russian visit on July 13th-16th this year, the prince's press secretary reported on Thursday.
		The prince will devote his visit to the city's 300th anniversary and the 450th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Russia and Great Britain.
	www.newsfromrussia.com /science/2003/06/03 (1860 words)

	Russia, Poland, Belorussia and the like: Nordic or Slavic countries? [Archive] - Stormfront White Nationalist Community
		Knyaz' is generally translated into English as "Prince," veliki knyaz' as "Grand Prince," etc. The rules of succession are nothing like those English-speakers associate with the word "King," which may be the reason knyaz' is not translated thusly.
		Strictly speaking, Finland is not Scandinavian depending to the definition - the term is quite ambiguous - but still, Finland is Nordic country.
		Grand Inquisitor, yes, everyone of German descent should look more into their roots, well of course, as long as they have enough German in them to matter.
	www.stormfront.org /archive/t-137811Russia,_Poland,_Belorussia_and_the_like:_Nordic_or_Slavic_countries?.html (16759 words)

	Guest Book: 95Q4
		To all my prince hall brothers: If you are ever in my area, we welcome you to stop by.
		Particularly, there are a set of papers in the Grand Lodge of Oklahoma Library in Oklahoma City.
		Message:: I am presently researching Freemasonry and other societies in an attempt to compile a reference reference volume and hopefully (eventually) a book on various sects, societies, cults, and religions and their belief systems, how they relate to modern life, and how they can be used to benefit ones self and others.
	web.mit.edu /dryfoo/Masonry/Guests/gbook_95Q4.html (9573 words)

	Peace Bibliography R-Z (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Satha-Anand, Chaiwat, The Non-Violent Prince (Comparison of Gandhi and Machiavelli, unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Hawaii, 1981.
		Weber, Thomas, Gandhi's Peace Army: The Shanti Sena and Unarmed Peacemaking, with a foreword by Elise Boulding, Syracuse Univ. Press, Syracuse, NY, 1996.
		Wicker, Brian, and Fred van Iersel, eds., Humanitarian Intervention and the Pursuit of Justice: A Pax Christi Contribution to a Contemporary Debate, Kok Pharos, Kampen, The Netherlands, 1995.
	www.nisbco.org /biblio_R-Z.htm (10969 words)

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