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Topic: Grand Unified Theories

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	Grand unification theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Grand unification, grand unified theory, or GUT is a theory in physics that unifies three "fundamental" (we don't really know if they are truly fundamental) gauge symmetries: hypercharge, the weak force, and quantum chromodynamics.
		Some GUT theories like SU(5) and SO(10) suffer from what is called the doublet-triplet problem in that these theories predict that for each electroweak Higgs doublet, there corresponds a colored Higgs triplet field with a very small mass (small, meaning many orders of magnitude smaller than the GUT scale here).
		GUT theories are based on the idea of a "desert" with no new physics of several orders of magnitude in the renormalization group.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_unified_theories (926 words)

	Cosmology/Inflation - Wikipedia
		Among these are the observed flatness of the universe (the flatness problem), its extraordinary homogeneity on large (non-causally-connected) scales (the horizon problem), and its lack of any observed topological defects.
		Topological defects (kinks in a massless scalar field) such as monopoles, cosmic strings, and domain walls, are predicted by many Grand Unified Theories.
		Predictions of the standard model of inflation include geometrical flatness of the universe to high precision and scale invariance of the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background.
	nostalgia.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cosmology/Inflation (253 words)

	Grand Unified Theory - New proposals for the structure of spacetime (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is in accord with Einstein's theory of general relativity that is a field theory of gravitation that acts across large scales, quantum mechanics which describes electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear interactions, theory of quantum gravity that resembles general relativity at the microscopic scale, simplicity principle, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle...
		The conceptual unification and reconciliation of the theory of relativity with quantum theory of gravity and the mathematical concept of continuum with the concept of spacetime.
		unifies and reconciles the theory of relativity and quantum theory of gravity by providing the necessary link at the most fundamental level of the all encompassing, continuous and indivisible gravitational field -- whose structure, effect and manifestation emanate as stem cells, the curvature of spacetime.
	members.tripod.com /stemy27/title.html (5552 words)

	The Fundamental Forces of Nature
		Theories that postulate the unification of the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces are called Grand Unified Theories (often known by the acronym GUTs).
		Grand Unified and Superunified Theories remain theoretical speculations that are as yet unproven, but there is strong experimental evidence for the unification of the electromagnetic and weak interactions in the Standard Electroweak Theory.
		Furthermore, although GUTs are not proven experimentally, there is strong circumstantial evidence to suggest that a theory at least like a Grand Unified Theory is required to make sense of the Universe.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/cosmology/forces.html (630 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Connecting Quarks with the Cosmos: Eleven Science Questions for the New Century (2003)
		In a unified theory, it would be natural for quarks and leptons to appear on an equal footing, compelling researchers to think that the conservation of lepton-number really will be violated.
		In all field theories, T violation and CP violation are intimately connected, since such theories incorporate an overall prediction of a combined CPT symmetry that must be exact.
		Modern theories of particle physics suggest that some or all of the quantities regarded as constants of nature are in reality associated with dynamical fields that change.
	www.nap.edu /openbook/0309074061/html/43.html (6089 words)

	My research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) of elementary particle physics have been around for more than three decades.
		GUTs also raise new questions and problems such as the infamous doublet-triplet splitting problem and hierarchy problem to name a few.
		If one starts with the SO(10) theory in the bulk and arranges the parity assignment of bulk fields in such a manner as to leave flipped SU(5) on one of the fixed points it is possible to implement the missing partner mechanism at that fixed point and still have gauge unification of an SO(10) theory.
	www.ictp.trieste.it /~idorsner/research.htm (1445 words)

	[No title]
		For a general SU(n) grand unification, in order to ensure the vector nature of the color gauge interactions, to have only three colors, and three anticolors, the simplest choice is to assign fermions only to antisymmetric representations.
		All theories in physics are invented by people as attempts to possibly explain unexplained aspects of what we observe, or unexplained aspects of previous theories.
		By that standard, the extensions of the Standard Model, such as grand unification, supersymmetry, or string theory, are as successful as any theory we've ever had in physics, and there is not a shred of experimental evidence against them.
	www.geocities.com /jefferywinkler/beyondstandardmodel.html (3275 words)

	Open Questions: Beyond the Standard Model
		Its most outstanding accomplishments were probably the combination of the electromagnetic and weak forces into a single unified theory and the development of a coherent theory of the strong force (including forces within atomic nuclei) and the heavier particles (baryons) in a theory called quantum chromodynamics.
		It turns out, in most unified theories, that the probability of proton decay is proportional to the 4th power of the X boson mass – a fairly sensitive dependency.
		The second idea, which is where grand unified theories come in, is that the Higgs fields of importance are those which generate the masses of the extremely heavy X bosons which mediate transformations among quarks and leptons.
	www.openquestions.com /oq-ph009.htm (16519 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The term "grand unified theory" sounds rather pompous, but in its technical meaning it refers to something with limited goals: a quantum field theory that attempts to unify all the forces except gravity.
		The heyday of grand unified theories began in the mid-1970s, shortly after the triumph of the Standard Model.
		Their theory had some very nice features: for example, it unified the strong force with the electroweak force, and it explained why quark charges come in multiples of 1/3.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/twf_ascii/week131 (2881 words)

	Science News: Steps to a grand unified superstring theory
		The new theory incorporates a socalled "grand unified theory," which attempts to bring together all the different ways in which elementary particles can interact -- expressing these relationships in a compact, shorthand form describable by a mathematical structure called a group.
		By successfully embedding this grand unified theory in a superstring framework, which includes gravity, the researchers now have what they call the leading candidate for a truly unified theory.
		Like other, previously studied grand unified theories, the new model predicts that matter is unstable and that protons eventually decay.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n15_v138/ai_9039368 (849 words)

	Arthur M. Staats, Ph.D.
		The traditional answer to the problem is to construct a theory on the basis of specialized study, extend it to the minority of phenomena the theory can address, and to reject as irrelevant or erroneous all of the rest of psychology.
		There are theories, of different levels of completion, of such phenomena, topics, and fields such as emotion, animal learning, human learning, language, language learning, language function, personality, attitudes, reading, interests, values, autism, developmental reading disorder, psychotherapy, personality testing, intelligence, the nature-nurture issue, social interaction principles.
		All those and many more such theories are joined together by the overarching theory, making PB a “theory of theories,” and a grand unified theory, the first of its kind.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~staats/toft.htm (506 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Physics in a New Era: An Overview (2001)
		At this tiny distance the strong and electroweak theories may combine into a single grand unified theory, incorporating symmetries beyond those of the strong and electroweak theories.
		An especially dramatic prediction of grand unified theories is that the proton, a basic building block of matter, decays into lighter particles with a very small probability.
		In fact, a large class of grand unified theories predict that protons have a mean lifetime in excess of a trillion trillion times the age of our universe.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309073421/html/80.html (627 words)

	Grand Unified Theory
		Grand Unified Theory The concept that all forces that seem distinct in today's universe were, at higher energies, a single primordial force.
		Can the quantum theory of fields and Einstein's general theory of relativity, the two most accurate and successful theories in all of ph...
		Plenty of books try to explain the origin of the universe, but despite the ascendance of the Big Bang theory, numerous details of that theory remain in flux as new observations are made and new hypotheses formed (and then confirmed or rejected).
	solo17.abac.com /whatsnew/coolmeme/memes/meme003.htm (1026 words)

	Grand Unified Theories
		The theory which (we hope!) will unify the strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions is called the "Grand Unified Theory." Physicists can write such theories today, but more data is needed to tell which of the many versions, if any, describes nature.
		If a Grand Unification of all the interactions is possible, then all the interactions we observe are all different aspect of the same, unified interaction.
		Strangely enough, current data and theory suggest that these varied forces merge into one force when the particles being affected are at a high enough energy.
	atlasexperiment.org /etours_physics/etours_physics13.html (154 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Connecting Quarks with the Cosmos: Eleven Science Questions for the New Century (2003)
		The mature form of the theory, unifying both electrodynamics and quantum mechanics, is called quantum electrodynamics, or QED for short.
		In such theories, the key distinction between matter fields and force fields is the spin (i.e., the amount of angular momentum) associated with the particle excitations of the field.
		While many aspects of string theory do not easily lend themselves to testing, super-symmetry’s prediction of the doubling of the number of elementary particles is imminently testable and the quest of the next generation of particle accelerators.
	www.nap.edu /openbook/0309074061/html/15.html (8820 words)

	Grand_unified_theories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Grand Unified Theorem: Discovery of the Theory of Everything and the Fundamental Building Block of Quantum Theory
		Excellent history of particle physics : This book is an excellent choice if you are looking for an easy.to.read history of the development of particle physics in the twentieth century...
		For neither the scientist or the layman : As a scientist familiar with quantum theory, but not a physicist, this book was very frustrating to read.
	books.mysic.ca /Grand_Unified_Theories (491 words)

	Grand unification theory : Grand unified theories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		terms defined : Grand unification theory : Grand unified theories
		Grand unification, Grand unified theory or GUT refers to a theory in physics that unifies the strong interaction and electroweak interaction.
		GUTs also predict the existence of topological defects such as monopoles, cosmic strings[?], domain walls, and others.
	www.termsdefined.net /gr/grand-unified-theories.html (339 words)

	Dyon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Many Grand Unified Theories predict the existence of both monopoles and dyons.
		In Dirac's theory, a monopole is a point-like object which serves as a source of magnetic field.
		This condition follows from the requirement that the wavefunction describing the system of these two particles be univalued (more precisely, it should be a well-defined section of a suitable line bundle on the configuration space of the two particles).
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/D/Dyon.htm (291 words)

	Other Supersymmetric Unification, String Implications References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Grand Unified Theories and Proton Decay, P. Langacker, Physics Reports 72, 185-385 (1981).
		Grand Unified Theories, P. Langacker, 1981 International Symposium on Lepton and Photon Interactions at Low Energy, edited by W. Pfeil (Univ. Bonn, 1981) p.
		Magnetic Monopoles in Grand Unified Theories, P. Langacker and S.-Y. Pi, Phys.
	dept.physics.upenn.edu /~pgl/precision/references/susyother.html (236 words)

	Grand Unified Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		One of the biggest goals in physics today is to unify the strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational forces into one unified force, or what physicists call the "Grand Unified Theory".
		It has already been discovered that at high enough energies, electromagnetism and the weak force are the same force, known as the electroweak force.
		If the standard model can be simplified in this way, it may lead into areas of further study in order to get a better grasp of the world around us.
	www.hep.yorku.ca /yhep/gut.html (105 words)

	Topics: Grand Unified Theories
		Idea: Theories that unify the electroweak and strong interactions, usually described by a (Yang-Mills) gt, where the interaction is mediated by a connection/potential belonging to (the Lie algebra of) a single group; Gravity is still not included in the unification.
		Structure: Like other gauge theories, they are based on a pfb over st (suitably compactified from bc's), with a certain structure group G, and the quarks and leptons are described by a cross section of appropriate associated vb's.
		The interactions are mediated by connections, which are determined by the critical points of action integrals constructed as st integrals of the curvature and its Hodge dual.
	www.phy.olemiss.edu /~luca/Topics/g/guts.html (381 words)

	Unification of forces, grand unified theory and beyond - Science-Park.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		After the electroweak force which successfully combines and weak and electromagnetic forces, the next attempt is to combine the strong and electroweak forces.
		At the moment the development of TOE is difficult due to lack of a viable quantum theory of gravity.
		At present time the superstring theory is a popular theoretical approach that might provide a realistic TOE.
	www.science-park.info /particle/unification2.html (366 words)

	Wavelength 16 - Love and Guts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		She appropriates notions like grand unified theories and string theory and employs them to her own ends, expressing them in her own voice.
		From Paul Davies and Stephen Hawking we not only get insight into grand unified theories and fl holes, we also learn what we are supposed to find interesting about them and how we are supposed to think about them.
		The theories belong to physicists and we are offered a glimpse of what they mean to them.
	www.uwe.ac.uk /fas/wavelength/wave16/nieman.html (1278 words)

	Control Engineering - The grand unified theory (GUT) of control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the field of physics, they like to talk about Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) which are the framework wherein all of nature's forces, nuclear, electromagnetism, and gravity, come together as facets of one underlying force.
		Just look at the names of the packages these grand unifiers are trying to sell.
		With the right information delivered on time, the theory goes, managers will be able to better run their businesses.
	www.manufacturing.net /ctl/index.asp?layout=articleWebzine&articleid=CA245700 (752 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Cosmology: A Research Briefing (1995) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		After the Big Bang, the temperature of the early universe was sohigh that the four fundamental forces of nature are believed to havebeen merged.
		In the grand Unification era that followed, the grandunified theory (GUT) predicts that all the forces except gravitywere of equal strength.
		Modern theories of these forces involve aconcept known as symmetry breaking, in which the lowest-energy state(the vacuum) is not symmetric at the low temperatures of the presentuniverse.
	books.nap.edu /books/NX005722/html/32.html (623 words)

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